不同管理方式下东洞庭湖越冬雁类栖息地中短尖薹草的生长指标对比研究
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摘要
东洞庭湖是雁类尤其是小白额雁(Anser erythropus)全球种群主要的越冬栖息地之一。三峡大坝的运行导致东洞庭湖区的江湖关系发生变化,使洞庭湖枯水期提前、洲滩提前出露和以薹草(Carex spp.)为优势植物的洲滩植物提前生长,进而造成在雁类抵达洞庭湖越冬时自然洲滩上可适宜其取食的食物资源减少。如何应对洞庭湖新的水文情势变化对越冬雁类栖息地的影响,是长江中下游候鸟保护亟待解决的关键科学问题。在洲滩提前出露情景下,对洞庭湖薹草植物群落洲滩实施了火烧、刈割和翻耕3种栖息地管理方式,并开展了原位监测。研究结果表明,火烧对短尖薹草(Carex brevicuspis)地上生物量累积和株数具有显著促进作用,与对照相比,其分别约提前了20 d和11 d达到最大增长速率;刈割对短尖薹草地上生物量累积和株数的生长也具有显著促进作用,与对照相比,其分别约提前21 d和11 d达到最大生长速率;翻耕对短尖薹草株高、株数、地上生物量累积有显著抑制作用,其株数、株高、地上生物量在缓慢增加,可以持续为越冬雁类提供优质的食物资源,改善了栖息地质量,是雁类越冬栖息地有效的管理对策之一。
East Dongting Lake is one of the most important wintering habitats for migratory geese, especially for the globally endangered Lesser White-fronted Goose. The operation of the Three Gorges Dam has led to dramatic hydrological regime change in Dongting Lake through modifying the hydraulic relationships between the Yangze River and the Lake. A major hydrological change in Dongting Lake is the advanced water level withdrawal and exposure of lake bed, which accelerate the development of Carex meadow. When the migratory geese arrive at Dongting Lake for wintering, Carex could grow to a stage that is too lignified to be palatable for them, and food shortage would become a reality under current conditions. Therefore, how to provide the wintering geese with abundant quality food resources under the alternated hydrological regime is one of urgent scientific question for the protection of migratory birds in Yangtze River basin. In this study, the management ways of burning, mowing and ploughing were carried out for Carex meadow. The plant growth indexes were monitored for three months by measuring the number of new shoots, shoot height, and aboveground biomass at weekly interval. The results showed that burning and mowing significantly promoted shoot germination and aboveground biomass comparing with control. On contrast, ploughing significantly reduced plant growth in terms of shoot germination, shoot height, and aboveground biomass accumulation. Ploughing slowed down the growth progress of Carex, which in term might ensure the continuous supply of high quality food for geese. In the meantime, the significantly reduced aboveground biomass has the potential to cause food shortage during the wintering season. Therefore, the three kinds of management ways should be carefully evaluated for best management practices for wintering geese conservation.
East Dongting Lake is one of the most important wintering habitats for migratory geese, especially for the globally endangered Lesser White-fronted Goose. The operation of the Three Gorges Dam has led to dramatic hydrological regime change in Dongting Lake through modifying the hydraulic relationships between the Yangze River and the Lake. A major hydrological change in Dongting Lake is the advanced water level withdrawal and exposure of lake bed, which accelerate the development of Carex meadow. When the migratory geese arrive at Dongting Lake for wintering, Carex could grow to a stage that is too lignified to be palatable for them, and food shortage would become a reality under current conditions. Therefore, how to provide the wintering geese with abundant quality food resources under the alternated hydrological regime is one of urgent scientific question for the protection of migratory birds in Yangtze River basin. In this study, the management ways of burning, mowing and ploughing were carried out for Carex meadow. The plant growth indexes were monitored for three months by measuring the number of new shoots, shoot height, and aboveground biomass at weekly interval. The results showed that burning and mowing significantly promoted shoot germination and aboveground biomass comparing with control. On contrast, ploughing significantly reduced plant growth in terms of shoot germination, shoot height, and aboveground biomass accumulation. Ploughing slowed down the growth progress of Carex, which in term might ensure the continuous supply of high quality food for geese. In the meantime, the significantly reduced aboveground biomass has the potential to cause food shortage during the wintering season. Therefore, the three kinds of management ways should be carefully evaluated for best management practices for wintering geese conservation.
