基于Shuttleworth-Wallace模型的科尔沁沙地流动半流动沙丘蒸散发模拟
|
摘要
陆面蒸散发在气候调节和维持区域水量平衡中起关键作用.量化蒸散发及其各组分项,对深刻揭示干旱半干旱地区的生态水文过程具有重要意义.本研究基于科尔沁沙地流动半流动沙丘2017年生长季气象监测系统的原位监测数据,利用Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型对沙丘蒸散发进行模拟,在此基础上,对蒸散各组分进行拆分,并利用涡度相关对模拟蒸散发值进行验证.结果表明:整个生长季模型模拟蒸散发值为308 mm,涡度相关实测值为296 mm,偏差较小,证明S-W模型适用于该地区的蒸散发模拟.蒸散发整体呈生长旺盛期>生长后期>生长初期,分别为192、71和45 mm,分别占总量的62.3%、23.1%和14.6%.日尺度上模型模拟值与实测蒸散发值一致性较高,模型模拟精度大体表现为:晴天>阴天>雨天,且阴雨天模型模拟值较涡度相关实测值偏低.经拆分,土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾分别为176和132 mm,分别占总量的57.1%和42.9%,表明沙地水分利用效率较低.持续干旱和降水后,蒸散发规律明显不同,且土壤蒸发对降水的敏感性强于植被蒸腾.
Terrestrial evapotranspiration(ET) plays a crucial role in climate regulation and the maintenance of regional water balance. Quantitative estimation of ET and its partitioning are important for revealing the eco-hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas. Using the in situ data sampled by the meteorological monitoring system, the Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W) model was applied to simulate and partition ET in the mobile and semi-mobile dunes of the Horqin sandy land during the growing season in 2017. The eddy covariance system was used to verify the simulated ET. The results were as follows: the simulated ET(308 mm) was very close to the eddy covariance observed ET(296 mm) during the whole growing season, indicating the applicability of the S-W model for ET estimation in this area. The ET rate at the vigorous growth stage(192 mm) was larger than those at the late and early growth stages(71 and 45 mm, respectively) which accounted for 62.3%, 23.1%, and 14.6% of the total, respectively. The simulated ET was close to the eddy covariance observed ET at the daily time-scale. The simulation performance of the S-W model for clear days was better than for cloudy or rainy days. The simulated ET rate was always smaller than the eddy covariance observed ET in the cloudy or rainy days. According to the model, the evaporation(E) from soil was 176 mm and the transpiration(T) from plants was 132 mm, accounting for 57.1% and 42.9% of the ET, respectively, suggesting that water use efficiency of the sand dune was low. The characteristics of ET varied substantially under the sustained drought and precipitation events. Compared to T from plants, E from soil was more sensitive to precipitation.
Terrestrial evapotranspiration(ET) plays a crucial role in climate regulation and the maintenance of regional water balance. Quantitative estimation of ET and its partitioning are important for revealing the eco-hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas. Using the in situ data sampled by the meteorological monitoring system, the Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W) model was applied to simulate and partition ET in the mobile and semi-mobile dunes of the Horqin sandy land during the growing season in 2017. The eddy covariance system was used to verify the simulated ET. The results were as follows: the simulated ET(308 mm) was very close to the eddy covariance observed ET(296 mm) during the whole growing season, indicating the applicability of the S-W model for ET estimation in this area. The ET rate at the vigorous growth stage(192 mm) was larger than those at the late and early growth stages(71 and 45 mm, respectively) which accounted for 62.3%, 23.1%, and 14.6% of the total, respectively. The simulated ET was close to the eddy covariance observed ET at the daily time-scale. The simulation performance of the S-W model for clear days was better than for cloudy or rainy days. The simulated ET rate was always smaller than the eddy covariance observed ET in the cloudy or rainy days. According to the model, the evaporation(E) from soil was 176 mm and the transpiration(T) from plants was 132 mm, accounting for 57.1% and 42.9% of the ET, respectively, suggesting that water use efficiency of the sand dune was low. The characteristics of ET varied substantially under the sustained drought and precipitation events. Compared to T from plants, E from soil was more sensitive to precipitation.
