1992-2015年中亚五国土地覆盖与蒸散发变化
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摘要
1991年苏联解体,中亚五国独立使得土地覆盖与蒸散发格局发生深刻变化。以中亚五国为研究区,采用欧空局气候变化项目(CCI)土地覆盖和全球陆地数据同化系统(GLDAS)蒸散发数据,分析1992-2015年土地覆盖与蒸散发时空变化特征,进一步研究耕地蒸散耗水特征。结果表明:①中亚五国土地覆盖变化具有阶段性特征,耕地扩张引起土地覆盖格局变化。1992-2003年耕地快速增加(1.1万km2/a),林地和草地大幅减少。2003-2015年耕地增速趋缓(0.3万km2/a),林地和草地有一定恢复,裸地和水体持续减少,城镇用地持续增长。耕地共增加12.3万km2,林地和草地分别减少4.0万km2和2.3万km2,且集中于哈萨克斯坦中北部。裸地减少3.5万km2,集中于哈萨克斯坦西南部,水体减少3.1万km2,集中在咸海湖泊。乌兹别克斯坦耕地减少、裸地增加,吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦土地覆盖变化幅度较小;②中亚五国蒸散发变化与土地覆盖格局基本一致。蒸散发总体呈增加态势(6 mm/a),1992-2003年快速增加(11.3 mm/a),2003-2015年缓慢上升(2.4 mm/a)。中亚五国年蒸散发达到276.8 mm,东南部的吉尔吉斯斯坦(347.3 mm)和塔吉克斯坦(302.9 mm)最高,中北部的哈萨克斯坦(297.9mm)次之,西南部的乌兹别克斯坦(211.0 mm)和土库曼斯坦(150.0 mm)最低;③中亚五国蒸散耗水结构受耕地面积大小的影响。中亚五国耕地蒸散耗水的贡献由24.7%增至27.9%,土库曼斯坦耕地蒸散耗水仅占本国的11%,其他国家均超过25%。草地、林地和裸地的蒸散耗水贡献降低,但哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦仍以草地和林地蒸散耗水为主(≥50%),土库曼斯坦(61.3%)和乌兹别克斯坦(46.4%)的裸地蒸散耗水占绝对优势。本文明确了中亚五国土地覆盖连续动态变化过程,细化各国土地覆盖与蒸散发特征及差异,增强对土地覆盖与蒸散发现状的认识,可为水土资源管理和生态环境保护提供数据参考。
In 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of the five Central Asian countries led to profound changes in land cover and evapotranspiration pattern. This study used the five Central Asian countries as target areas. European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative and Global Land Data Assimilation System data were utilised to analyse the spatio-temporal variation of land cover and evapotranspiration from 1992 to 2015 and to further study the cropland evapotranspiration water consumption. This study investigated the continuous change of land cover, specified the characteristics of and differences in land cover and evapotranspiration, strengthened the understanding of land cover and evapotranspiration in the current situation, and provided data references for water and soil resource management and environmental protection. Results show that the changes in land cover in the five countries were characterised by stages, and cropland expansion modified the land cover pattern. From1992 to 2003, cropland increased rapidly(1.1 × 104 km2), whereas forest land and grassland decreased. From 2003 to 2015, cropland increased slowly(0.3 × 104 km2), whereas forest land and grassland increased slightly. Bare land and water bodies continued to decrease, whereas settlements continued to increase; the annual evapotranspiration was 276.8 mm.Evapotranspiration increased rapidly from 1992 to 2003(11.3 mm/a) and then slowly from2003 to 2015(2.4 mm/a). The evapotranspiration of cropland(352.2 mm) and grassland(322.1 mm) was significantly higher than that of forest land(254.7 mm) and bare land(173.2 mm).The evapotranspiration changes in the five Central Asian countries were consistent with the land cover patterns; the evapotranspiration water consumption of the five countries was affected by the cropland area. From 1992 to 2015, the water consumption of cropland evapotranspiration increased by 3.2%, and the contributions of grassland, forest land and bare land continued to decrease. The cropland of Turkmenistan accounted for only 11% of the total evapotranspiration water consumption, whereas that of the other countries accounted for more than 25%.
In 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of the five Central Asian countries led to profound changes in land cover and evapotranspiration pattern. This study used the five Central Asian countries as target areas. European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative and Global Land Data Assimilation System data were utilised to analyse the spatio-temporal variation of land cover and evapotranspiration from 1992 to 2015 and to further study the cropland evapotranspiration water consumption. This study investigated the continuous change of land cover, specified the characteristics of and differences in land cover and evapotranspiration, strengthened the understanding of land cover and evapotranspiration in the current situation, and provided data references for water and soil resource management and environmental protection. Results show that the changes in land cover in the five countries were characterised by stages, and cropland expansion modified the land cover pattern. From1992 to 2003, cropland increased rapidly(1.1 × 104 km2), whereas forest land and grassland decreased. From 2003 to 2015, cropland increased slowly(0.3 × 104 km2), whereas forest land and grassland increased slightly. Bare land and water bodies continued to decrease, whereas settlements continued to increase; the annual evapotranspiration was 276.8 mm.Evapotranspiration increased rapidly from 1992 to 2003(11.3 mm/a) and then slowly from2003 to 2015(2.4 mm/a). The evapotranspiration of cropland(352.2 mm) and grassland(322.1 mm) was significantly higher than that of forest land(254.7 mm) and bare land(173.2 mm).The evapotranspiration changes in the five Central Asian countries were consistent with the land cover patterns; the evapotranspiration water consumption of the five countries was affected by the cropland area. From 1992 to 2015, the water consumption of cropland evapotranspiration increased by 3.2%, and the contributions of grassland, forest land and bare land continued to decrease. The cropland of Turkmenistan accounted for only 11% of the total evapotranspiration water consumption, whereas that of the other countries accounted for more than 25%.
