华北地区中东部岩石圈挠曲与均衡特性以及地震活动性分析
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摘要
华北地区中东部涵盖北京、天津以及即将建设的雄安新区等大型城市,区内发育了张渤地震带等多条大型活动断裂,地震活动性较强,历史上发生过多次6级以上地震.本文利用Fan小波的布格重力异常一致性方法研究该区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度和均衡调整初始加载比分布,同时基于均衡调整方法计算该区垂向构造应力分布,并将以上结果与历史地震活动进行统计分析.岩石圈挠曲分析表明,华北地区中东部的岩石圈有效弹性厚度为10～65 km,分布特征为自东南向西北逐渐减小.均衡调整初始加载比为0.5～0.8,表明现今的岩石圈挠曲状态主要由莫霍面加载形成.该区地壳承载的垂向构造应力约为-20～20 MPa,中西部地区垂向构造应力向上,东北和西南地区向下.统计分析结果显示,华北地区中东部的地震活动性随着岩石圈有效弹性厚度和均衡调整初始加载比的增加而减弱,垂向构造应力零值区域地震活动性较弱.雄安新区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度大约为15 km,均衡调整初始加载比为0.5～0.6,垂向构造应力为15～20 MPa,岩石圈参数对应的地震活动性较强,相关结果对于新区建设具有一定参考价值.
Middle east area of North China covers many mega-metropolis, such as Beijing and Tianjin, as well as the soon-to-be-built Xiong′an New District. Several large-scale active fault zones such as the Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt have been developed in this area. With a strong seismicity, there have been many earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above in history. The distributions of effective elastic thickness and the isostatic initial loading ratio in this area are studied by the bouguer gravity anomalies coherence method which bases on the Fan wavelet. Simultaneously, the distribution of the vertical tectonic stresses is calculated by the isostatic adjustment method. Furthermore, the results above and the historical seismicity are analyzed statistically. The analysis of lithosphere flexure shows that the effective elastic thickness in the middle east area of North China is about 10～65 km, and its distribution features decrease gradually from southeast to northwest. The isostatic initial loading ratio is about 0.5～0.8, which indicates that the present flexure state of lithosphere is mainly caused by the loading of Moho interface. The vertical tectonic stress of the crust bearing in this area is about-20～20 MPa, the stresses are upward in the central and western areas, and downward in the northeastern and southwestern areas. The statistical results show that the seismicity decreases with the increases of the magnitude of effective elastic thickness and the isostatic initial loading ratio in middle east area of North China. The seismicity is weak in the zero value area of the vertical tectonic stress. The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere in the Xiong′an new district is about 15 km. The isostatic initial load ratio is 0.5～0.6, and the vertical tectonic stress is 15～20 MPa. The lithosphere parameters correspond to strong seismicity, and the relevant results have certain reference value for the construction of the new district.
Middle east area of North China covers many mega-metropolis, such as Beijing and Tianjin, as well as the soon-to-be-built Xiong′an New District. Several large-scale active fault zones such as the Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt have been developed in this area. With a strong seismicity, there have been many earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above in history. The distributions of effective elastic thickness and the isostatic initial loading ratio in this area are studied by the bouguer gravity anomalies coherence method which bases on the Fan wavelet. Simultaneously, the distribution of the vertical tectonic stresses is calculated by the isostatic adjustment method. Furthermore, the results above and the historical seismicity are analyzed statistically. The analysis of lithosphere flexure shows that the effective elastic thickness in the middle east area of North China is about 10～65 km, and its distribution features decrease gradually from southeast to northwest. The isostatic initial loading ratio is about 0.5～0.8, which indicates that the present flexure state of lithosphere is mainly caused by the loading of Moho interface. The vertical tectonic stress of the crust bearing in this area is about-20～20 MPa, the stresses are upward in the central and western areas, and downward in the northeastern and southwestern areas. The statistical results show that the seismicity decreases with the increases of the magnitude of effective elastic thickness and the isostatic initial loading ratio in middle east area of North China. The seismicity is weak in the zero value area of the vertical tectonic stress. The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere in the Xiong′an new district is about 15 km. The isostatic initial load ratio is 0.5～0.6, and the vertical tectonic stress is 15～20 MPa. The lithosphere parameters correspond to strong seismicity, and the relevant results have certain reference value for the construction of the new district.
引文
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Pérez-Gussinyé M, Metois M, Fernández M, et al. 2009a. Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(1-2): 152-167.
Parker R L. 1973. The rapid calculation of potential anomalies. Geophysical Journal International, 31(4): 447-455.
