土壤淹水和铜污染对杞柳形态及生理生化特性的影响
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摘要
柳树是重金属污染湿地土壤植物修复的潜力树种之一。本研究以杞柳一支笔(Salix integra Yizhibi)幼苗为对象,分析其在淹水30、60和90 d时的形态及生理生化响应。采用土壤培养模拟淹水试验,设置淹水(F,高于土壤表面10 cm)和不淹水(NF,正常土壤水分)处理及4个Cu浓度(0、50、150和450 mg·kg~(-1))。结果表明,淹水处理后,柳树茎基部产生了有利于吸收氧的白色皮孔和不定根来适应淹水环境,但高浓度(450 mg·kg~(-1)) Cu胁迫下只有极少量的不定根产生。随着淹水时间的延长,叶片光合色素和光合能力较不淹水处理明显下降,且随着Cu浓度的增加,光合速率减少了9.19%～44.48%。叶片SOD活性随着淹水时间的增加而升高,且SOD活性也随着Cu浓度的增加而升高; POD和CAT受淹水胁迫略有下降,但仍可保持一定活性,使杞柳适应水淹环境正常生长。随着淹水时间和Cu浓度的增加,大部分叶片MDA含量都呈现不同程度的增加。淹水60 d时,叶片MDA含量显著增加了8.52%～70.44%。淹水胁迫下,叶片超氧阴离子自由基含量变化与可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势相似,均降低。杞柳经较长时间的淹水后(除高浓度Cu处理)仍表现出较强的光合能力和生理适应性,表明其对土壤淹水和Cu污染的双重胁迫具有较强的耐性,在重金属污染湿地修复方面具有较大的应用潜力。
Willow is one of the suitable species for phytoremediation on heavy metal polluted soil in wetlands. In this study,we investigated the phenotypic and physiological responses of seedlings of Salix integra Yizhibi under flooding and Cu stress during different treatment periods. The willow plants were cultivated in Cu-polluted soils under the treatments of flooding( F,with water level of 10 cm above the soil surface) and non-flooded( NF,normal soil moisture). The Cu treatments were set as 0,50,150 and 450 mg·kg~(-1)of Cu spiked with CuSO4·5H2O. Under flooding condition,white lenticels and adventitious root emerged from stem base to adapt to the flooding environment,while only a few adventitious roots were found at high Cu concentration( 450 mg·kg~(-1)). Photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic capacity substantially decreased as the flooding treatment prolonged. Photosynthetic rate( Pn) was reduced by 9.19%-44.48% with the increasing Cu concentration. Leaf superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity was elevated with the prolonged flooding period and the increased Cu levels. Peroxidase( POD) and catalase( CAT)activities were slightly decreased by soil flooding,which still maintained a certain activity to adapt to normal growth under flooding condition. With the prolonged flooding treatment and the elevated Cu level,the Malonaldehyde( MDA) content in leaves increased. MDA content in leaves significantly increased by 8.52%-70.44% when being flooded for 60 d. Under flooding condition,the concentrations of superoxide anion radical( O_2-·) and soluble protein showed the similar decreasing tendency. Salix integra showed strong growth, photosynthetic and physiological adaptation to Cu polluted soil for a long-term flooded period( except for high Cu concentration),indicating that willow could adapt to Cu polluted wetland.
