铁线莲品种群的花期观赏性状分析
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摘要
以79个观赏铁线莲(Clematis)栽培品种为对象,对Ⅰ次花的现蕾日期、孕蕾期天数、始花日期、盛花日期、落花日期、末花日期、单朵花期天数、花期天数和观赏期天数等9个性状进行了连续3年的系统观察和分析。以始花日期相差16 d为级差,将供试品种划分为极早花、早花、中花、晚花和极晚花等5大类群;以观赏期天数相差5 d为级差划分为极短花期、短花期、中长花期、长花期和超长花期5大花期长短类群。通过观赏多度指数(CDI)分析确定了铁线莲的最佳观赏期为4月中下旬至5月中下旬。温度是影响铁线莲花期的主要因素,孕蕾期天数、花期天数、观赏期天数与气温均显著相关,而单朵花期与气温相关性不显著。本结果可为铁线莲在园林应用中的品种组合配植、专类园建设、定向育种亲本选配等提供依据。
Plants of the genus Clematis,which has been featured long florescence,various flower pattern and color. To investigate the flowering characteristics of Clematis in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river in China,9 primary florescence characteristics including squaring stage,bud stage,initial flowering stage,fullbloom stage,wither stage,last flowering stage,florescence,ornamental period and single flower florescence of 79 ornamental Clematis cultivars were observed and analysised in three consecutive years. Seventy-nine cultivars were categorized into 5 groups,including extremely early group,early group,medium group,late group,and extremely late group,according to the initial flowering stage data with 16 days as the differential. And according to the gradient of five days of ornamental period,79 cultivars were categorized into another five groups,including very short flowering phase,short flowering phase,medium flowering phase,long flowering phase,very long flowering phase. CDI analysis showed that late April to late May were the best ornamental period of Clematis. Correlation analysis showed that the bud stage,florescence and ornamental period were significantly correlated to the temperature,while single flower has no such correlation. This paper could lay a foundation for the study on the flowering traits of Clematis,provide a theoretical basis for the landscape garden application,planting varieties collocation,specialized garden construction,and breeding parental select.
Plants of the genus Clematis,which has been featured long florescence,various flower pattern and color. To investigate the flowering characteristics of Clematis in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river in China,9 primary florescence characteristics including squaring stage,bud stage,initial flowering stage,fullbloom stage,wither stage,last flowering stage,florescence,ornamental period and single flower florescence of 79 ornamental Clematis cultivars were observed and analysised in three consecutive years. Seventy-nine cultivars were categorized into 5 groups,including extremely early group,early group,medium group,late group,and extremely late group,according to the initial flowering stage data with 16 days as the differential. And according to the gradient of five days of ornamental period,79 cultivars were categorized into another five groups,including very short flowering phase,short flowering phase,medium flowering phase,long flowering phase,very long flowering phase. CDI analysis showed that late April to late May were the best ornamental period of Clematis. Correlation analysis showed that the bud stage,florescence and ornamental period were significantly correlated to the temperature,while single flower has no such correlation. This paper could lay a foundation for the study on the flowering traits of Clematis,provide a theoretical basis for the landscape garden application,planting varieties collocation,specialized garden construction,and breeding parental select.
引文
Chen Xiang-gao,Fang Wei-min,Wang Shi-shan,Wang Bao-gen,Zhang Si-ping.1999.Study on phenology and display season extension of Mei flower.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,(2):22-26.(in Chinese)陈翔高,房伟民,汪诗珊,王保根,张思平.1999.梅花开花物候期及加长观赏期的研究.北京林业大学学报,(2):22-26.
Den Boer J H.1995.Blossom times.Malus,9(1):10-16.
Dong F Y,Guo H C,Zhang Y H,Zhu R N,Wu X J,Sun T T,Wang W.2010.Clematomandshurica saponin E,a new triterpenoid saponin from Clematis mandshurica.Asian Nat Prod Res,12(12):1061-1068.
