湛江湾沉积物中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)有机氯农药的分布特征与风险评估
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摘要
从湛江湾的遂溪河入海口至其与南海相交的湾口采集了16个表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱分析方法检测了沉积物中的有机氯农药(HCHs、DDTs),旨在探讨其分布与风险特征.结果表明,湛江湾表层沉积物中OCPs的含量为nd～189. 52 ng·g~(-1),平均值为32. 17 ng·g~(-1),其中六六六(HCHs)与滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量平均值分别为5. 81 ng·g~(-1)和26. 90ng·g~(-1).总体分布特征表现为湾区的河流入海口和主航道区具有较高的OCPs,近岸区含量高于离岸区域.对其来源进行分析发现,HCHs的输入以农业为主,工业输入影响不明显,DDTs在港口航道区域呈现高值"热点"区,可能存在防污漆的输入.另外风险评估值显示湛江海湾表层沉积物中DDTs存在一定的不利生物效应影响风险.总体上,湛江湾的有机氯农药污染状况相比国内其他海湾属中等偏上,尤其是港口和船舶维修区域可能存在较高的有机氯农药输入,存在一定的生态风险,需要引起重视和进一步的研究.
Sixteen surface sediment samples were collected from the estuary of the Suixi river to the mouth of Zhanjiang Bay and then analyzed for organochlorine pesticides( OCPs) by GC-MS to investigate their distribution and ecological risk. The results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in the sediments ranged from nd to 189. 52 ng·g~(-1)( mean 32. 17 ng·g~(-1)),including HCHs( mean 5. 81 ng·g~(-1)) and DDTs( mean 26. 90 ng·g~(-1)). The distribution characteristics showed that the highest OCPs concentrations were found in the estuary and the main shipping lane areas,and the concentration in the nearshore area was higher than that offshore. Source analysis indicated that the HCHs mainly originated from agricultural applications,while no industrial input was observed. Some "hot-spots"areas occurred in harbors and shipping channels,likely as a result of the presence of paint flakes. Additionally,the concentrations of DDTs were found to be higher than the limits of Chinese Marine sediment quality criteria,and p,p'-DDT was the main type of DDT,presenting inevitable adverse biological effects and high ecological risk. Compared with other bays in China,the concentrations of OCPs in this study were in the upper-median pollution level,especially in harbors and boat maintenance facility areas. High OCPs inputs may occur,and thereby represent a certain ecological risk in Zhanjiang Bay.
Sixteen surface sediment samples were collected from the estuary of the Suixi river to the mouth of Zhanjiang Bay and then analyzed for organochlorine pesticides( OCPs) by GC-MS to investigate their distribution and ecological risk. The results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in the sediments ranged from nd to 189. 52 ng·g~(-1)( mean 32. 17 ng·g~(-1)),including HCHs( mean 5. 81 ng·g~(-1)) and DDTs( mean 26. 90 ng·g~(-1)). The distribution characteristics showed that the highest OCPs concentrations were found in the estuary and the main shipping lane areas,and the concentration in the nearshore area was higher than that offshore. Source analysis indicated that the HCHs mainly originated from agricultural applications,while no industrial input was observed. Some "hot-spots"areas occurred in harbors and shipping channels,likely as a result of the presence of paint flakes. Additionally,the concentrations of DDTs were found to be higher than the limits of Chinese Marine sediment quality criteria,and p,p'-DDT was the main type of DDT,presenting inevitable adverse biological effects and high ecological risk. Compared with other bays in China,the concentrations of OCPs in this study were in the upper-median pollution level,especially in harbors and boat maintenance facility areas. High OCPs inputs may occur,and thereby represent a certain ecological risk in Zhanjiang Bay.
引文
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[18]张志飞,诸裕良,何杰.多年围填海工程对湛江湾水动力环境的影响[J].水利水运工程学报,2016,(6):96-104.Zhang Z F,Zhu Y L,He J. Influences of long term reclamation works on hydrodynamic environment in Zhanjiang bay[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2016,(6):96-104.
