基于DTT法测量广州市区PM_(2.5)的氧化潜势
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摘要
大气颗粒物氧化潜势(Oxidative potential)常用于表征颗粒物对人体健康的影响.二硫苏糖醇(DTT)法是近年发展的一种测定颗粒物氧化潜势的方法,本研究改进了该方法的颗粒物提取方式和反应流程,并开展了广州市区PM_(2.5)氧化潜势(DTT_m&DTT_v)的测量.结果表明,广州市区2018年1月和4月PM_(2.5)的DTT_m值分别为(13.47±3.86),(14.66±4.49) pmol/(min·μg),DTTv值分别为(4.67±1.06),(4.45±1.02) nmol/(min·m~3),与国内外研究结果相当.DTT_v与PM_(2.5)质量浓度、OC、EC、BC具有较强的相关性,但DTT_m与以上参数相关性低,说明含碳组分不是广州市PM_(2.5)氧化潜势的主要贡献者.
Oxidative potential can be used to characterize the impact of atmospheric particulate matter on human health. The DTT assay is a method recently developed to determine the oxidation potential of particulate matter. The extraction and reaction process of the DTT method were improved, and the method was employed to measure the oxidation potential of PM_(2.5)(DTT_m & DTT_v) at an urban site in Guangzhou. The DTT_m values of PM_(2.5) in Guangzhou in January and April 2018 were found to be(13.47 ± 3.86),(14.66 ± 4.49) pmol/(min·μg), and the DTTv values were measured to be(4.67 ± 1.06),(4.45 ± 1.02) nmol/(min·m~3), respectively. DTTv showed strongly correlations with mass concentration of PM_(2.5), OC, EC and BC, but no correlations were found between DTT_m and carbonaceous particles, implied that carbonaceous particles is not the major contributor to oxidative potential of PM_(2.5) in Guangzhou.
Oxidative potential can be used to characterize the impact of atmospheric particulate matter on human health. The DTT assay is a method recently developed to determine the oxidation potential of particulate matter. The extraction and reaction process of the DTT method were improved, and the method was employed to measure the oxidation potential of PM_(2.5)(DTT_m & DTT_v) at an urban site in Guangzhou. The DTT_m values of PM_(2.5) in Guangzhou in January and April 2018 were found to be(13.47 ± 3.86),(14.66 ± 4.49) pmol/(min·μg), and the DTTv values were measured to be(4.67 ± 1.06),(4.45 ± 1.02) nmol/(min·m~3), respectively. DTTv showed strongly correlations with mass concentration of PM_(2.5), OC, EC and BC, but no correlations were found between DTT_m and carbonaceous particles, implied that carbonaceous particles is not the major contributor to oxidative potential of PM_(2.5) in Guangzhou.
引文
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[21]Fang T,Verma V,Guo H,et al.A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol(DTT)assay:results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology(SCAPE)[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions,2014,7(7):7245-7279.
[22]Dou J,Lin P,Kuang B Y,et al.Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols:enhancement effects by pyridine,imidazole,and their derivatives[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(11):6457.
[23]Lin P,Yu J Z.Generation of reactive oxygen species mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(24):10362-10368.
[24]Ma Y,Cheng Y,Qiu X,et al.Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances(HULIS WS)in fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(8):5607-5617.
[25]Huang W,Zhang Y,Zhang Y,et al.Development of an automated sampling-analysis system for simultaneous measurement of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in gas and particle phases:GAC-ROS[J].Atmospheric environment,2016,134:18-26.
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[29]Li Q,Wyatt A,Kamens R M.Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(5):1037-1042.
[30]Yu S Y,Liu W J,Xu Y S,et al.Characteristics and oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing:Source apportionment and seasonal variation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,650:277-287.
[31]Charrier J G,Anastasio C.On dithiothreitol(DTT)as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles:evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(19):9321-9333.
[32]Wu C,Wu D,Yu J Z.Quantifying black carbon light absorption enhancement with a novel statistical approach[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(1):289-309.
[33]Miljevic B,Hedayat F,Stevanovic S,et al.To sonicate or not to sonicate PM filters:reactive oxygen species generation upon ultrasonic irradiation[J].Aerosol science and technology,2014,48(12):1276-1284.
[34]杨闻达,程鹏,田智林,等.广州市夏秋季HONO污染特征及白天未知源分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(6):2029-2039.Yang W D,Cheng P,Tian Z L,et al.Study on HONO pollution characteristics and daytime unknown sources during summer and autumn in Guangzhou,China.[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2029-2039.
[35]Roper C,Chubb L G,Cambal L,et al.Characterization of ambient and extracted PM2.5 collected on filters for toxicology applications[J].Inhalation Toxicology,2015,27(13).
[36]Yang A,Jedynska A,Hellack B,et al.Measurement of the oxidative potential of PM2.5 and its constituents:The effect of extraction solvent and filter type[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,83:35-42.