引文
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[2] Liu Rong, Wen Jun, Wang Xin. Spatial-temporal variation and abrupt analysis of evapotranspiration over the Yellow River source region. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2016, 21(5):503-511.[刘蓉,文军,王欣.黄河源区蒸散发量时空变化趋势及突变分析.气候与环境研究, 2016, 21(5):503-511.]
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[6] Wang Jie, Dong Gang, Zhang Feng. Effects of climatic and land use/cover change on evapotranspiration in the western Songnen Plain of Northeast China. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 2015, 38(2):375-384.[王洁,董刚,张峰.松嫩平原西部气候和土地利用变化对蒸散的影响.山西大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 38(2):375-384.]
[7] Jin Cui, Zhang Bai, Song Kaishan, et al. RS-based analysis on the effect of land use/cover change on regional evapotranspiration:A case study in Qian an county, Jilin province. Arid Zone Research, 2009, 39(5):734-743.[金翠,张柏,宋开山,等.土地利用/覆被变化对区域蒸散发影响的遥感分析:以吉林省乾安县为例.干旱区研究, 2009, 39(5):734-743.]
[8] Zhang Dianjun. SEBAL model improved and study on the relationship between ET and LUCC[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2011.[张殿君. SEBAL模型区域优化及蒸散量与土地利用/覆被变化关系研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2011.]
[9] Jilili Abuduwaili, Mubareke Ayoupu, Liu Dongwei, et al. Comparative analysis of the land water resources exploitation andits safety in the five countries of Central Asia. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2009, 31(5):960-968.[吉力力阿不都外力,木巴热克阿尤普,刘东伟,等.中亚五国水土资源开发及其安全性对比分析.冰川冻土, 2009, 31(5):960-968.]
[10] Yao Haijiao, Zhou Hongfei, Su Fengchun. Water problems based on spatial matching patterns of water and land resources in Central Asia. Arid Zone Resrarch, 2013, 30(3):391-395.[姚海娇,周宏飞,苏风春.从水土资源匹配关系看中亚地区水问题.干旱区研究, 2013, 30(3):391-395.]
[11] Deng Mingjiang, Ling Aihua, Zhang Yi, et al. Assessment of water resources development and utilization in the Five Central Asia countries. Advances in Earth Science, 2010, 25(12):1347-1356.[邓铭江,龙爱华,章毅,等.中亚五国水资源及其开发利用评价.地球科学进展, 2010, 25(12):1347-1356.]
[12] Deng Mingjiang, Long Aihua. Water resources issue among the Central Asian countries around the Aral Sea:Conflict and cooperation. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(6):1376-1390.[邓铭江,龙爱华.中亚各国在咸海流域水资源问题上的冲突与合作.冰川冻土, 2011, 33(6):1376-1390.]
[13] Yao Haijiao, Zhou Hongfei. Game analysis of water resources strategy among the Central Asia Countries around the Aral Sea Basin. Arid Land Geography, 2013, 36(4):764-771.[姚海娇,周宏飞.中亚五国咸海流域水资源策略的博弈分析.干旱区地理, 2013, 36(4):764-771.]
[14] Deng Mingjiang, Long Aihua, Li Xiangquan, et al. An analysis of the exploitation cooperation and problems of transboundary water resources in the five Central Asian countries. Advances in Earth Sciences, 2010, 25(12):1337-1346.[邓铭江,龙爱华,李湘权,等.中亚五国跨界水资源开发利用与合作及其问题分析.地球科学进展, 2010, 25(12):1337-1346.]
[15] Yang Shengtian, Yu Xinyi, Ding Jiangli, et al. A review of water issues research in Central Asia. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1):79-93.[杨胜天,于心怡,丁建丽,等.中亚地区水问题研究综述.地理学报, 2017, 72(1):79-93.]
[16] Zou Jie, Ding Jianli, Yang Shengtian. Spatial and temporal variation analysis of ecosystem water use efficiency in Central Asia and Xinjiang in recent 15 years. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(9):1742-1754.[邹杰,丁建丽,杨胜天.近15年中亚及新疆生态系统水分利用效率时空变化分析.地理研究, 2017, 36(9):1742-1754.]
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