Spin torque nano-oscillators with a perpendicular spin polarizer
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摘要
We present an overview in the understanding of spin-transfer torque(STT) induced magnetization dynamics in spintorque nano-oscillator(STNO) devices. The STNO contains an in-plane(IP) magnetized free layer and an out-of-plane(OP) magnetized spin polarizing layer. After a brief introduction, we first use mesoscopic micromagnetic simulations,which are based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation including the STT effect, to specify how a spin-torque term may tune the magnetization precession orbits of the free layer, showing that the oscillator frequency is proportional to the current density and the z-component of the free layer magnetization. Next, we propose a pendulum-like model within the macrospin approximation to describe the dynamic properties in such type of STNOs. After that, we further show the procession dynamics of the STNOs excited by IP and OP dual spin-polarizers. Both the numerical simulations and analytical theory indicate that the precession frequency is linearly proportional to the spin-torque of the OP polarizer only and is irrelevant to the spin-torque of the IP polarizer. Finally, a promising approach of coordinate transformation from the laboratory frame to the rotation frame is introduced, by which the nonstationary OP magnetization precession process is therefore transformed into the stationary process in the rotation frame. Through this method, a promising digital frequency shift-key modulation technique is presented, in which the magnetization precession can be well controlled at a given orbit as well as its precession frequency can be tuned with the co-action of spin polarized current and magnetic field(or electric field) pulses.
We present an overview in the understanding of spin-transfer torque(STT) induced magnetization dynamics in spintorque nano-oscillator(STNO) devices. The STNO contains an in-plane(IP) magnetized free layer and an out-of-plane(OP) magnetized spin polarizing layer. After a brief introduction, we first use mesoscopic micromagnetic simulations,which are based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation including the STT effect, to specify how a spin-torque term may tune the magnetization precession orbits of the free layer, showing that the oscillator frequency is proportional to the current density and the z-component of the free layer magnetization. Next, we propose a pendulum-like model within the macrospin approximation to describe the dynamic properties in such type of STNOs. After that, we further show the procession dynamics of the STNOs excited by IP and OP dual spin-polarizers. Both the numerical simulations and analytical theory indicate that the precession frequency is linearly proportional to the spin-torque of the OP polarizer only and is irrelevant to the spin-torque of the IP polarizer. Finally, a promising approach of coordinate transformation from the laboratory frame to the rotation frame is introduced, by which the nonstationary OP magnetization precession process is therefore transformed into the stationary process in the rotation frame. Through this method, a promising digital frequency shift-key modulation technique is presented, in which the magnetization precession can be well controlled at a given orbit as well as its precession frequency can be tuned with the co-action of spin polarized current and magnetic field(or electric field) pulses.
We present an overview in the understanding of spin-transfer torque(STT) induced magnetization dynamics in spintorque nano-oscillator(STNO) devices. The STNO contains an in-plane(IP) magnetized free layer and an out-of-plane(OP) magnetized spin polarizing layer. After a brief introduction, we first use mesoscopic micromagnetic simulations,which are based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation including the STT effect, to specify how a spin-torque term may tune the magnetization precession orbits of the free layer, showing that the oscillator frequency is proportional to the current density and the z-component of the free layer magnetization. Next, we propose a pendulum-like model within the macrospin approximation to describe the dynamic properties in such type of STNOs. After that, we further show the procession dynamics of the STNOs excited by IP and OP dual spin-polarizers. Both the numerical simulations and analytical theory indicate that the precession frequency is linearly proportional to the spin-torque of the OP polarizer only and is irrelevant to the spin-torque of the IP polarizer. Finally, a promising approach of coordinate transformation from the laboratory frame to the rotation frame is introduced, by which the nonstationary OP magnetization precession process is therefore transformed into the stationary process in the rotation frame. Through this method, a promising digital frequency shift-key modulation technique is presented, in which the magnetization precession can be well controlled at a given orbit as well as its precession frequency can be tuned with the co-action of spin polarized current and magnetic field(or electric field) pulses.
