加工流畅性的作用机制:双系统模型及其应用
|
摘要
加工流畅性在近二十年来引发了大量的研究,这些研究对人们深入了解认知-情绪的相互作用机制很有价值,与决策、直觉、审美等领域的研究也有密切的关系。流畅性-归因模型和流畅性-情绪联结模型是解释加工流畅性效应的两个竞争模型,笔者分析与评价了这两个模型的观点与证据,提出了建立双系统模型的初步设想,并对未来如何根据双系统模型的观点进一步开展加工流畅性的作用机制研究进行了展望。
There have been many studies about processing fluency in nearly two decades. These researches not only provide valuable insight to the cognition- emotion interaction,but also closely link to the researches of decision- making,intuition and aesthetic appreciation. Fluency- attribution model and the fluency- affect connection model are the two competition theories to account for the effect of processing fluency. Based on the analysis and evaluation of the two theories and their correlated evidences,the author proposed a preliminary ideal for the construction of dual systems model,and gave a prospect for future researches on the mechanism of the effect of processing fluency according to the dual systems model.
There have been many studies about processing fluency in nearly two decades. These researches not only provide valuable insight to the cognition- emotion interaction,but also closely link to the researches of decision- making,intuition and aesthetic appreciation. Fluency- attribution model and the fluency- affect connection model are the two competition theories to account for the effect of processing fluency. Based on the analysis and evaluation of the two theories and their correlated evidences,the author proposed a preliminary ideal for the construction of dual systems model,and gave a prospect for future researches on the mechanism of the effect of processing fluency according to the dual systems model.
引文
胡竹菁,胡笑羽.(2012).Evans双重加工理论的发展过程简要述评.心理学探新,32(4),310-316.
张旭锦.(2010).知觉流畅性对判断和决策的影响.心理科学进展,18(6),39-45.
Alter,A.L.,&Oppenheimer,D.M.(2009).Uniting the tribesof fluency to form a metacognitive nation.Personality and Social Psychology Review,13,219-235.
Bechara,A.,&Damasio,A.R.(2005).The somatic marker hypothesis:A neural theory of economic decision.Games and Economic Behavior,52(2),336-372.
Begg,I.,Anas,A.,&Farinacci,S.(1992).Dissociation ofprocesses in belief:Source recollection,statement familiarity,and the illusion of truth.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,121,446-458.
Bornstein,R.F.,&D’Agostino,P.R.(1994).The attributionand discounting of perceptual fluency:Preliminary tests of aperceptual fluency/attributional model of the mere exposureeffect.Social Cognition,12,103-128.
Brown,A.S.,&Nix,L.A.(1996).Turning lies into truths:Referential validation of falsehoods.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,22,1088-1100.
Fazendeiro,T.,Chenier,T.,&Winkielman,P.(2007).How dynamics of thinking create affective and cognitive feelings:Psychology and neuroscience of the connection between fluency,liking,and memory.In T.Fazendeiro,T.Chenier,&P.Winkielman(Eds.),Social neuroscience:Integrating biological andpsychological explanations of social behavior(pp.271-289).New York:Guilford Press.
Hansen,J.,Dechêne,A.,&Wnke,M.(2008).Discrepant fluency increases subjective truth.Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,44(3),687-691.
Morsanyi,K.,&Handley,S.J.(2012).Logic feels so good—Ilike it!evidence for intuitive detection of logicality in syllogistic Reasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,38(3),596-616.
Oppenheimer,D.M.(2008).The secret life of fluency.Trends inCognitive Sciences,12(6),237-241.
Reber,R.,&Schwarz,N.(1999).Effects of perceptual fluencyon judgments of truth.Conscious Cognition,8(3),338-342.
Reber,R.,Schwarz,N.,&Winkielman,P.(2004).Processingfluency and aesthetic pleasure:Is beauty in the perceiver’sprocessing experience?Personality and Social Psychology Review,8(4),364-382.
Reber,R.,Winkielman,P.,&Schwarz,N.(1998).Effects ofperceptual fluency of affective judgments.Psychological Science,9,45-48.