引文
[1] Priestley C, Taylor R. On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters. Monthly Weather Review, 1972, 100: 81-92
[2] Zhang YQ, Kang SZ, Ward EJ, et al. Evapotranspiration components determined by sap flow and microlysime-try techniques of a vineyard in Northwest China: Dynamics and influential factors. Agricultural Water Management, 2011, 98: 1207-1214
[3] Tong S-Q (佟斯琴), Zhang J-Q (张继权), Ha S (哈斯), et al. 14 years spatial-temporal distribution chara-cteristic of evapotranspiration in Xilingol grassland based on MOD16. Chinese Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报), 2016, 38(4): 83-91(in Chinese)
[4] Gao G-L (高冠龙), Zhang X-Y (张小由), Yu T-F (鱼腾飞), et al. Calculation methods of resistances of the Shuttleworth-Wallace. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 2016, 38(1): 170-177 (in Chinese)
[5] Monteith JL. Evaporation and environment. 19th Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965: 205-234
[6] Hu Z, Yu G, Zhou Y, et al. Partitioning of evapotranspiration and its controls in four grassland ecosystems: Application of a two-source model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009, 149: 1410-1420
[7] Shuttleworth WJ, Wallace JS. Evaporation from sparse crops: An energy combination theory. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1985, 111: 839-855
[8] Ji X-B (吉喜斌), Kang E-S (康尔泗), Zhao W-Z (赵文智), et al. Simulation of the evapotranspiration from irrigational farmlands in the oases of the Heihe River. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 2004, 26(6): 713-719 (in Chinese)
[9] Stannard DI. Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland. Water Resources Research, 1993, 29: 1379-1392
[10] Kato T, Kimura R, Kamichika M. Estimation of evapotranspiration, transpiration ratio and water-use efficiency from a sparse canopy using a compartment model. Agricultural Water Management, 2004, 65: 173-191
[11] Zhu Z-Y (朱仲元), Chao L-B-G (朝伦巴根), Wang Z-Q (王志强), et al. Study on diurnal variation of Populus evapotranspiration based on Shuttleworth-Wallace model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (水利学报), 2007, 38(5): 582-590 (in Chinese)
[12] Wei X-D (卫新东), Chen S-Y (陈守阳), Chen D-Y (陈滇豫), et al. Applicable of Shuttleworth-Wallace model for evapotranspiration estimation of jujube forest in loess hilly-gully region. Transactions of the Chinese Soceity for Agricultural Machinery (农业机械学报),2015, 46(3): 142-151 (in Chinese)
[13] Duan LM, Liu TX, Wang XX, et al. Spatio-temporal variations in soil moisture and physicochemical properties of a typical semiarid sand-meadow-desert landscape as influenced by land use. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 15: 1865-1877
[14] Zhou Q-L (周全来), Yang H (杨弘), Jiang D-M (蒋德明), et al. Effect evaluation of various protective systems in the Horqin Sand Land.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2013, 32(3): 787-794 (in Chinese)
[15] Wang S-R (王思如), Lei H-M (雷慧闽), Duan L-M (段利民), et al. Simulated impacts of climate change on evapotranspiration and vegetation in Horqin Sandy Land. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (水利学报), 2017, 48(5): 535-550 (in Chinese)
[16] Duan L-M (段利民), Tong X (童新), Lyu Y (吕扬), et al. Upscaling of the transpiration and water consumption of sand-fixing vegetation Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 2018, 33(1): 52-62 (in Chinese)
[17] Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, et al. Gap filling stra-tegies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2001, 107: 43-69
[18] Zhang B, Liu Y, Xu D, et al. The dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning evapotranspiration of the winter wheat-summer maize crop sequence in North China Plain. Irrigation Science, 2013, 31: 1303-1316
[19] Yang Y-T (杨雨亭), Shang S-H (尚松浩). Comparison of dual-source evapotranspiration models in estimating potential evaporation and transpiration. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2012, 28(24): 85-91 (in Chinese)
[20] Ortega FS, Poblete EC, Brisson N. Parameterization of a two-layer model for estimating vineyard evapotranspiration using meteorological measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010, 150: 276-286
[21] Brisson N, Itier B, L’ Hotel JC, et al. Parameterization of the Shuttleworth-Wallace model to estimate daily maximum transpiration for use in crop models. Ecological Modelling, 1998, 107: 159-169