引文
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[37] Guo P, Feng J, Wei H, Han X, Fang B, Zhang B and Zeng Z 2015 Appl.Phys. Lett. 106 012402
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[42] Slavin A and Tiberkevich V 2009 IEEE. Trans. Magn. 45 1875
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[44] Zhang X, Chen H H, Zhang Z and Liu Y 2018 J. Magn. Magn. Mater.452 458
[45] Choi H S, Kang S Y, Cho S J, Oh I Y, Shin M, Park H, Jang C, Min B C, Kim S I, Park S Y and Park C S 2015 Sci. Rep. 4 5486
[46] Liu Y and Zhang Z 2013 Sci. Chin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 184
[47] Li Z, Zhang S, Diao Z, Ding Y, Tang X, Apalkov D M, Yang Z, Kawabata K and Huai Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 246602
[48] Sankey J C, Cui Y T, Sun J Z, Slonczewski J C, Buhrman R A and Ralph D C 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 67
[49] Kubota H, Fukushima A, Yakushiji K, Nagahama T, Yuasa S, Ando K,Maehara H, Nagamine Y, Tsunekawa K, Djayaprawira D D, Watanabe N and Suzuki Y 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 37
[50] Zhu W, Zhang Z, Zhang J and Liu Y 2015 SPIN 05 1550003
[51] Covington M 2005 Science 307 215
[52] Lee K J, Deac A, Redon O, Nozieres J P and Dieny B 2004 Nat. Mater.3 877
[53] Ebels U, Houssameddine D, Firastrau I, Gusakova D, Thirion C, Dieny B and Buda-Prejbeanu L D 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 024436
[54] Wei Jin, Yaowen Liu and Chen H 2006 IEEE. Trans. Magn. 42 2682
[55] Chen H H, Zhang Z, Chang C R and Liu Y 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121013902
[56] Chen H H, Zhang Z, Liu Y and Chang C R 2015 IEEE. Trans. Magn.51 1401104
[57] Seki T, Mitani S, Yakushiji K and Takanashi K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett.89 172504
[58] Lee O J, Pribiag V S, Braganca P M, Gowtham P G, Ralph D C and Buhrman R A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 012506
[59] Liu H, Bedau D, Backes D, Katine J A, Langer J and Kent A D 2010Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 242510
[60] Rahman M T, Lyle A, Amiri P K, Harms J, Glass B, Zhao H, Rowlands G, Katine J A, Langer J, Krivorotov I N, Wang K L and Wang J P 2012J. Appl. Phys. 111 07C907
[61] Rowlands G E, Rahman T, Katine J A, Langer J, Lyle A, Zhao H, Alzate J G, Kovalev A A, Tserkovnyak Y, Zeng Z M, Jiang H W, Galatsis K,Huai Y M, Amiri P K, Wang K L, Krivorotov I N and Wang J P 2011Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 102509
[62] Zhang H, Hou Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z and Liu Y 2012 Appl.Phys.Lett.100 142409
[63] Slonczewski J C 2002 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 247 324
[64] Chen H H, Zeng L, Zhao W and Liu Y 2018 SPIN 08 1850013
[2] Berger L 1996 Phys. Rev. B 54 9353
[3] Katine J A, Albert F J, Buhrman R A, Myers E B and Ralph D C 2000Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 3149
[4] Liu Y, Zhang Z, Freitas P P and Martins J L 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 822871
[5] Slaughter J M, Rizzo N D, Janesky J, Whig R, Mancoff F B, Houssameddine D, Sun J J, Aggarwal S, Nagel K, Deshpande S, Alam S M,Andre T and LoPresti P 2012 International Electron Devices Meeting,December 10-13, 2012, San Francisco, CA, pp. 29.3.1-29.3.4
[6] Huai Y 2018 AAPPS Bull. 18 33
[7] Silva T J and Rippard W H 2008 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320 1260