[37]Choi J H,Kim J S,Kim Y C,et al.Comparative study of PM2.5 and PM10 induced oxidative stress in rat lung epithelial cells.[J].Journal of Veterinary Science,2004,5(1):11.
[38]Bein K J,Wexler A S.Compositional variance in extracted particulate matter using different filter extraction techniques[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,107:24-34.
[39]Hu S,Polidori A,Arhami M,et al.Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2008,8(21):6439-6451.
[40]Li N,Sioutas C,Cho A,et al.Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage[J].Environmental health perspectives,2003,111(4):455-460.
[41]Saffari A,Hasheminassab S,Shafer M M,et al.Nighttime aqueousphase secondary organic aerosols in Los Angeles and its implication for fine particulate matter composition and oxidative potential[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,133:112-122.
[42]Chan J K W,Charrier J G,Kodani S D,et al.Combustion-derived flame generated ultrafine soot generates reactive oxygen species and activates Nrf2antioxidants differently in neonatal and adult rat lungs[J].Particle and Fibre Toxicology,2013,10(1):34.
[43]Lu Y,Su S,Jin W,et al.Characteristics and cellular effects of ambient particulate matter from Beijing[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,191:63-69.
[44]Fujitani Y,Furuyama A,Tanabe K,et al.Comparison of oxidative abilities of PM2.5 collected at traffic and residential sites in Japan.Contribution of transition metals and primary and secondary aerosols[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research.2017,17(2):574-587.
[2]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006Tang X Y,Zhang Y H,Shao M.Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry.[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[3]Sint T,Donohue J F,Ghio A J.Ambient air pollution particles and the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Inhalation Toxicology,2008,20(1):25-29.
[4]Fajersztajn L,Veras M,Barrozo L V,et al.Air pollution:a potentially modifiable risk factor for lung cancer.[J].Nature Reviews Cancer,2013,13(9):674.
[5]Pascal L,Pascal M,Stempfelet M,et al.Ecological study on hospitalizations for cancer,cardiovascular,and respiratory diseases in the industrial area of Etang-de-Berre in the South of France[J].Journal of Environmental and Public Health,2013.
[6]Raaschounielsen O,Andersen Z J,Beelen R,et al.Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts:prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects(ESCAPE).[J].Lancet Oncology,2013,14(9):813-822.
[7]芮魏.PM2.5污染特征及其对BEAS-2B和EA.hy926细胞的分子毒性研究[D].北京.中国科学院大学,2015.Rui W.Characteristics of PM2.5 pollution and its molecular toxicity to BEAS-2B and EA.hy926 cells[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.
[8]Cho A K,Sioutas C,Miguel A H,et al.Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin[J].Environmental Research,2005,99(1):1-47.
[9]Tao F,Gonzalezflecha B,Kobzik L.Reactive oxygen species in pulmonary inflammation by ambient particulates.Free Rad.Biol.Med[J].Free Radical Biology&Medicine,2003,35(4):327-340.
[10]Kuenzli S,Shi T,Goetschi T,et al.Beyond the mass:oxidative properties of PM2.5 in the European community respiratory health survey(ECRHS)[J].Epidemiology,2004,15(15):S43.
[11]Susanna E,Rossana T,Mara L,et al.Possible molecular mechanisms linking air pollution and asthma in children[J].BMC Pulmonary Medicine,2014,14(1):31-31.
[12]Gonzálezflecha B.Oxidant mechanisms in response to ambient air particles.[J].Molecular Aspects of Medicine,2004,25(1):169-182.
[13]Sauvain J J,Rossi M J,Riediker M.Comparison of three acellular tests for assessing the oxidation potential of nanomaterials[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2013,47(2):218-227.
[14]Hedayat F,Stevanovic S,Miljevic B,et al.Review-Evaluating the molecular assays for measuring the oxidative potential of particulate matter[J].Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly,2014,21(1/2):201-210.
[15]Xiong Q,Yu H,Wang R,et al.Rethinking dithiothreitol-based particulate matter oxidative potential:measuring dithiothreitol consumption versus reactive oxygen species generation[J].Environmental science&technology,2017,51(11):6507-6514.
[16]Kumagai Y,Koide S,Taguchi K,et al.Oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone,a component of diesel exhaust particles[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2002,15(4):483-489.
[17]Verma V,Rico-Martinez R,Kotra N,et al.Contribution of watersoluble and insoluble components and their hydrophobic/hydrophilic subfractions to the reactive oxygen species-generating potential of fine ambient aerosols[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(20):11384-11392.
[18]Fang T,Verma V,Bates J T,et al.Oxidative potential of ambient water-soluble PM2.5 in the southeastern United States:contrasts in sources and health associations between ascorbic acid(AA)and dithiothreitol(DTT)assays[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(6):3865-3879.
[19]Verma V,Fang T,Xu L,et al.Organic aerosols associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)by water-soluble PM2.5[J].Environmental science&technology,2015,49(7):4646-4656.