Dong Li-ge,Wang Xian-rong,Ding Yu-long.2014.Study on the Osmanthus fragrans blooming season phenology.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),(s1):51-56.(in Chinese)董立格,王贤荣,丁雨龙.2014.桂花花期物候研究.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),(s1):51-56.
Du Z Z,Zhu N,Zerenwangmu N,Shen Y.2003.Two new antifungal saponins from the Tibetan herbal medicine Clematis tangutica.Planta Med,69(6):547-551.
Gu Ai-zhen,Zhang Hong-ling.2011.The phenoloical characteristics of twenty major tree species of flower in the spring in Hohhot.Northern Horticulture,(12):78-80.(in Chinese)谷爱珍,张鸿翎.2011.呼和浩特市二十种主要观花树种春季物候特点.北方园艺,(12):78-80.
Lindgren Dale T.2007.Clematis(Clematis species)//Anderson N O.Flower breeding and genetics.USA:Springer:781-799.
Guan Kai-yun,Li Zhi-jian,Li Jing-xiu,Kuang Jian.2002.A preliminary study on the introduction and cultivation of Clematis.Acta Botanica Yunnanica,24(3):392-397.(in Chinese)管开云,李志坚,李景秀,匡建.2002.铁线莲属植物的引种栽培研究初报,云南植物研究,24(3):392-397.
Iles J K,Stookey J S.1996.Crabapple bloom sequence and length of bloom period.Malus,10(2):9-11.
Ji Meng-cheng,Shan Xiao-bin,Zhang Yin-li.2008.Investigation on Clematis resources in Zhejiang Province.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,(5):66-72.(in Chinese)季梦成,单晓宾,张银丽.2008.浙江铁线莲属植物资源调查研究.北京林业大学学报,(5):66-72.
Li Jun,Yang Qiu-zhen,Yang Kang-min.2006.Climatic indices for initial flowering in Osmanthus fragrans.Journal of Plant Ecology,30(3):421-425.(in Chinese)李军,杨秋珍,杨康民.2006.银桂初花物候期的气候条件.植物生态学报,30(3):421-425.
Ma Lin,Li Shan-shan,Xu Shi-quan,Liu Ji-yong,Wang Zhi-qing,Yang Zhen,Sun Hai,Zhang Ya-yu.2014.Extraction technique for the polysaccharides from Clematis manshurica Rupr.Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,(4):60-62.(in Chinese)马琳,李珊珊,许世泉,刘继永,王志清,杨振,孙海,张亚玉.2014.东北铁线莲多糖提取及含量测定.特产研究,(4):60-62.
Ma Yu-zhu.2016.Heat resistance evaluation and association analysis in Clematis[M.D.Dissertation].Nanjing:Institute of Botany,Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of sciences.(in Chinese)马育珠.2016.铁线莲属耐热性评价及其分子标记关联分析[硕士论文].南京:江苏省中科院植物研究所.
Meng Xue,Hao Xiao-wei,Wang Jin.2011.Adaptability of eight small-flower cultivated varieties of Clematis L.Journal of Anhui Agri Sci,39(35):21597-21599.(in Chinese)孟雪,郝笑微,王锦.2011.铁线莲8个小花品种的适生性比较.安徽农业科学,39(35):21597-21599.
Rodríguez-Ria?o T,Ortega-Olivencia A,Devesa J A.1999.Reproductive phenology in three Genisteae(Fabaceae)shrub species of the W.Mediterranean region.Nordic Journal of Botany,19:345-354.
Shi S P,Jiang D,Dong C X,Tu P F.2006.Triterpene saponins from Clematis mandshurica.J Nat Prod,69(11):1591-1595.
Sun Cheng,Xie Lei,Li Liang-qian.2007.Cladistic analysis of Clematis sect.Campanella Tamura(Ranunculaceae)from morphological characteristics.Chinese Bulletin of Botany,24(1):87-98.(in Chinese)孙诚,谢磊,李良千.2007.铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组(毛茛科)基于形态学证据的分支系统学研究.植物学通报,24(1):87-98.