Peitgen H O, Saupe D. 1988. The Science of Fractal Images. New York: Springer.
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Simons F J, Van Der Hilst R D, Zuber M T. 2003. Spatiospectral localization of isostatic coherence anisotropy in Australia and its relation to seismic anisotropy: Implications for lithospheric deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B5): 2250, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000704.
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Wang W X, Shi Y L, Zhang J, et al. 2009. Dynamic gravity changes before and after the 2006 Wenan M5.1 earthquake, Hebei Province. Earthquake (in Chinese), 29(2): 40-47.
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Yang J H, Wu F Y, Wilde S A. 2003. A review of the geodynamic setting of large-scale Late Mesozoic gold mineralization in the North China Craton: an association with lithospheric thinning. Ore Geology Reviews, 23(3-4): 125-152.
Yang T, Fu R S, Huang J S. 2013. Effective elastic thickness of continental lithosphere in China with Moho topography admittance method. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 56(6): 1877-1886, doi: 10.6038/cjg20130610.
Zhang L Y, Liu Q Y, He L J. 2016. The different lithospheric thermal structure of North China Craton and its implications. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 59(10): 3618-3626, doi: 10.6038/cjg20161009.
Zhao B, Gao Y, Shi Y T. 2013. Relocation of small earthquakes in North China using double difference algorithm. Earthquake (in Chinese), 33(1): 12-21.
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Chen B, Chen C, Kaban M K, et al. 2013. Variations of the effective elastic thickness over China and surroundings and their relation to the lithosphere dynamics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 363: 61-72.
Chen B, Liu J X, Kaban M K, et al. 2014. Elastic thickness, mechanical anisotropy and deformation of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Tectonophysics, 637: 45-56.
Chen L, Cheng C, Wei Z G. 2009. Seismic evidence for significant lateral variations in lithospheric thickness beneath the central and western North China Craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 286(1-2): 171-183.
F?rste C, Bruinsma S L, Abrikosov O, et al. 2014. The latest combined global gravity field model including GOCE data up to degree and order 2190 of GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse. GFZ Data Services.
Forsyth D W. 1985. Subsurface loading and estimates of the flexural rigidity of continental lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 90(B14): 12623-12632.
Fu G Y, She Y W. 2017. Gravity anomalies and isostasy deduced from new dense gravimetry around the Tsangpo Gorge, Tibet. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(20): 10233-10239, doi: 10.1002/2017GL075290.
Gao S, Zhang J F, Xu W L, et al. 2009. Delamination and destruction of the North China Craton. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54(19): 3367-3378, doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0395-9.
Gao S H, She Y W, Fu G Y. 2016. A new method for computing the vertical tectonic stress of the crust by use of hybrid gravity and GPS data. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 59(6): 2006-2013, doi: 10.6038/cjg20160607.
He L J, Qiu N S. 2014. Heating and craton destruction. Chinese Journal of Geology (in Chinese), 49(3): 728-738.
Hu G, Teng J W, He Z Q, et al. 2017. A traveltime tomography study by teleseismic S wave data in the northeastern part of North China Craton. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 60(5): 1703-1712, doi: 10.6038/cjg20170508.
Hu S B, He L J, Wang J Y. 2001. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area (3rd edition). Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 44(5): 611-626.
Jiang G Z, Gao P, Rao S, et al. 2016. Compilation of heat flow data in the continental area of China (4th edition). Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 59(8): 2892-2910, doi: 10.6038/ cjg20160815.
Kirby J F, Featherstone W, 2002. High-resolution grids of gravimetric terrain correction and complete Bouguer corrections over Australia. Exploration Geophysics, 33(4): 161-165.
Kirby J F. 2005. Which wavelet best reproduces the Fourier power spectrum?. Computers & Geosciences, 31(7): 846-864.
Kirby J F, Swain C J. 2008. An accuracy assessment of the fan wavelet coherence method for elastic thickness estimation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9(3): Q03022, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001773.
Kirby J F, Swain C J. 2009. A reassessment of spectral Te estimation in continental interiors: the case of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B8): B08401, doi: 10.1029/2009JB006356.
Kirby J F, Swain C J. 2011. Improving the spatial resolution of effective elastic thickness estimation with the fan wavelet transform. Computers & Geosciences, 37(9): 1345-1354.
Kirby J F, Swain C J. 2013. Power spectral estimates using two-dimensional Morlet-fan wavelets with emphasis on the long wavelengths: jackknife errors, bandwidth resolution and orthogonality properties. Geophysical Journal International, 194(1): 78-99.
Laske G, Masters G, Ma Z T, et al. 2013. Update on CRUST1.0—A 1-degree global model of Earth′s crust. Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 15: EGU2013-2658.