[22] Zhou MC, Ishidaira H, Hapuarachchi H, et al. Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth-Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River basin. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, 327: 151-173
[23] Lohammar T, Larsson S, Linder S, et al. FAST: Simulation models of gaseous exchange in Scots pine. Ecolo-gical Bulletins, 1980, 32: 505-523
[24] Thompson N, Barrie IA, Ayles M. The Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System: MORECS (July 1981). Bracknell, Berks: Meteorological Office, 1981
[25] Chu X-J (初小静), Han G-X (韩广轩), Xing Q-H (邢庆会), et al. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 on sunny and cloudy days over a reed wetland in Yellow River Delta, China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2015, 39(7): 661-673 (in Chinese)
[26] Gong T-T (龚婷婷), Lei H-M (雷慧闽), Yang D-W (杨大文), et al. Assessing the impacts of extreme water and temperature conditions on carbon fluxes in two desert shrublands. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering (水利发电学报), 2018, 37(2): 32-46 (in Chinese)
[27] Philip JR, de Vries DA. Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients. Eos Transaction American Geophysical Union, 1957, 38: 222-232
[28] Zhang X-Y (张晓艳), Chu J-M (褚建民), Meng P (孟平), et al. Effects of environmental factors on evapotranspiration characteristics of Haloxylonammodendron plantation in the Minqin oasis-desert ectone, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(8): 2390-2400 (in Chinese)
[29] Wang XX, Pedram S, Liu TX, et al. Estimated grass grazing removal rate in semiarid Eurasian steppe watershed as influenced by climate. Water, 2016, 8: 1-18
[30] Villalobos FJ,Testi L, Moreno-perez MF. Evaporation and canopy conductance of citrus orchards. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96: 565-573
[31] Li XY, Yang PL, Ren SM, et al. Modeling cherry orchard evapotranspiration based on an improved dual-source model.Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 98: 12-18
[32] Duan LM, Lv Y, Yan X, et al. Upscalingstem to community-level transpiration for Two sand-fixing plants: Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla. Water, 2017, 9: 1-12
[33] Zhao W (赵玮), Zhang T-H (张桐会), Liu X-P (刘新平), et al. Spatiotemporal variation of soil moisture and its relations with Artemisia halodendro root water content as affected by rainfall. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2008, 27(2): 151-156 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhu XJ, Yu GR, Hu ZM, et al. Spatiotemporal variations of T/ET (the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration) in three forests of eastern China. Ecological Indicators, 2015, 52: 411-421
[35] Dong J (董军), Yue N (岳宁), Dang H-H (党慧慧), et al. Estimation of evapotranspiration in maize fields with ground mulching with plastic film in semi-arid areas using revised Shuttleworth-Wallace model. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国农业生态学报), 2016, 24(5): 674-683 (in Chinese)
[36] Allen SJ, Grime VL. Measurements of transpiration from savannah shrubs using sap flow gauges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1995, 75: 23-41
[37] Niu L (牛丽), Yue G-Y (岳广阳), Zhao H-L (赵哈林), et al. Evaluating transpiration from Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Caragana microphylla using sap flow method. Journal of Beijing Forest University (北京林业大学学报), 2008, 30(6): 1-8 (in Chinese)
[38] Wu R-J (吴荣军), Xing X-Y (邢晓勇). Variation characteristic and influencing factors actual evapotranspiration under variations vegetation types: A case study in the Huaihe River Basin, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(6): 1727-1736 (in Chinese)
[39] Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. Fluxnet: A new tool study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82: 2415-2434
[40] Li S-N (李思恩), Kang S-Z (康绍忠), Zhu Z-L (朱治林), et al. Research progress of measurement of land surface evapotranspiration based on eddy covariance technology. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(9): 2720-2726 (in Chinese)
