宋代郊祀大礼中的下层助祭官吏群体——以执事官和执事人为中心的考察
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摘要
近年来,唐宋礼制史颇受学人关注,郊祀大礼是其中的重要内容。不过,既往研究更偏重于总论郊祀制度、探讨仪式仪节,并解读与之相关的皇权和政治文化问题,对参与大礼的官吏群体考察较少。实际上,级别较低的执事官和执事人常见诸史籍,其窠目、职责及员数都有较为明确的规定,是大礼仪式中不可或缺的基本助祭人群。执事官与执事人职责相类,主要负责器物的捧举递送,而在官吏身份和仪式环节上有所区分,其员数规模随时势和政治文化的演变而变化。通过对该群体的研究,可进一步探明宋代郊祀大礼的实际运作,并在一定程度上加深对礼的"当代性质"的认识。
In recent years,the study of ritual system in Tang and Song Dynasties has attracted much attention from scholars,among which the suburban sacrifices have become an important part.However,previous researches focus more on the rituals and the relevant issues of imperial power and political culture,but less on the participants.Even in the few studies,scholars tend to focus on the high-rankings.In fact,the executing officers and executing scribes often appears in historical records and they are indispensable basic power for an ritual.Their lists,duties and numbers are clearly stipulated.The deacons are mainly responsible for lifting and delivery of utensils.They can be divided into different groups by their titles and the number of deacons vary with the political and cultural situation.Through this study,we can explore the actual operation of suburban sacrifice rituals in Song Dynasty more further,and deepen our understanding about the property of contemporary within ancient Chinese rites.
In recent years,the study of ritual system in Tang and Song Dynasties has attracted much attention from scholars,among which the suburban sacrifices have become an important part.However,previous researches focus more on the rituals and the relevant issues of imperial power and political culture,but less on the participants.Even in the few studies,scholars tend to focus on the high-rankings.In fact,the executing officers and executing scribes often appears in historical records and they are indispensable basic power for an ritual.Their lists,duties and numbers are clearly stipulated.The deacons are mainly responsible for lifting and delivery of utensils.They can be divided into different groups by their titles and the number of deacons vary with the political and cultural situation.Through this study,we can explore the actual operation of suburban sacrifice rituals in Song Dynasty more further,and deepen our understanding about the property of contemporary within ancient Chinese rites.
引文
[1](清)阮元.十三经注疏[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1997.
[2]王美华.礼制下移与唐宋社会变迁[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015.
[3](汉)许慎,(清)段玉裁.说文解字注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1981.
[4](宋)马端临.文献通考[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[5](清)徐松.中兴礼书[M].续修四库全书:第822册[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995.
[6](宋)李心传.建炎以来系年要录[M].北京:中华书局,2013.
[7](清)徐松.宋会要辑稿[M].北京:中华书局,1957.
(1)两宋郊祀,除个别年份以祈谷、籍田等礼代替,以及宋徽宗亲祠北郊外,郊祀大礼的主体便是南郊大礼和明堂大礼。本文讨论亦以南郊、明堂大礼为主。
(2)参见:吴丽娱.唐代的皇帝丧葬与山陵使[J].魏晋南北朝隋唐史资料,2008(24);吴丽娱.唐代的礼仪使与大礼使[J].中国社会科学院历史研究所学刊,2008(5);梁天锡.宋宰辅领礼仪诸差遣之分析[J].宋史研究集,1989(19);郭声波.宋大礼五使系年[J].宋代文化研究,1993(3);王刚.唐五代时期南郊大礼五使考述[J].社会科学论坛,2015(7);刘永明.试论曹延禄的醮祭活动---道教与民间宗教相结合的典型[J].敦煌学辑刊,2002(1);周侃,王坤.唐代宫廷优伶探微[J].广西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(2);许继起.周代助祭制度与《诗经》中的助祭乐歌[J].文学遗产,2012(2)。
(1)有关行事官的研究已另撰文,此处不再赘述。荐献只是行事官范畴中献官等助祭官员的职掌,此外尚有与册宝、奏乐、检视、监察等职责相关的一系列行事官。行事官和执事官都由职官充任,而在职能(服务对象)和身份地位等方面有所区别。
[2]王美华.礼制下移与唐宋社会变迁[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015.
[3](汉)许慎,(清)段玉裁.说文解字注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1981.
[4](宋)马端临.文献通考[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[5](清)徐松.中兴礼书[M].续修四库全书:第822册[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1995.
[6](宋)李心传.建炎以来系年要录[M].北京:中华书局,2013.
[7](清)徐松.宋会要辑稿[M].北京:中华书局,1957.
(1)两宋郊祀,除个别年份以祈谷、籍田等礼代替,以及宋徽宗亲祠北郊外,郊祀大礼的主体便是南郊大礼和明堂大礼。本文讨论亦以南郊、明堂大礼为主。
(2)参见:吴丽娱.唐代的皇帝丧葬与山陵使[J].魏晋南北朝隋唐史资料,2008(24);吴丽娱.唐代的礼仪使与大礼使[J].中国社会科学院历史研究所学刊,2008(5);梁天锡.宋宰辅领礼仪诸差遣之分析[J].宋史研究集,1989(19);郭声波.宋大礼五使系年[J].宋代文化研究,1993(3);王刚.唐五代时期南郊大礼五使考述[J].社会科学论坛,2015(7);刘永明.试论曹延禄的醮祭活动---道教与民间宗教相结合的典型[J].敦煌学辑刊,2002(1);周侃,王坤.唐代宫廷优伶探微[J].广西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(2);许继起.周代助祭制度与《诗经》中的助祭乐歌[J].文学遗产,2012(2)。
(1)有关行事官的研究已另撰文,此处不再赘述。荐献只是行事官范畴中献官等助祭官员的职掌,此外尚有与册宝、奏乐、检视、监察等职责相关的一系列行事官。行事官和执事官都由职官充任,而在职能(服务对象)和身份地位等方面有所区别。