Li Y C, Sideris M G. 1994. Improved gravimetric terrain corrections. Geophysical Journal International, 119(3): 740-752.
Luo Y, Chong J J, Ni S D, et al. 2008. Moho depth and sedimentary thickness in Capital region. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 51(4): 1135-1145.
McKenzie D. 2003. Estimating Te in the presence of internal loads. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B9): 2438, doi: 10.1029/2002JB001766.
Pérez-Gussinyé M, Swain C J, Kirby J F, et al. 2009b. Spatial variations of the effective elastic thickness, Te, using multitaper spectral estimation and wavelet methods: examples from synthetic data and application to South America. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10(4): Q04005, doi: 10.1029/2008GC002229.
Pérez-Gussinyé M, Metois M, Fernández M, et al. 2009a. Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface tectonics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(1-2): 152-167.
Parker R L. 1973. The rapid calculation of potential anomalies. Geophysical Journal International, 31(4): 447-455.
Peitgen H O, Saupe D. 1988. The Science of Fractal Images. New York: Springer.
She Y W, Fu G Y, Wang Z H, et al. 2016. Gravity anomalies and lithospheric flexure around the Longmen Shan deduced from combinations of in situ observations and EGM2008 data. Earth, Planets and Space, 68(1): 163, doi: 10.1186/s40623-016-0537-7.
She Y W, Fu G Y, Wang Z H, et al. 2017. Vertical tectonic stress in eastern margin of Bayan Har block revealed by gravity and terrain data. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 60(6): 2480-2492, doi: 10.6038/cjg20170635.
Simons F J, Van Der Hilst R D, Zuber M T. 2003. Spatiospectral localization of isostatic coherence anisotropy in Australia and its relation to seismic anisotropy: Implications for lithospheric deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B5): 2250, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000704.
Smith W H F, Sandwell D T. 1997. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277(5334): 1957-1962, doi: 10.1126/science.277.5334.1956.
Snyder J P. 1987. Map projections—A working manual. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Wang J Y, Huang S P. 1990. Compilation of heat flow data in the continental area of China (2th edition). Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 12(4): 351-366.
Wang W X, Shi Y L, Zhang J, et al. 2009. Dynamic gravity changes before and after the 2006 Wenan M5.1 earthquake, Hebei Province. Earthquake (in Chinese), 29(2): 40-47.
Watts A B. 2001. Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere. London: Cambridge University Press.
Yang B C, Qin S Q, Xue L, et al. 2017. Seismic hazard assessment in the Xiongan New Area. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 60(12): 4644-4654, doi: 10.6038/cjg20171209.
Yang J H, Wu F Y, Wilde S A. 2003. A review of the geodynamic setting of large-scale Late Mesozoic gold mineralization in the North China Craton: an association with lithospheric thinning. Ore Geology Reviews, 23(3-4): 125-152.
Yang T, Fu R S, Huang J S. 2013. Effective elastic thickness of continental lithosphere in China with Moho topography admittance method. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 56(6): 1877-1886, doi: 10.6038/cjg20130610.
Zhang L Y, Liu Q Y, He L J. 2016. The different lithospheric thermal structure of North China Craton and its implications. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 59(10): 3618-3626, doi: 10.6038/cjg20161009.
Zhao B, Gao Y, Shi Y T. 2013. Relocation of small earthquakes in North China using double difference algorithm. Earthquake (in Chinese), 33(1): 12-21.
Zhao B, Nie Z S, Huang Y, et al. 2014. Vertical motion of north China inferred from dense GPS neasurements. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 34(5): 35-39.
Zheng T Y, Duan Y H, Xu W W, et al. 2017. A seismic model for crustal structure in north china craton. Earth and Planetary Physics, 1(1), 26-34.
Zheng Y, Li Y D, Xiong X. 2012. Effective lithospheric thickness and its anisotropy in the North China Craton. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 55(11): 3576-3590, doi: 10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.007.
Zhu R X, Xu Y G, Zhu G, et al. 2012. Destruction of the north China Craton. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(10): 1565-1587.
高山, 章军锋, 许文良等. 2009. 拆沉作用与华北克拉通破坏. 科学通报, 54(14): 1962-1973.
高尚华, 佘雅文, 付广裕. 2016. 利用重力/GPS联合观测数据计算地壳垂向构造应力的新方法. 地球物理学报, 59(6): 2006-2013, doi: 10.6038/cjg20160607.
何丽娟, 邱楠生. 2014. 热与克拉通破坏. 地质科学, 49(3): 728-738.
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