[20]Charrier J G,Richards-Henderson N K,Bein K J,et al Oxidant production from source-oriented particulate matter-Part 1:Oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol(DTT)assay[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(5):2327-2340.
[21]Fang T,Verma V,Guo H,et al.A semi-automated system for quantifying the oxidative potential of ambient particles in aqueous extracts using the dithiothreitol(DTT)assay:results from the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology(SCAPE)[J].Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions,2014,7(7):7245-7279.
[22]Dou J,Lin P,Kuang B Y,et al.Reactive oxygen species production mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols:enhancement effects by pyridine,imidazole,and their derivatives[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(11):6457.
[23]Lin P,Yu J Z.Generation of reactive oxygen species mediated by humic-like substances in atmospheric aerosols[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(24):10362-10368.
[24]Ma Y,Cheng Y,Qiu X,et al.Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances(HULIS WS)in fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(8):5607-5617.
[25]Huang W,Zhang Y,Zhang Y,et al.Development of an automated sampling-analysis system for simultaneous measurement of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in gas and particle phases:GAC-ROS[J].Atmospheric environment,2016,134:18-26.
[26]Li Q,Shang J,Zhu T.Physicochemical characteristics and toxic effects of ozone-oxidized black carbon particles[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,81(4):68-75.
[27]Liu W,Xu Y,Liu W,et al.Oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 in the coastal cities of the Bohai Sea,northern China:Seasonal variation and source apportionment.[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:514-528.
[28]Ayres J G,Borm P,Cassee F R,et al.Evaluating the toxicity of airborne particulate matter and nanoparticles by measuring oxidative stress potential-A workshop report and consensus statement[J].Inhalation Toxicology,2007,20(1):75.
[29]Li Q,Wyatt A,Kamens R M.Oxidant generation and toxicity enhancement of aged-diesel exhaust[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(5):1037-1042.
[30]Yu S Y,Liu W J,Xu Y S,et al.Characteristics and oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing:Source apportionment and seasonal variation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,650:277-287.
[31]Charrier J G,Anastasio C.On dithiothreitol(DTT)as a measure of oxidative potential for ambient particles:evidence for the importance of soluble transition metals[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(19):9321-9333.
[32]Wu C,Wu D,Yu J Z.Quantifying black carbon light absorption enhancement with a novel statistical approach[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(1):289-309.
[33]Miljevic B,Hedayat F,Stevanovic S,et al.To sonicate or not to sonicate PM filters:reactive oxygen species generation upon ultrasonic irradiation[J].Aerosol science and technology,2014,48(12):1276-1284.
[34]杨闻达,程鹏,田智林,等.广州市夏秋季HONO污染特征及白天未知源分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(6):2029-2039.Yang W D,Cheng P,Tian Z L,et al.Study on HONO pollution characteristics and daytime unknown sources during summer and autumn in Guangzhou,China.[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2029-2039.
[35]Roper C,Chubb L G,Cambal L,et al.Characterization of ambient and extracted PM2.5 collected on filters for toxicology applications[J].Inhalation Toxicology,2015,27(13).
[36]Yang A,Jedynska A,Hellack B,et al.Measurement of the oxidative potential of PM2.5 and its constituents:The effect of extraction solvent and filter type[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,83:35-42.
[37]Choi J H,Kim J S,Kim Y C,et al.Comparative study of PM2.5 and PM10 induced oxidative stress in rat lung epithelial cells.[J].Journal of Veterinary Science,2004,5(1):11.
[38]Bein K J,Wexler A S.Compositional variance in extracted particulate matter using different filter extraction techniques[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,107:24-34.
[39]Hu S,Polidori A,Arhami M,et al.Redox activity and chemical speciation of size fractioned PM in the communities of the Los Angeles-Long Beach harbor[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2008,8(21):6439-6451.
[40]Li N,Sioutas C,Cho A,et al.Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage[J].Environmental health perspectives,2003,111(4):455-460.
[41]Saffari A,Hasheminassab S,Shafer M M,et al.Nighttime aqueousphase secondary organic aerosols in Los Angeles and its implication for fine particulate matter composition and oxidative potential[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,133:112-122.
[42]Chan J K W,Charrier J G,Kodani S D,et al.Combustion-derived flame generated ultrafine soot generates reactive oxygen species and activates Nrf2antioxidants differently in neonatal and adult rat lungs[J].Particle and Fibre Toxicology,2013,10(1):34.
[43]Lu Y,Su S,Jin W,et al.Characteristics and cellular effects of ambient particulate matter from Beijing[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,191:63-69.
[44]Fujitani Y,Furuyama A,Tanabe K,et al.Comparison of oxidative abilities of PM2.5 collected at traffic and residential sites in Japan.Contribution of transition metals and primary and secondary aerosols[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research.2017,17(2):574-587.
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