Reber,R.,Wurtz,P.,&Zimmermann,T.D.(2004).Exploring“fringe”consciousness:the subjective experience of perceptual fluency and its objective bases.Conscious Cognition,13(1),47-60.
Schwarz,N.(2004).Metacognitive experiences in consumerjudgment and decision making.Journal of Consumer Psychology,14(4),332-348.
Shiffrin,R.M.,&Steyvers,M.(1997).A model for recognitionmemory:REM:Retrieving effectively from memory.PsychonBull Rev,4(2),145-166.
Topolinski,S.,Likowski,K.U.,Weyers,P.,&Strack,F.(2009).The face of fluency:Semantic coherence automatically elicits a specific pattern of facial muscle reactions.Cognition&Emotion,23(2),260-271.
Topolinski,S.,&Strack,F.(2009a).The analysis of intuition:Processing fluency and affect in judgements of semantic coherence.Cognition and Emotion,23(8),1465-1503.
Topolinski,S.,&Strack,F.(2009b).Scanning the“fringe”ofconsciousness:What is felt and what is not felt in intuitions about semantic coherence.Consciousness and Cognition,18(3),608-618.
Topolinski,S.,&Strack,F.(2009c).The architecture of intuition:Fluency and affect determine intuitive judgments of semantic and visual coherence and judgments of grammaticalityin artificial grammar learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,138,39-63.
Unkelbach,C.(2007).Reversing the truth effect:Learning theinterpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,33(1),219-230.
von Helversen,B.,Gendolla,G.H.E.,Winkielman,P.,&Schmidt,R.E.(2008).Exploring the hardship of ease:Subjective and objective effort in the ease-of-processing paradigm.Motivation and Emotion,32(1),1-10.
Winkielman,P.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(2001).Mind at ease puts asmile on the face:Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect.Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,81,989-1000.
Winkielman,P.,Halberstadt,J.,Fazendeiro,T.,&Catty,S.(2006).Prototypes are attractive because they are easy on themind.Psychological Science,17,799-806.
Winkielman,P.,&Huber,D.E.(2009).Dynamics and evaluation:The warm glow of processing fluency.Encyclopedia ofComplexity and Systems Science,4,2242-2253.
Winkielman,P.,&Nowak,A.J.(2005).Dynamics of cognition-emotion interface:Coherence breeds familiarity and liking,and does it fast.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,28(2),222-223.
Winkielman,P.,Schwarz,N.,Fazendeiro,T.,&Reber,R.(2003).The hedonic marking of processing fluency:Implications for evaluative judgment.In J.Musch&K.C.Klauer(Eds.),The psychology of evaluation:Affective processes incognition and emotion(pp.189-217).Mahwah,New Jersey:Erlbaum.
Zhang,X.J.(2010).Effects of perceptual fluency on judgmentand decision.Advances in Psychological Science,18(6),39-45.
张旭锦.(2010).知觉流畅性对判断和决策的影响.心理科学进展,18(6),39-45.
Alter,A.L.,&Oppenheimer,D.M.(2009).Uniting the tribesof fluency to form a metacognitive nation.Personality and Social Psychology Review,13,219-235.
Bechara,A.,&Damasio,A.R.(2005).The somatic marker hypothesis:A neural theory of economic decision.Games and Economic Behavior,52(2),336-372.
Begg,I.,Anas,A.,&Farinacci,S.(1992).Dissociation ofprocesses in belief:Source recollection,statement familiarity,and the illusion of truth.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,121,446-458.
Bornstein,R.F.,&D’Agostino,P.R.(1994).The attributionand discounting of perceptual fluency:Preliminary tests of aperceptual fluency/attributional model of the mere exposureeffect.Social Cognition,12,103-128.
Brown,A.S.,&Nix,L.A.(1996).Turning lies into truths:Referential validation of falsehoods.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,22,1088-1100.