[8] Chen T, Dumas R K, Eklund A, Muduli P K, Houshang A, Awad A A,Malm B G, Rusu A J and kerman 2016 Proc. IEEE 104 1919
[9] Kiselev S I, Sankey J C, Krivorotov I N, Emley N C, Schoelkopf R J,Buhrman R A and Ralph D C 2003 Nature 425 380
[10] Rippard W H, Pufall M R, Kaka S, Russek S E and Silva T J 2004 Phys.Rev. Lett. 92 027201
[11] Pribiag V S, Krivorotov I N, Fuchs G D, Braganca P M, Ozatay O,Sankey J C, Ralph D C and Buhrman R A 2007 Nat. Phys. 3 498
[12] Hoefer M A, Sommacal M and Silva T J 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 214433
[13] Mohseni S M, Sani S R, Persson J, Nguyen T N A, Chung S, Pogoryelov Y, Muduli P K, Iacocca E, Eklund A, Dumas R K, Bonetti S,Deac A, Hoefer M A and Akerman J 2013 Science 339 1295
[14] Xiao D, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Mohseni S M, Chung S and Akerman J 2016Phys. Rev. B 93 094431
[15] Xiao D, Tiberkevich V, Liu Y H, Liu Y W, Mohseni S M, Chung S,Ahlberg M, Slavin A N, Akerman J and Zhou Y 2017 Phys. Rev. B 95024106
[16] Deac A M, Fukushima A, Kubota H, Maehara H, Suzuki Y, Yuasa S,Nagamine Y, Tsunekawa K, Djayaprawira D D and Watanabe N 2008Nat. Phys. 4 803
[17] Ryo H, Hitoshi K, Sumito T, Shingo T, Kay Y, Akio F, Rie M, Hiroshi I and Shinji Y 2016 Appl. Phys. Express 9 053006
[18] Kaka S, Pufall M R, Rippard W H, Silva T J, Russek S E and Katine J A 2005 Nature 437 389
[19] Mancoff F B, Rizzo N D, Engel B N and Tehrani S 2005 Nature 437393
[20] Slavin A N and Tiberkevich V S 2006 Phys.Rev. B 74 104401
[21] Pufall M R, Rippard W H, Russek S E, Kaka S and Katine J A 2006Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 087206
[22] Chen X and Victora R H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 180402
[23] Tiberkevich V, Slavin A, Bankowski E and Gerhart G 2009 Appl. Phys.Lett. 95 262505
[24] Ruotolo A, Cros V, Georges B, Dussaux A, Grollier J, Deranlot C,Guillemet R, Bouzehouane K, Fusil S and Fert A 2009 Nat. Nanotech.4 528
[25] Kendziorczyk T and Kuhn T 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 134413
[26] Houshang A, Iacocca E, Durrenfeld P, Sani S R, Akerman J and Dumas R K 2016 Nat. Nanotech. 11 280
[27] Grollier J, Cros V and Fert A 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 060409
[28] Chen H, Chang J and Chang C 2011 SPIN 01 1
[29] Chen H H, Lee C M, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wu J C, Horng L and Chang C R2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 224410
[30] Zeng Z, Amiri P K, Krivorotov I N, Zhao H, Finocchio G, Wang J P,Katine J A, Huai Y, Langer J, Galatsis K, Wang K L and Jiang H 2012ACS Nano 6 6115
[31] Hiroki M, Hitoshi K, Yoshishige S, Takayuki S, Kazumasa N, Yoshinori N, Koji T, Akio F, Alina M D, Koji A and Shinji Y 2013 Appl.Phys. Express 6 113005
[32] Tsunegi S, Yakushiji K, Fukushima A, Yuasa S and Kubota H 2016Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 252402
[33] Kent A D, Ozyilmaz B and del Barco E 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3897
[34] Lee K J, Redon O and Dieny B 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 022505
[35] Houssameddine D, Ebels U, Delaet B, Rodmacq B, Firastrau I, Ponthenier F, Brunet M, Thirion C, Michel J P, Prejbeanu-Buda L, Cyrille M C, Redon O and Dieny B 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 447