Willow is one of the suitable species for phytoremediation on heavy metal polluted soil in wetlands. In this study,we investigated the phenotypic and physiological responses of seedlings of Salix integra Yizhibi under flooding and Cu stress during different treatment periods. The willow plants were cultivated in Cu-polluted soils under the treatments of flooding( F,with water level of 10 cm above the soil surface) and non-flooded( NF,normal soil moisture). The Cu treatments were set as 0,50,150 and 450 mg·kg~(-1)of Cu spiked with CuSO4·5H2O. Under flooding condition,white lenticels and adventitious root emerged from stem base to adapt to the flooding environment,while only a few adventitious roots were found at high Cu concentration( 450 mg·kg~(-1)). Photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic capacity substantially decreased as the flooding treatment prolonged. Photosynthetic rate( Pn) was reduced by 9.19%-44.48% with the increasing Cu concentration. Leaf superoxide dismutase( SOD) activity was elevated with the prolonged flooding period and the increased Cu levels. Peroxidase( POD) and catalase( CAT)activities were slightly decreased by soil flooding,which still maintained a certain activity to adapt to normal growth under flooding condition. With the prolonged flooding treatment and the elevated Cu level,the Malonaldehyde( MDA) content in leaves increased. MDA content in leaves significantly increased by 8.52%-70.44% when being flooded for 60 d. Under flooding condition,the concentrations of superoxide anion radical( O_2-·) and soluble protein showed the similar decreasing tendency. Salix integra showed strong growth, photosynthetic and physiological adaptation to Cu polluted soil for a long-term flooded period( except for high Cu concentration),indicating that willow could adapt to Cu polluted wetland.
引文
蔡海霞,吴福忠,杨万勤.2011.干旱胁迫对高山柳和沙棘幼苗光合生理特征的影响.生态学报,31(9):2430-2436.
陈芳清,郭成圆,王传华,等.2008.水淹对秋华柳幼苗生理生态特征的影响.应用生态学报,19(6):1229-1233.
陈锦平,曾成城,马文超,等.2017.水淹和非水淹条件下秋华柳扦插苗镉积累特征比较.林业科学,53(4):166-174.
董萌,赵运林,库文珍,等.2011.洞庭湖湿地8种优势植物对镉的富集特征.生态学杂志,30(12):2783-2789.
高俊凤.2006.植物生理学实验指导.北京:高等教育出版社.
郭慧媛,马元丹,王丹,等.2014.模拟酸雨对毛竹叶片抗氧化酶活性及释放绿叶挥发物的影响.植物生态学报,38(8):896-903.
郭晓音,严重玲,叶彬彬.2009.镉锌复合胁迫对秋茄幼苗渗透调节物质的影响.应用与环境生物学报,15(3):308-312.
胡国涛,杨兴,陈小米,等.2016.速生树种竹柳对重金属胁迫的生理响应.环境科学学报,36(10):3870-3875.
环境保护部,国土资源部.2014.全国土壤污染状况调查公报.北京.
贾中民,王力,魏虹,等.2013.垂柳和旱柳对镉的积累及生长光合响应比较分析.林业科学,49(11):51-59.
贾中民,魏虹,孙晓灿,等.2011.秋华柳和枫杨幼苗对镉的积累和耐受性.生态学报,31(1):107-114.
蒋时姣,钟宇,刘海鹰,等.2015.铝胁迫对柳杉组培苗生长及生理特性的影响.植物生理学报,51(2):227-232.
晋松,吴克,俞志敏,等.2010.白茅生长及抗氧化酶系统对铜胁迫的生理响应.生物学杂志,27(4):22-25.
李娅,曾波,叶小齐,等.2008.水淹对三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)存活和恢复生长的影响.生态学报,28(5):1923-1930.
李昌晓,钟章成,刘芸.2005.模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化对落羽杉幼苗光合特性的影响.生态学报,25(8):1953-1959.
李合生.2002.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社.
刘小红,薛艳,周东美,等.2005.矿区Cu耐性植物研究初探.农业环境科学学报,24(1):50-54.
刘泽彬,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.2013.水淹胁迫对植物光合生理生态的影响.世界林业研究,26(3):33-38.
刘治昆,陈彩虹,陈光才,等.2011.Cu2+胁迫对2种速生柳幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.西北植物学报,31(6):1195-1202.
罗芳丽,曾波,陈婷,等.2007.三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对水淹的光合和生长响应.植物生态学报,31(5):910-918.
潘澜,薛立.2012.植物淹水胁迫的生理学机制研究进展.生态学杂志,31(10):2662-2672.
孙晓灿,魏虹,谢小红,等.2012.水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应.环境科学研究,25(2):220-225.