Fazendeiro,T.,Chenier,T.,&Winkielman,P.(2007).How dynamics of thinking create affective and cognitive feelings:Psychology and neuroscience of the connection between fluency,liking,and memory.In T.Fazendeiro,T.Chenier,&P.Winkielman(Eds.),Social neuroscience:Integrating biological andpsychological explanations of social behavior(pp.271-289).New York:Guilford Press.
Hansen,J.,Dechêne,A.,&Wnke,M.(2008).Discrepant fluency increases subjective truth.Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,44(3),687-691.
Morsanyi,K.,&Handley,S.J.(2012).Logic feels so good—Ilike it!evidence for intuitive detection of logicality in syllogistic Reasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,38(3),596-616.
Oppenheimer,D.M.(2008).The secret life of fluency.Trends inCognitive Sciences,12(6),237-241.
Reber,R.,&Schwarz,N.(1999).Effects of perceptual fluencyon judgments of truth.Conscious Cognition,8(3),338-342.
Reber,R.,Schwarz,N.,&Winkielman,P.(2004).Processingfluency and aesthetic pleasure:Is beauty in the perceiver’sprocessing experience?Personality and Social Psychology Review,8(4),364-382.
Reber,R.,Winkielman,P.,&Schwarz,N.(1998).Effects ofperceptual fluency of affective judgments.Psychological Science,9,45-48.
Reber,R.,Wurtz,P.,&Zimmermann,T.D.(2004).Exploring“fringe”consciousness:the subjective experience of perceptual fluency and its objective bases.Conscious Cognition,13(1),47-60.
Schwarz,N.(2004).Metacognitive experiences in consumerjudgment and decision making.Journal of Consumer Psychology,14(4),332-348.
Shiffrin,R.M.,&Steyvers,M.(1997).A model for recognitionmemory:REM:Retrieving effectively from memory.PsychonBull Rev,4(2),145-166.
Topolinski,S.,Likowski,K.U.,Weyers,P.,&Strack,F.(2009).The face of fluency:Semantic coherence automatically elicits a specific pattern of facial muscle reactions.Cognition&Emotion,23(2),260-271.
Topolinski,S.,&Strack,F.(2009a).The analysis of intuition:Processing fluency and affect in judgements of semantic coherence.Cognition and Emotion,23(8),1465-1503.
Topolinski,S.,&Strack,F.(2009b).Scanning the“fringe”ofconsciousness:What is felt and what is not felt in intuitions about semantic coherence.Consciousness and Cognition,18(3),608-618.
Topolinski,S.,&Strack,F.(2009c).The architecture of intuition:Fluency and affect determine intuitive judgments of semantic and visual coherence and judgments of grammaticalityin artificial grammar learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,138,39-63.
Unkelbach,C.(2007).Reversing the truth effect:Learning theinterpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,33(1),219-230.
von Helversen,B.,Gendolla,G.H.E.,Winkielman,P.,&Schmidt,R.E.(2008).Exploring the hardship of ease:Subjective and objective effort in the ease-of-processing paradigm.Motivation and Emotion,32(1),1-10.
Winkielman,P.,&Cacioppo,J.T.(2001).Mind at ease puts asmile on the face:Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect.Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,81,989-1000.
Winkielman,P.,Halberstadt,J.,Fazendeiro,T.,&Catty,S.(2006).Prototypes are attractive because they are easy on themind.Psychological Science,17,799-806.
Winkielman,P.,&Huber,D.E.(2009).Dynamics and evaluation:The warm glow of processing fluency.Encyclopedia ofComplexity and Systems Science,4,2242-2253.
Winkielman,P.,&Nowak,A.J.(2005).Dynamics of cognition-emotion interface:Coherence breeds familiarity and liking,and does it fast.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,28(2),222-223.
Winkielman,P.,Schwarz,N.,Fazendeiro,T.,&Reber,R.(2003).The hedonic marking of processing fluency:Implications for evaluative judgment.In J.Musch&K.C.Klauer(Eds.),The psychology of evaluation:Affective processes incognition and emotion(pp.189-217).Mahwah,New Jersey:Erlbaum.
Zhang,X.J.(2010).Effects of perceptual fluency on judgmentand decision.Advances in Psychological Science,18(6),39-45.