引文
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[9]Lai X,Jiang J,Huang Q.Effects of the normal operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir on wetland inundation in Dongting Lake,China:A modelling study[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2013,58(7):1467-1477.
[10]Feng L,Hu C,Chen X,et al.Dramatic inundation changes of China’s two largest freshwater lakes linked to the Three Gorges Dam[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(17):9628-9634.
[11]Mei J Z,Lei C,Fox A D.Distribution and diet of wintering Tundra Bean Geese Anser fabalis serrirostris at Shengjin Lake,Yangtze River floodplain,China[J].Wildfowl,2010,60(60):52-63..
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[13]王鑫.食物对越冬小白额雁分布、能量与氮平衡以及行为的影响[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2013.
[14]Guan L,Wen L,Feng D,et al.Delayed flood recession in central Yangtze floodplains can cause significant food shortages for wintering geese:Results of inundation experiment[J].Environmental Management,2014,54(6):1331-1341.
[15]冯多多,关蕾,史林鹭,等.东洞庭湖秋季水文情势对洲滩植物及越冬稳定期小白额雁种群分布影响[J].湿地科学,2014,12(4):491-498.
[16]马克·巴特,雷刚,曹垒,等.长江中下游水鸟调查报告[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2006.
[17]李亚芳,陈心胜,项文化,等.火烧对洞庭湖湿地荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)和薹草(Carex brevicuspis)群落土壤性质的影响[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(2):334-339.
[18]Jing L,Lu C,Xia Y,et al.Effects of hydrological regime on development of Carex wet meadows in East Dongting Lake,a Ramsar Wetland for wintering waterbirds[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:41761.
[19]Chen X,Li X,Xie Y,et al.Combined influence of hydrological gradient and edaphic factors on the distribution of macrophyte communities in Dongting Lake wetlands,China[J].Wetlands Ecology&Management,2015,23(3):481-490.
[20]靳朝,雷霆.水分梯度下洞庭湖洲滩植物群落多样性特征[J].湿地科学,2015,13(2):177-183.
[21]Comín F A,Hurlbert S H.Preface:Perspectives on progress in ornitholimnology[J].Hydrobiologia,2012,697(1):1-4.
[22]Erwin R M.Integrated management of waterbirds:Beyond the conventional[J].Waterbirds the International Journal of Waterbird Biology,2002,25(4):5-12
[23]Taft O W,Colwell M A,Isota C R,et al.Waterbird responses to experimental drawdown:implications for the multispecies management of wetland mosaics[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,3939(6):987-1001.
[24]Rader J A.Response of vegetation and endangered waterbirds to habitat management techniques at Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge[D].Vermillion:South Dakota State University,2005.
[25]Szalay F A D,Resh V H.Responses of wetland invertebrates and plants important in waterfowl diets to burning and mowing of emergent vegetation[J].Wetlands,1997,17(1):149-156.
[26]Mitsch W J,Gosselink J G.Wetlands[M].3rd ed.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,2000.
[27]Mcwilliams S R,Sloat T,Toft C A,et al.Effects of prescribed fall burning on a wetland plant community,with implications for management of plants and herbivores[J].Western North American Naturalist,2007,67(2):299-317.
[28]Lamb J S,Hall C S,Kress S W,et al.Comparison of burning and weed barriers for restoring common tern(Sterna hirundo)nesting habitat in the gulf of maine[J].Waterbirds,2014,37(3):286-397.
[29]Ko?os A,Banaszuk P.Mowing as a tool for wet meadows restoration:Effect of long-term management on species richness and composition of sedge-dominated wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,55(3):23-28.
[30]Teresa C H Tao,Fung C K W.Management for Sustainable Development in Mai Po Nature Reserve and Wetland Park,Hong Kong[C]//The 22nd World Congress of the International Federation of Parks and Recreation Administration(IFPRA 2010),Hong Kong,15-18 November 2010.http://hdl.handle.net/10722/141299.
[31]Ding X W,Li X F.Monitoring of the water-area variations of Lake Dongting in China with ENVISAT ASAR images[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2011,13(6):894-901.
[32]窦鸿身.中国五大淡水湖[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2003.
[33]关蕾,靖磊,雷佳琳,等.洞庭湖鸟类资源分布及其栖息地质量评估[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(7):64-70.
[34]王灵艳.洞庭湖区滩地植被特征及其演替规律研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.
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