基于WRF模型与气溶胶光学厚度的PM_(2.5)近地面浓度卫星反演
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摘要
为了反演高分辨率的PM_(2.5)近地面浓度,利用WRF(中尺度气象模型)模拟的大气相对湿度、风速、边界层高度等气象因子对AOD(气溶胶光学厚度)分别进行订正,以逐步提高AOD与近地面ρ(PM_(2.5))间的相关性;分析不同反演模型的统计学特征,优选反演模型,并利用最优模型反演中国中东部地区2014年年均ρ(PM_(2.5))的空间分布特征.结果表明:AOD经相对湿度订正后,其与近地面ρ(PM_(2.5))的相关性显著提高,相关系数达到0.77;同时引入相对湿度、风速2个气象因子,AOD与近地面ρ(PM_(2.5))的相关系数升至0.79(n=145,P<0.01);同时引入相对湿度、风速和边界层高度3个气象因子,AOD与近地面ρ(PM_(2.5))的相关系数进一步升至0.80(n=145,P<0.01).模型反演表明,研究区域内ρ(PM_(2.5))年均值大于35μg/m3的面积高达334.49×104km2,占研究区域面积的83.2%,并且高污染地区与人口密度高度重合.分析表明,北京、天津、河北、山东及河南等典型重污染省、直辖市分别有96.30%、100%、78.16%、98.86%、100%面积的ρ(PM_(2.5))超标,分别约有99.97%、100%、96.41%、98.88%、100%人口生活在空气质量超标地区.
By simulating relative humidity,wind speed and boundary layer height with mesoscale meteorological model WRF to revise aerosol optical depth( AOD),the correlation coefficient between AOD and ρ( PM_(2.5)) was improved gradually. Using the statistical characteristics of different retrieval models and the optimal linear fitting model,the annual ρ( PM_(2.5)) was retrieved in central and eastern China in 2014. After multiple linear regression analysis with humidity correction,correlation coefficient between AOD and ρ( PM_(2.5)) was improved to 0. 77,and 0. 79( n = 145,P < 0. 01) by introducing wind speed. The correlation coefficient was further improved to 0. 80( n = 145,P < 0. 01) by introducing wind speed andboundary layer height,respectively. The results showed that 83. 2% of the study area,with an area of 334. 49 × 104km2,exceeded the secondary standard in Ambient Air Quality Standard( GB 3095-2012) with annualρ( PM_(2.5)) > 35 μg/m3,and there was a high coincidence between pollution level and population distribution. In typical areas,such as Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei,Shandong and Henan provinces,the ratio was 96. 30%, 100%, 78. 16%, 98. 86% and 100%,corresponding to 99. 97%, 100%, 96. 41%, 98. 88% and100% of population exposure,respectively.
By simulating relative humidity,wind speed and boundary layer height with mesoscale meteorological model WRF to revise aerosol optical depth( AOD),the correlation coefficient between AOD and ρ( PM_(2.5)) was improved gradually. Using the statistical characteristics of different retrieval models and the optimal linear fitting model,the annual ρ( PM_(2.5)) was retrieved in central and eastern China in 2014. After multiple linear regression analysis with humidity correction,correlation coefficient between AOD and ρ( PM_(2.5)) was improved to 0. 77,and 0. 79( n = 145,P < 0. 01) by introducing wind speed. The correlation coefficient was further improved to 0. 80( n = 145,P < 0. 01) by introducing wind speed andboundary layer height,respectively. The results showed that 83. 2% of the study area,with an area of 334. 49 × 104km2,exceeded the secondary standard in Ambient Air Quality Standard( GB 3095-2012) with annualρ( PM_(2.5)) > 35 μg/m3,and there was a high coincidence between pollution level and population distribution. In typical areas,such as Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei,Shandong and Henan provinces,the ratio was 96. 30%, 100%, 78. 16%, 98. 86% and 100%,corresponding to 99. 97%, 100%, 96. 41%, 98. 88% and100% of population exposure,respectively.