唐罗中,徐锡增,方升佐.1998.土壤涝渍对杨树和柳树苗期生长及生理性状影响的研究.应用生态学报,9(5):471-474.
王狄,李锋民,熊治廷,等.2000.铜的植物毒性与植物蓄积的关系.土壤与环境,9(2):146-148.
吴秀丽,欧庸彬,原改换,等.2015.两种杨树对高硼胁迫的生理响应.植物生态学报,39(4):407-415.
徐立娜,王振宇,赵建.2015.Cu O纳米颗粒对拟南芥叶片生长及生理特性的影响.植物生理学报,51(6):955-961.
许书军,魏世强,谢德体.2003.三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究.水土保持学报,17(4):64-66.
叶勇,卢昌义,谭凤仪.2001.木榄和秋茄对水渍的生长与生理反应的比较研究.生态学报,21(10):1654-1661.
衣英华,樊大勇,谢宗强,等.2006.模拟淹水对枫杨和栓皮栎气体交换、叶绿素荧光和水势的影响.植物生态学报,30(6):960-968.
尹冬梅,张志国,陈发棣.2012.植物淹水胁迫响应研究进展.江苏农业科学,40(10):1-6.
赵竑绯,赵阳,张驰,等.2013.模拟淹水对杞柳生长和光合特性的影响.生态学报,33(3):898-906.
周珺,魏虹,吕茜,等.2012.土壤水分对湿地松幼苗光合特征的影响.生态学杂志,31(1):30-37.
Ali H,Khan E,Sajad MA.2013.Phytoremediation of heavy metals:Concepts and applications.Chemosphere,91:869-881.
Cao YN,Ma CX,Chen GC,et al.2017.Physiological and biochemical responses of Salix integra Thunb.under copper stress as affected by soil flooding.Environmental Pollution,225:644-653.
Chen HJ,Qualls RG,Blank RR.2005.Effect of soil flooding on photosynthesis,carbohydrate partitioning and nutrient uptake in the invasive exotic Lepidium latifolium.Aquatic Botany,82:250-268.
Chen HJ,Qualls RG,Miller GC.2002.Adaptive responses of Lepidium latifoliumto soil flooding:Biomass allocation,adventitious rooting,aerenchyma formation and ethylene production.Environmental and Experimental Botany,48:119-128.
Cheng SP,Ren F,Grosse W,et al.2002.Effects of cadmium on chlorophyll content,photochemical efficiency,and photosynthetic intensity of Canna indica Linn.International Journal of Phytoremediation,4:239-246.
Crawford RMM,Braendle R.1996.Oxygen deprivation stress in a changing environment.Journal of Experimental Botany,47:145-159.
FischerovaZ,Tlusto2 P,SzákováJ,et al.2006.A comparison of phytoremediation capability of selected plant species for given trace elements.Environmental Pollution,144:93-100.
Islam MA,Macdonald SE.2004.Ecophysiological adaptations of black spruce(Picea mariana)and tamarack(Larix laricina)seedlings to flooding.Trees,18:35-42.
Jensen JK,Holm PE,Nejrup J,et al.2009.The potential of willow for remediation of heavy metal polluted calcareous urban soils.Environmental Pollution,157:931-937.
Karathanasis AD,Johnson CM.2003.Metal removal potential by three aquatic plants in an acid mine drainage wetland.Mine Water and the Environment,22:22-30.
Meers E,Vandecasteele B,Ruttens A,et al.2007.Potential of five willow species(Salix spp.)for phytoextraction of heavy metals.Environmental and Experimental Botany,60:57-68.
Naidoo G.1994.Growth,water and ion relationships in the coastal halophytes Triglochin bulbosa and T.striata.Environmental and Experimental Botany,34:419-426.
Peralta-Videa JR,Lopez ML,Narayan M,et al.2009.The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants:Implications for the food chain.The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,41:1665-1677.