[41] Wu J-B (吴家兵), Guan D-X (关德新), Zhang M (张弥), et al. Comparison of eddy covariance and BREB methods in determining forest evapotranspiration: Case study on broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2005, 24(10): 1245-1249 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhang YQ, Kang SZ, Ward EJ, et al. Evapotranspiration components determined by sap flow and microlysime-try techniques of a vineyard in Northwest China: Dynamics and influential factors. Agricultural Water Management, 2011, 98: 1207-1214
[3] Tong S-Q (佟斯琴), Zhang J-Q (张继权), Ha S (哈斯), et al. 14 years spatial-temporal distribution chara-cteristic of evapotranspiration in Xilingol grassland based on MOD16. Chinese Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报), 2016, 38(4): 83-91(in Chinese)
[4] Gao G-L (高冠龙), Zhang X-Y (张小由), Yu T-F (鱼腾飞), et al. Calculation methods of resistances of the Shuttleworth-Wallace. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 2016, 38(1): 170-177 (in Chinese)
[5] Monteith JL. Evaporation and environment. 19th Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965: 205-234
[6] Hu Z, Yu G, Zhou Y, et al. Partitioning of evapotranspiration and its controls in four grassland ecosystems: Application of a two-source model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009, 149: 1410-1420
[7] Shuttleworth WJ, Wallace JS. Evaporation from sparse crops: An energy combination theory. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1985, 111: 839-855
[8] Ji X-B (吉喜斌), Kang E-S (康尔泗), Zhao W-Z (赵文智), et al. Simulation of the evapotranspiration from irrigational farmlands in the oases of the Heihe River. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 2004, 26(6): 713-719 (in Chinese)
[9] Stannard DI. Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland. Water Resources Research, 1993, 29: 1379-1392
[10] Kato T, Kimura R, Kamichika M. Estimation of evapotranspiration, transpiration ratio and water-use efficiency from a sparse canopy using a compartment model. Agricultural Water Management, 2004, 65: 173-191
[11] Zhu Z-Y (朱仲元), Chao L-B-G (朝伦巴根), Wang Z-Q (王志强), et al. Study on diurnal variation of Populus evapotranspiration based on Shuttleworth-Wallace model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (水利学报), 2007, 38(5): 582-590 (in Chinese)
[12] Wei X-D (卫新东), Chen S-Y (陈守阳), Chen D-Y (陈滇豫), et al. Applicable of Shuttleworth-Wallace model for evapotranspiration estimation of jujube forest in loess hilly-gully region. Transactions of the Chinese Soceity for Agricultural Machinery (农业机械学报),2015, 46(3): 142-151 (in Chinese)
[13] Duan LM, Liu TX, Wang XX, et al. Spatio-temporal variations in soil moisture and physicochemical properties of a typical semiarid sand-meadow-desert landscape as influenced by land use. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011, 15: 1865-1877
[14] Zhou Q-L (周全来), Yang H (杨弘), Jiang D-M (蒋德明), et al. Effect evaluation of various protective systems in the Horqin Sand Land.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2013, 32(3): 787-794 (in Chinese)
[15] Wang S-R (王思如), Lei H-M (雷慧闽), Duan L-M (段利民), et al. Simulated impacts of climate change on evapotranspiration and vegetation in Horqin Sandy Land. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (水利学报), 2017, 48(5): 535-550 (in Chinese)
[16] Duan L-M (段利民), Tong X (童新), Lyu Y (吕扬), et al. Upscaling of the transpiration and water consumption of sand-fixing vegetation Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla. Journal of Natural Resources (自然资源学报), 2018, 33(1): 52-62 (in Chinese)
[17] Falge E, Baldocchi D, Olson R, et al. Gap filling stra-tegies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2001, 107: 43-69
[18] Zhang B, Liu Y, Xu D, et al. The dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning evapotranspiration of the winter wheat-summer maize crop sequence in North China Plain. Irrigation Science, 2013, 31: 1303-1316
[19] Yang Y-T (杨雨亭), Shang S-H (尚松浩). Comparison of dual-source evapotranspiration models in estimating potential evaporation and transpiration. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2012, 28(24): 85-91 (in Chinese)
[20] Ortega FS, Poblete EC, Brisson N. Parameterization of a two-layer model for estimating vineyard evapotranspiration using meteorological measurements. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2010, 150: 276-286
[21] Brisson N, Itier B, L’ Hotel JC, et al. Parameterization of the Shuttleworth-Wallace model to estimate daily maximum transpiration for use in crop models. Ecological Modelling, 1998, 107: 159-169