引文
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[28]王宇骏,黄祖照,张金谱,等.广州城区近地面层大气污染物垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(6):800-809.WANG Yujun,HUANG Zuzhao,ZHANG Jinpu,et al.Vertical distribution characteristics of air pollutants in the near-surface atmospheric layer in Guangzhou urban district[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(6):800-809.
[29]WILLIAM C M,DEREK E D,SONIA M K.Light scattering characteristics of aerosol as a function of relative humidity:PartⅠ.a comparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations using the theoretical models[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2000,50(5):686-700.
[30]张立盛,石广玉.相对湿度对气溶胶辐射特性和辐射强迫的影响[J].气象学报,2002(2):230-237.
[31]李志成.基于随机响应面法的CMAQ空气质量模拟系统不确定性传递方法实现与评价[D].广州:华南理工大学,2011:41-60.
[2]彭威.基于遥感估算珠江三角洲地区大气颗粒物质量浓度[D].南京:南京大学,2014.
[3]李同文,孙越乔,杨晨雪,等.融合卫星遥感与地面测站的区域PM2.5反演[J].测绘地理信息,2015,40(3):6-9.LI Tongwen,SUN Yueqiao,YANG Chenxue,et al.Retrieving PM2.5using satellite remote sensing and ground station measurements[J].Journal of Geomatics,2015,40(3):6-9.
[4]辛金元,孔令彬,李沛.华北区域PM2.5/PM10时空分布卫星反演及其健康效应研究探索[C]//中国气象学会.第32届中国气象学会年会S13气候环境变化与人体健康.北京:中国气象学会,2015.
[5]王浩洋.遥感反演安徽地区气溶胶光学厚度及其时空特征分析[D].合肥:安徽大学,2015:15-40.
[6]刘显通,李菲,谭浩波,等.基于卫星遥感资料监测地面细颗粒物的敏感性分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(7):1649-1659.LIU Xiantong,LI Fei,TAO Haobo,et al.Analysis of sensitivity of monitored ground PM2.5concentrations based on satellite remote sensing data[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(7):1649-1659.
[7]贾松林,苏林,陶金花,等.卫星遥感监测近地表细颗粒物多元回归方法研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):565-573.JIA Songlin,SU Lin,TAO Jinhua,et al.A study of multiple regression method for estimating concentration of fine particulate matter using satellite remote[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):565-573.
[8]王耀庭,王桥,王艳姣,等.大气气溶胶性质及其卫星遥感反演[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(6):27-33.WANG Yaoting,WANG Qiao,WANG Yanjiao,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric aerosols and retrieval of the satellite remote sensing data[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2005,18(6):27-33.
[9]谢志英,刘浩,唐新明.北京市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM10质量浓度的相关性分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3292-3299.XIE Zhiying,LIU Hao,TANG Xinming.Correlation analysis between MODIS aerosol optical depth and PM10concentration over Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(10):3292-3299.
[10]WANG Zifeng,CHEN Liangfu,TAO Jinhua,et al.Satellite-based estimation of regional particulate matter(PM)in Beijing using vertical-and-RH correcting method[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(1):50-63.
[11]TAO Jinhua,ZHANG Meigen,CHEN Liangfu,et al.Method to estimate concentration of surface-level particulate matter from satellite-based aerosol optical thickness[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2013,56(8):1422-1433.
[12]张伟,王金南,蒋洪强,等.《大气污染防治行动计划》实施对经济与环境的潜在影响[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(1):1-7.ZHANG Wei,WANG Jinnan,JIANG Hongqiang,et al.Potential economy and environment impacts of China's National Air Pollution Control Action Plan[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(1):1-7.
[13]GUO Jianping,ZHANG Xiaoye,CHE Huizheng,et al.Correlation between PM concentrations and aerosol optical depth in eastern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(37):5876-5886.
[14]DONKELAAR A V,MARTIN R V,BRAUER M,et al.Global estimates of ambient fine particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical depth:development and application[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2010,118(6):847-855.
[15]王毅,石汉青,何明元,等.中国东南部地区及近海的气溶胶光学厚度分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(5):634-641.WANG Yi,SHI Hanqing,HE Mingyuan,et al.Distribution of atmospheric aerosol optical depth in southeast China and coastland[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(5):634-641.