Wang Lei,Wang Hong-mei,Jia Jun,Yu Jian,Chen Xia.2016.Observation and anlysis on phenological period of Clematis L.Zhe Jiang Nong Ye Ke Xue,57(2):198-201.(in Chinese)王磊,王红梅,贾君,于健,陈霞.2016.铁线莲属植物品种及野生种的物候期观察分析.浙江农业科学,57(2):198-201.
Wang Lei,Gao Xiao-hui,Cao Li-na,Chen Kun.2014.Effects of plant growth regulators on cuttings of rooting and physiology of Clematis‘Andromeda’.Journal of West China Forestry Science,(6):29-32.(in Chinese)王磊,高小慧,曹丽娜,陈坤.2014.不同植物生长调节剂对铁线莲‘Andromeda’扦插生根及生理的影响.西部林业科学,(6):29-32.
Wu Jian-xin,Wang Lei.2013.Observation and anlysis on phenological period of Clematis L.cultivars.Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science&Technology,40(2):23-25.(in Chinese)巫建新,王磊.2013.铁线莲品种物候期调查及分析.江苏林业科技,40(2):23-25.
Xu Wen-duo,He Xing-yuan,Chen Wei,Hu Jian-bo,Wen Hua.2006.Responses of Shenyang urban tree phenology to climate warming.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,17(10):1777-1781.徐文铎,何兴元,陈玮,胡健波,闻华.2006.沈阳城市森林主要树种物候对气候变暖的响应.应用生态学报,17(10):1777-1781.
Yan Shuang-xi,Wang Peng-fei,He Song-lin,Liu Bao-guo,Li Yan.2005.Ornamental characters of plants of Clematis L.from Henan and their utilization,Henan Science,23(2):218-220.(in Chinese)闫双喜,王鹏飞,何松林,刘保国,栗燕.2005.河南铁线莲属植物的观赏特性及开发利用.河南科学,23(2):218-220
Zhang Qian,Wang Yu-mei,Qiu Rui-gui,Lei Lei,Wang Qian,Liu Yang.2016.Chemical constituents from the whole plants of Clematis heracleifolia.Central South Pharmacy,(1):5-8.(in Chinese)张倩,王玉梅,邱瑞桂,雷蕾,王倩,刘杨.2016.大叶铁线莲全草中的化学成分研究.中南药学,(1):5-8.
Zhang W,Wang X Y,Tang H F.2013a.Triterpenoid saponins from Clematis tangutica and their cardioprotective activities.Fitoterapia,84:326-331.
Zhang W,Yao M N,Tang H F.2013b.Triterpenoid saponins with anti-myocardial ischemia activity from the whole plants of Clematis tangutica.Planta Med,79(8):673-679.
Zhang Wang-xiang,Wei Hong-liang,Jiang Zhi-hua,Cao Fu-liang,Tang Geng-guo,2014.Studies on flowering phenological characteristics of ornamental crabapple cultivar group.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,41(4):713-725.(in Chinese)张往祥,魏宏亮,江志华,曹福亮,汤庚国.2014.观赏海棠品种群的花期物候特征研究.园艺学报,41(4):713-725
Zhang Ying-ke,Jiang Yan.2007.Researches on the Clematis and its landscape application of China.Northern Horticulture,(3):122-124.(in Chinese)章银柯,江燕.2007.我国铁线莲属植物研究现状及其园林应用.北方园艺,(3):122-124.
Zhen Hong-yu.2011.Study of cultivation and adaptability of introduced two ornamental plant of Sect.Fruticella in Beijing[M.D.Dissertation].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)甄宏宇.2011.两种灌木铁线莲的引种栽培及适应性研究[硕士论文].北京:北京林业大学.
Zhong H M,Chen C X,Tian X,Chui Y X,Chen Y Z.2001.Triterpenoid saponins from Clematis tangutica.Planta Med,67(5):484-488.
Den Boer J H.1995.Blossom times.Malus,9(1):10-16.
Dong F Y,Guo H C,Zhang Y H,Zhu R N,Wu X J,Sun T T,Wang W.2010.Clematomandshurica saponin E,a new triterpenoid saponin from Clematis mandshurica.Asian Nat Prod Res,12(12):1061-1068.