Pezeshki SR,Pardue JH,Delaune RD.1996.Leaf gas exchange and growth of flood tolerant and flood sensitive tree species under low soil redox conditions.Tree Physiology,16:453-458.
Vandecasteele B,Quataert P,Genouw G,et al.2009.Effects of willow stands on heavy metal concentrations and top soil properties of infrastructure spoil landfills and dredged sediment-derived sites.Science of the Total Environment,407:5289-5297.
Yamamoto F,Sakata T,Terazawa K.1995.Physiological,morphological and anatomical responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to flooding.Tree Physiology,15:713-719.
陈芳清,郭成圆,王传华,等.2008.水淹对秋华柳幼苗生理生态特征的影响.应用生态学报,19(6):1229-1233.
陈锦平,曾成城,马文超,等.2017.水淹和非水淹条件下秋华柳扦插苗镉积累特征比较.林业科学,53(4):166-174.
董萌,赵运林,库文珍,等.2011.洞庭湖湿地8种优势植物对镉的富集特征.生态学杂志,30(12):2783-2789.
高俊凤.2006.植物生理学实验指导.北京:高等教育出版社.
郭慧媛,马元丹,王丹,等.2014.模拟酸雨对毛竹叶片抗氧化酶活性及释放绿叶挥发物的影响.植物生态学报,38(8):896-903.
郭晓音,严重玲,叶彬彬.2009.镉锌复合胁迫对秋茄幼苗渗透调节物质的影响.应用与环境生物学报,15(3):308-312.
胡国涛,杨兴,陈小米,等.2016.速生树种竹柳对重金属胁迫的生理响应.环境科学学报,36(10):3870-3875.
环境保护部,国土资源部.2014.全国土壤污染状况调查公报.北京.
贾中民,王力,魏虹,等.2013.垂柳和旱柳对镉的积累及生长光合响应比较分析.林业科学,49(11):51-59.
贾中民,魏虹,孙晓灿,等.2011.秋华柳和枫杨幼苗对镉的积累和耐受性.生态学报,31(1):107-114.
蒋时姣,钟宇,刘海鹰,等.2015.铝胁迫对柳杉组培苗生长及生理特性的影响.植物生理学报,51(2):227-232.
晋松,吴克,俞志敏,等.2010.白茅生长及抗氧化酶系统对铜胁迫的生理响应.生物学杂志,27(4):22-25.
李娅,曾波,叶小齐,等.2008.水淹对三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳(Salix variegata Franch.)存活和恢复生长的影响.生态学报,28(5):1923-1930.
李昌晓,钟章成,刘芸.2005.模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化对落羽杉幼苗光合特性的影响.生态学报,25(8):1953-1959.
李合生.2002.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京:高等教育出版社.
刘小红,薛艳,周东美,等.2005.矿区Cu耐性植物研究初探.农业环境科学学报,24(1):50-54.
刘泽彬,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.2013.水淹胁迫对植物光合生理生态的影响.世界林业研究,26(3):33-38.
刘治昆,陈彩虹,陈光才,等.2011.Cu2+胁迫对2种速生柳幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.西北植物学报,31(6):1195-1202.
罗芳丽,曾波,陈婷,等.2007.三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对水淹的光合和生长响应.植物生态学报,31(5):910-918.
潘澜,薛立.2012.植物淹水胁迫的生理学机制研究进展.生态学杂志,31(10):2662-2672.
孙晓灿,魏虹,谢小红,等.2012.水培条件下秋华柳对重金属Cd的富集特性及光合响应.环境科学研究,25(2):220-225.
唐罗中,徐锡增,方升佐.1998.土壤涝渍对杨树和柳树苗期生长及生理性状影响的研究.应用生态学报,9(5):471-474.
王狄,李锋民,熊治廷,等.2000.铜的植物毒性与植物蓄积的关系.土壤与环境,9(2):146-148.
吴秀丽,欧庸彬,原改换,等.2015.两种杨树对高硼胁迫的生理响应.植物生态学报,39(4):407-415.