[36] Zeng Z, Finocchio G, Zhang B, Amiri P K, Katine J A, Krivorotov I N,Huai Y, Langer J, Azzerboni B, Wang K L and Jiang H 2013 Sci. Rep.3 1426
[37] Guo P, Feng J, Wei H, Han X, Fang B, Zhang B and Zeng Z 2015 Appl.Phys. Lett. 106 012402
[38] Wang X, Feng J, Guo P, Wei H X, Han X F, Fang B and Zeng Z M 2017J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 443 239
[39] Quinsat M, Tiberkevich V, Gusakova D, Slavin A, Sierra J F, Ebels U,Buda-Prejbeanu L D, Dieny B, Cyrille M C, Zelster A and Katine J A2012 Phy.s. Rev.B 86 104418
[40] Tamaru S, Kubota H, Yakushiji K, Yuasa S and Fukushima A 2016 Sci.Rep. 5 18134
[41] Gusakova D, Quinsat M, Sierra J F, Ebels U, Dieny B, Buda-Prejbeanu L D, Cyrille M C, Tiberkevich V and Slavin A N 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett.99 052501
[42] Slavin A and Tiberkevich V 2009 IEEE. Trans. Magn. 45 1875
[43] Manfrini M, Devolder T, Kim J V, Crozat P, Chappert C, Van Roy W and Lagae L 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 083940
[44] Zhang X, Chen H H, Zhang Z and Liu Y 2018 J. Magn. Magn. Mater.452 458
[45] Choi H S, Kang S Y, Cho S J, Oh I Y, Shin M, Park H, Jang C, Min B C, Kim S I, Park S Y and Park C S 2015 Sci. Rep. 4 5486
[46] Liu Y and Zhang Z 2013 Sci. Chin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 184
[47] Li Z, Zhang S, Diao Z, Ding Y, Tang X, Apalkov D M, Yang Z, Kawabata K and Huai Y 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 246602
[48] Sankey J C, Cui Y T, Sun J Z, Slonczewski J C, Buhrman R A and Ralph D C 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 67
[49] Kubota H, Fukushima A, Yakushiji K, Nagahama T, Yuasa S, Ando K,Maehara H, Nagamine Y, Tsunekawa K, Djayaprawira D D, Watanabe N and Suzuki Y 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 37
[50] Zhu W, Zhang Z, Zhang J and Liu Y 2015 SPIN 05 1550003
[51] Covington M 2005 Science 307 215
[52] Lee K J, Deac A, Redon O, Nozieres J P and Dieny B 2004 Nat. Mater.3 877
[53] Ebels U, Houssameddine D, Firastrau I, Gusakova D, Thirion C, Dieny B and Buda-Prejbeanu L D 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 024436
[54] Wei Jin, Yaowen Liu and Chen H 2006 IEEE. Trans. Magn. 42 2682
[55] Chen H H, Zhang Z, Chang C R and Liu Y 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121013902
[56] Chen H H, Zhang Z, Liu Y and Chang C R 2015 IEEE. Trans. Magn.51 1401104
[57] Seki T, Mitani S, Yakushiji K and Takanashi K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett.89 172504
[58] Lee O J, Pribiag V S, Braganca P M, Gowtham P G, Ralph D C and Buhrman R A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 012506
[59] Liu H, Bedau D, Backes D, Katine J A, Langer J and Kent A D 2010Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 242510
[60] Rahman M T, Lyle A, Amiri P K, Harms J, Glass B, Zhao H, Rowlands G, Katine J A, Langer J, Krivorotov I N, Wang K L and Wang J P 2012J. Appl. Phys. 111 07C907
[61] Rowlands G E, Rahman T, Katine J A, Langer J, Lyle A, Zhao H, Alzate J G, Kovalev A A, Tserkovnyak Y, Zeng Z M, Jiang H W, Galatsis K,Huai Y M, Amiri P K, Wang K L, Krivorotov I N and Wang J P 2011Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 102509
[62] Zhang H, Hou Z, Zhang J, Zhang Z and Liu Y 2012 Appl.Phys.Lett.100 142409
[63] Slonczewski J C 2002 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 247 324
[64] Chen H H, Zeng L, Zhao W and Liu Y 2018 SPIN 08 1850013