Dong Li-ge,Wang Xian-rong,Ding Yu-long.2014.Study on the Osmanthus fragrans blooming season phenology.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),(s1):51-56.(in Chinese)董立格,王贤荣,丁雨龙.2014.桂花花期物候研究.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),(s1):51-56.
Du Z Z,Zhu N,Zerenwangmu N,Shen Y.2003.Two new antifungal saponins from the Tibetan herbal medicine Clematis tangutica.Planta Med,69(6):547-551.
Gu Ai-zhen,Zhang Hong-ling.2011.The phenoloical characteristics of twenty major tree species of flower in the spring in Hohhot.Northern Horticulture,(12):78-80.(in Chinese)谷爱珍,张鸿翎.2011.呼和浩特市二十种主要观花树种春季物候特点.北方园艺,(12):78-80.
Lindgren Dale T.2007.Clematis(Clematis species)//Anderson N O.Flower breeding and genetics.USA:Springer:781-799.
Guan Kai-yun,Li Zhi-jian,Li Jing-xiu,Kuang Jian.2002.A preliminary study on the introduction and cultivation of Clematis.Acta Botanica Yunnanica,24(3):392-397.(in Chinese)管开云,李志坚,李景秀,匡建.2002.铁线莲属植物的引种栽培研究初报,云南植物研究,24(3):392-397.
Iles J K,Stookey J S.1996.Crabapple bloom sequence and length of bloom period.Malus,10(2):9-11.
Ji Meng-cheng,Shan Xiao-bin,Zhang Yin-li.2008.Investigation on Clematis resources in Zhejiang Province.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,(5):66-72.(in Chinese)季梦成,单晓宾,张银丽.2008.浙江铁线莲属植物资源调查研究.北京林业大学学报,(5):66-72.
Li Jun,Yang Qiu-zhen,Yang Kang-min.2006.Climatic indices for initial flowering in Osmanthus fragrans.Journal of Plant Ecology,30(3):421-425.(in Chinese)李军,杨秋珍,杨康民.2006.银桂初花物候期的气候条件.植物生态学报,30(3):421-425.
Ma Lin,Li Shan-shan,Xu Shi-quan,Liu Ji-yong,Wang Zhi-qing,Yang Zhen,Sun Hai,Zhang Ya-yu.2014.Extraction technique for the polysaccharides from Clematis manshurica Rupr.Special Wild Economic Animal and Plant Research,(4):60-62.(in Chinese)马琳,李珊珊,许世泉,刘继永,王志清,杨振,孙海,张亚玉.2014.东北铁线莲多糖提取及含量测定.特产研究,(4):60-62.
Ma Yu-zhu.2016.Heat resistance evaluation and association analysis in Clematis[M.D.Dissertation].Nanjing:Institute of Botany,Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of sciences.(in Chinese)马育珠.2016.铁线莲属耐热性评价及其分子标记关联分析[硕士论文].南京:江苏省中科院植物研究所.
Meng Xue,Hao Xiao-wei,Wang Jin.2011.Adaptability of eight small-flower cultivated varieties of Clematis L.Journal of Anhui Agri Sci,39(35):21597-21599.(in Chinese)孟雪,郝笑微,王锦.2011.铁线莲8个小花品种的适生性比较.安徽农业科学,39(35):21597-21599.
Rodríguez-Ria?o T,Ortega-Olivencia A,Devesa J A.1999.Reproductive phenology in three Genisteae(Fabaceae)shrub species of the W.Mediterranean region.Nordic Journal of Botany,19:345-354.
Shi S P,Jiang D,Dong C X,Tu P F.2006.Triterpene saponins from Clematis mandshurica.J Nat Prod,69(11):1591-1595.
Sun Cheng,Xie Lei,Li Liang-qian.2007.Cladistic analysis of Clematis sect.Campanella Tamura(Ranunculaceae)from morphological characteristics.Chinese Bulletin of Botany,24(1):87-98.(in Chinese)孙诚,谢磊,李良千.2007.铁线莲属尾叶铁线莲组(毛茛科)基于形态学证据的分支系统学研究.植物学通报,24(1):87-98.