徐立娜,王振宇,赵建.2015.Cu O纳米颗粒对拟南芥叶片生长及生理特性的影响.植物生理学报,51(6):955-961.
许书军,魏世强,谢德体.2003.三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究.水土保持学报,17(4):64-66.
叶勇,卢昌义,谭凤仪.2001.木榄和秋茄对水渍的生长与生理反应的比较研究.生态学报,21(10):1654-1661.
衣英华,樊大勇,谢宗强,等.2006.模拟淹水对枫杨和栓皮栎气体交换、叶绿素荧光和水势的影响.植物生态学报,30(6):960-968.
尹冬梅,张志国,陈发棣.2012.植物淹水胁迫响应研究进展.江苏农业科学,40(10):1-6.
赵竑绯,赵阳,张驰,等.2013.模拟淹水对杞柳生长和光合特性的影响.生态学报,33(3):898-906.
周珺,魏虹,吕茜,等.2012.土壤水分对湿地松幼苗光合特征的影响.生态学杂志,31(1):30-37.
Ali H,Khan E,Sajad MA.2013.Phytoremediation of heavy metals:Concepts and applications.Chemosphere,91:869-881.
Cao YN,Ma CX,Chen GC,et al.2017.Physiological and biochemical responses of Salix integra Thunb.under copper stress as affected by soil flooding.Environmental Pollution,225:644-653.
Chen HJ,Qualls RG,Blank RR.2005.Effect of soil flooding on photosynthesis,carbohydrate partitioning and nutrient uptake in the invasive exotic Lepidium latifolium.Aquatic Botany,82:250-268.
Chen HJ,Qualls RG,Miller GC.2002.Adaptive responses of Lepidium latifoliumto soil flooding:Biomass allocation,adventitious rooting,aerenchyma formation and ethylene production.Environmental and Experimental Botany,48:119-128.
Cheng SP,Ren F,Grosse W,et al.2002.Effects of cadmium on chlorophyll content,photochemical efficiency,and photosynthetic intensity of Canna indica Linn.International Journal of Phytoremediation,4:239-246.
Crawford RMM,Braendle R.1996.Oxygen deprivation stress in a changing environment.Journal of Experimental Botany,47:145-159.
FischerovaZ,Tlusto2 P,SzákováJ,et al.2006.A comparison of phytoremediation capability of selected plant species for given trace elements.Environmental Pollution,144:93-100.
Islam MA,Macdonald SE.2004.Ecophysiological adaptations of black spruce(Picea mariana)and tamarack(Larix laricina)seedlings to flooding.Trees,18:35-42.
Jensen JK,Holm PE,Nejrup J,et al.2009.The potential of willow for remediation of heavy metal polluted calcareous urban soils.Environmental Pollution,157:931-937.
Karathanasis AD,Johnson CM.2003.Metal removal potential by three aquatic plants in an acid mine drainage wetland.Mine Water and the Environment,22:22-30.
Meers E,Vandecasteele B,Ruttens A,et al.2007.Potential of five willow species(Salix spp.)for phytoextraction of heavy metals.Environmental and Experimental Botany,60:57-68.
Naidoo G.1994.Growth,water and ion relationships in the coastal halophytes Triglochin bulbosa and T.striata.Environmental and Experimental Botany,34:419-426.
Peralta-Videa JR,Lopez ML,Narayan M,et al.2009.The biochemistry of environmental heavy metal uptake by plants:Implications for the food chain.The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology,41:1665-1677.
Pezeshki SR,Pardue JH,Delaune RD.1996.Leaf gas exchange and growth of flood tolerant and flood sensitive tree species under low soil redox conditions.Tree Physiology,16:453-458.
Vandecasteele B,Quataert P,Genouw G,et al.2009.Effects of willow stands on heavy metal concentrations and top soil properties of infrastructure spoil landfills and dredged sediment-derived sites.Science of the Total Environment,407:5289-5297.
Yamamoto F,Sakata T,Terazawa K.1995.Physiological,morphological and anatomical responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to flooding.Tree Physiology,15:713-719.