[22] Zhou MC, Ishidaira H, Hapuarachchi H, et al. Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth-Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River basin. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, 327: 151-173
[23] Lohammar T, Larsson S, Linder S, et al. FAST: Simulation models of gaseous exchange in Scots pine. Ecolo-gical Bulletins, 1980, 32: 505-523
[24] Thompson N, Barrie IA, Ayles M. The Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System: MORECS (July 1981). Bracknell, Berks: Meteorological Office, 1981
[25] Chu X-J (初小静), Han G-X (韩广轩), Xing Q-H (邢庆会), et al. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 on sunny and cloudy days over a reed wetland in Yellow River Delta, China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2015, 39(7): 661-673 (in Chinese)
[26] Gong T-T (龚婷婷), Lei H-M (雷慧闽), Yang D-W (杨大文), et al. Assessing the impacts of extreme water and temperature conditions on carbon fluxes in two desert shrublands. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering (水利发电学报), 2018, 37(2): 32-46 (in Chinese)
[27] Philip JR, de Vries DA. Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients. Eos Transaction American Geophysical Union, 1957, 38: 222-232
[28] Zhang X-Y (张晓艳), Chu J-M (褚建民), Meng P (孟平), et al. Effects of environmental factors on evapotranspiration characteristics of Haloxylonammodendron plantation in the Minqin oasis-desert ectone, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(8): 2390-2400 (in Chinese)
[29] Wang XX, Pedram S, Liu TX, et al. Estimated grass grazing removal rate in semiarid Eurasian steppe watershed as influenced by climate. Water, 2016, 8: 1-18
[30] Villalobos FJ,Testi L, Moreno-perez MF. Evaporation and canopy conductance of citrus orchards. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96: 565-573
[31] Li XY, Yang PL, Ren SM, et al. Modeling cherry orchard evapotranspiration based on an improved dual-source model.Agricultural Water Management, 2010, 98: 12-18
[32] Duan LM, Lv Y, Yan X, et al. Upscalingstem to community-level transpiration for Two sand-fixing plants: Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla. Water, 2017, 9: 1-12
[33] Zhao W (赵玮), Zhang T-H (张桐会), Liu X-P (刘新平), et al. Spatiotemporal variation of soil moisture and its relations with Artemisia halodendro root water content as affected by rainfall. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2008, 27(2): 151-156 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhu XJ, Yu GR, Hu ZM, et al. Spatiotemporal variations of T/ET (the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration) in three forests of eastern China. Ecological Indicators, 2015, 52: 411-421
[35] Dong J (董军), Yue N (岳宁), Dang H-H (党慧慧), et al. Estimation of evapotranspiration in maize fields with ground mulching with plastic film in semi-arid areas using revised Shuttleworth-Wallace model. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国农业生态学报), 2016, 24(5): 674-683 (in Chinese)
[36] Allen SJ, Grime VL. Measurements of transpiration from savannah shrubs using sap flow gauges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1995, 75: 23-41
[37] Niu L (牛丽), Yue G-Y (岳广阳), Zhao H-L (赵哈林), et al. Evaluating transpiration from Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Caragana microphylla using sap flow method. Journal of Beijing Forest University (北京林业大学学报), 2008, 30(6): 1-8 (in Chinese)
[38] Wu R-J (吴荣军), Xing X-Y (邢晓勇). Variation characteristic and influencing factors actual evapotranspiration under variations vegetation types: A case study in the Huaihe River Basin, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(6): 1727-1736 (in Chinese)
[39] Baldocchi D, Falge E, Gu L, et al. Fluxnet: A new tool study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82: 2415-2434
[40] Li S-N (李思恩), Kang S-Z (康绍忠), Zhu Z-L (朱治林), et al. Research progress of measurement of land surface evapotranspiration based on eddy covariance technology. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(9): 2720-2726 (in Chinese)
[41] Wu J-B (吴家兵), Guan D-X (关德新), Zhang M (张弥), et al. Comparison of eddy covariance and BREB methods in determining forest evapotranspiration: Case study on broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2005, 24(10): 1245-1249 (in Chinese)