Wang Lei,Wang Hong-mei,Jia Jun,Yu Jian,Chen Xia.2016.Observation and anlysis on phenological period of Clematis L.Zhe Jiang Nong Ye Ke Xue,57(2):198-201.(in Chinese)王磊,王红梅,贾君,于健,陈霞.2016.铁线莲属植物品种及野生种的物候期观察分析.浙江农业科学,57(2):198-201.
Wang Lei,Gao Xiao-hui,Cao Li-na,Chen Kun.2014.Effects of plant growth regulators on cuttings of rooting and physiology of Clematis‘Andromeda’.Journal of West China Forestry Science,(6):29-32.(in Chinese)王磊,高小慧,曹丽娜,陈坤.2014.不同植物生长调节剂对铁线莲‘Andromeda’扦插生根及生理的影响.西部林业科学,(6):29-32.
Wu Jian-xin,Wang Lei.2013.Observation and anlysis on phenological period of Clematis L.cultivars.Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science&Technology,40(2):23-25.(in Chinese)巫建新,王磊.2013.铁线莲品种物候期调查及分析.江苏林业科技,40(2):23-25.
Xu Wen-duo,He Xing-yuan,Chen Wei,Hu Jian-bo,Wen Hua.2006.Responses of Shenyang urban tree phenology to climate warming.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,17(10):1777-1781.徐文铎,何兴元,陈玮,胡健波,闻华.2006.沈阳城市森林主要树种物候对气候变暖的响应.应用生态学报,17(10):1777-1781.
Yan Shuang-xi,Wang Peng-fei,He Song-lin,Liu Bao-guo,Li Yan.2005.Ornamental characters of plants of Clematis L.from Henan and their utilization,Henan Science,23(2):218-220.(in Chinese)闫双喜,王鹏飞,何松林,刘保国,栗燕.2005.河南铁线莲属植物的观赏特性及开发利用.河南科学,23(2):218-220
Zhang Qian,Wang Yu-mei,Qiu Rui-gui,Lei Lei,Wang Qian,Liu Yang.2016.Chemical constituents from the whole plants of Clematis heracleifolia.Central South Pharmacy,(1):5-8.(in Chinese)张倩,王玉梅,邱瑞桂,雷蕾,王倩,刘杨.2016.大叶铁线莲全草中的化学成分研究.中南药学,(1):5-8.
Zhang W,Wang X Y,Tang H F.2013a.Triterpenoid saponins from Clematis tangutica and their cardioprotective activities.Fitoterapia,84:326-331.
Zhang W,Yao M N,Tang H F.2013b.Triterpenoid saponins with anti-myocardial ischemia activity from the whole plants of Clematis tangutica.Planta Med,79(8):673-679.
Zhang Wang-xiang,Wei Hong-liang,Jiang Zhi-hua,Cao Fu-liang,Tang Geng-guo,2014.Studies on flowering phenological characteristics of ornamental crabapple cultivar group.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,41(4):713-725.(in Chinese)张往祥,魏宏亮,江志华,曹福亮,汤庚国.2014.观赏海棠品种群的花期物候特征研究.园艺学报,41(4):713-725
Zhang Ying-ke,Jiang Yan.2007.Researches on the Clematis and its landscape application of China.Northern Horticulture,(3):122-124.(in Chinese)章银柯,江燕.2007.我国铁线莲属植物研究现状及其园林应用.北方园艺,(3):122-124.
Zhen Hong-yu.2011.Study of cultivation and adaptability of introduced two ornamental plant of Sect.Fruticella in Beijing[M.D.Dissertation].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.(in Chinese)甄宏宇.2011.两种灌木铁线莲的引种栽培及适应性研究[硕士论文].北京:北京林业大学.
Zhong H M,Chen C X,Tian X,Chui Y X,Chen Y Z.2001.Triterpenoid saponins from Clematis tangutica.Planta Med,67(5):484-488.
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