[16]施成艳,江洪,江子山,等.上海地区大气气溶胶光学厚度的遥感监测[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(6):680-684.SHI Chengyan,JIANG Hong,JIANG Zishan,et al.Monitoring atmospheric aerosol optical depth in Shanghai using remote sensor data[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(6):680-684.
[17]薛文博,武卫玲,付飞,等.中国2013年1月PM2.5重污染过程卫星反演研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):794-800.XUE Wenbo,WU Weiling,FU Fei,et al.Satellite retrieval of a heavy pollution process in January 2013 in China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(3):794-800.
[18]MA Zongwei,HU Xueyan,SAYER A M,et al.Satellite-based spatiotemporal trends in PM2.5concentrations:China,2004-2013[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2016,124:184-192.
[19]National Center for Atmospheric Research.CISL research data archive[EB/OL].Washington DC:National Center for Atmospheric Research,2016[2016-01-08].http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2.
[20]薛文博,付飞,王金南,等.中国PM2.5跨区域传输特征数值模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1361-1368.XUE Wenbo,FU Fei,WANG Jinnan,et al.Numerical study on the characteristics of regional transport of PM2.5in China[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(6):1361-1368.
[21]XUE Wenbo,WANG Jinnan,NIU Hao,et al.Assessment of air quality improvement effect under the national total emission control program during the Twelfth National Five-Year Plan in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:74-81.
[22]姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津冬季雾霾天气下颗粒物质量浓度分布与光学特性[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(5):462-469.YAO Qing,CAI Ziying,HAN Suqin,et al.PM2.5pollution characteristics and aerosol optical properties during fog-haze episodes in Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):462-469.
[23]郑子龙,张凯,陈义珍,等.北京一次混合型重污染过程大气颗粒物元素组分分析[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(11):1219-1226.ZHANG Zilong,ZHANG Kai,CHEN Yizhen,et al.Study on elements in aerosols during a mixed serious pollution episode in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(11):1219-1226.
[24]尚可,杨晓亮,张叶,等.河北省边界层气象要素与PM2.5关系的统计特征[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(3):323-333.SHANG Ke,YANG Xiaoliang,ZHANG Ye,et al.Statistical analysis of the relationship between meteorological factors and PM2.5in the boundary layer over Hebei Province[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(3):323-333.
[25]何建军,吴琳,毛洪钧,等.气象条件对河北廊坊城市空气质量的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(6):791-799.HE Jianjun,WU Lin,MAO Hongjun,et al.Impacts of meteorological conditions on air quality in urban Langfang,Hebei Province[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(6):791-799.
[26]张礁石,陆亦怀,桂华侨,等.APEC会议前后北京地区PM2.5污染特征及气象影响因素[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(5):646-653.ZHANG Jiaoshi,LU Yihuai,GUI Huaqiao,et al.Variations of PM2.5pollution and related meteorological factors before and after the 2014APEC conference in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(5):646-653.
[27]丁净,韩素芹,张裕芬,等.天津市冬季颗粒物化学组成及其消光特征[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(9):1353-1361.DING Jing,HAN Suqin,ZHANG Yufen,et al.Chemical characteristics of particles and light extinction effects in winter in Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(9):1353-1361.
[28]王宇骏,黄祖照,张金谱,等.广州城区近地面层大气污染物垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(6):800-809.WANG Yujun,HUANG Zuzhao,ZHANG Jinpu,et al.Vertical distribution characteristics of air pollutants in the near-surface atmospheric layer in Guangzhou urban district[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(6):800-809.
[29]WILLIAM C M,DEREK E D,SONIA M K.Light scattering characteristics of aerosol as a function of relative humidity:PartⅠ.a comparison of measured scattering and aerosol concentrations using the theoretical models[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2000,50(5):686-700.
[30]张立盛,石广玉.相对湿度对气溶胶辐射特性和辐射强迫的影响[J].气象学报,2002(2):230-237.
[31]李志成.基于随机响应面法的CMAQ空气质量模拟系统不确定性传递方法实现与评价[D].广州:华南理工大学,2011:41-60.