[19]廖强.粤西海区水质、底质、生物中有机氯农药的污染[J].海洋环境科学,1983,2(4):37-40.
[20]施震,张大文,黄小平,等.有机氯农药在粤西海域沉积物和生物体中的累积研究[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(3):114-119.Shi Z,Zhang D W,Huang X P,et al. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in organisms and sediments in the western coastal waters of Guangdong province[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2010,29(3):114-119.
[21] Huang W X,Wang Z Y,Yan W. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in sediments from Zhanjiang Bay and Leizhou Bay, South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(9):1962-1969.
[22]柯盛,赵利容,孙省利.湛江湾陆源入海排污口海域PAHs分布特征及来源[J].海洋环境科学,2014,33(1):71-77.Ke S,Zhao L R,Sun S L. Distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in sea water of the land-based outlet of Zhanjiang Bay[J]. Marine Environmental Science,2014,33(1):71-77.
[23]姚婷,张蓬,赫春香,等.大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药及风险评价[J].海洋科学,2014,38(7):47-56.Yao T,Zhang P,He C X,et al. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in marine sediments of Dalian Bay and Hangzhou Bay[J]. Marine Science,2014,38(7):47-56.
[24] Zhou J L,Maskaoui K,Qiu Y W, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2001,113(3):373-384.
[25] Walker K,Vallero D A,Lewis R G. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,1999,33(24):4373-4378.
[26] Long E R,Mac Donald D D,Smith S L,et al. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[27] Hong H S,Chen W Q,Xu L,et al. Distribution and fate of organochlorine pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,39(1-12):376-382.
[28]罗孝俊.珠江三角洲河流、河口和邻近南海海域水体、沉积物中多环芳烃与有机氯农药研究[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所),2004.Luo X J. A study of PAHs and OCPs on water body and sediments of rivers in Pearl River Delta,Pearl River estuary and offshore of South China Sea[D]. Guangzhou:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Guangzhou Institude of Geochemistry),2004.
[29]姜珊,孙丙华,徐彪,等.巢湖主要湖口水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1228-1236.Jiang S, Sun B H, Xu B, et al. Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in water and surface sediment from main estuaries of Chaohu Lake[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(6):1228-1236.
[30] Hitch R K,Day H R. Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soils[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1992,48(2):259-264.
[31] Long E R,Field L J,Mac Donald D D. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1998,17(4):714-727.
[32]肖亚丽,陆雍森,包存宽.中国用于防污漆生产的滴滴涕(DDT)替代的社会经济影响评价[A].见:第一届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会暨2006持久性有机污染物论坛论文集[C].北京:中国环境科学学会,中国化学会,清华大学,2006. 370-374
[33] Long E R,Ingersoll C G,Mac Donald D D. Calculation and uses of mean sediment quality guideline quotients:a critical review[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(6):1726-1736.
[2] Iwata H,Tanabe S,Sakai N,et al. Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(6):1080-1098.
[3] Guo J Y,Wu F C,Shen R L,et al. Dietary intake and potential health risk of DDTs and PBDEs via seafood consumption in South China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2010,73(7):1812-1819.
[4] Yu H Y,Zhang B Z,Giesy J P,et al. Persistent halogenated compounds in aquaculture environments of South China:implications for global consumers'health risk via fish consumption[J]. Environment International,2011,37(7):1190-1195.
[5] Qiu X H,Zhu T,Yao B,et al. Contribution of dicofol to the current DDT pollution in China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(12):4385-4390.
[6]罗孝俊,陈社军,麦碧娴,等.珠江三角洲河流及南海近海区域表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1272-1279.Luo X J, Chen S J, Mai B X, et al. Distribution of organochlorine pesticites(OCPs)in surface sediments in Pearl River Delta and its adjacent coastal areas of South China Sea[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(9):1272-1279.
[7]刘艺凯,钟广财,唐建辉,等.胶州湾、套子湾及四十里湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药的含量和分布特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(1):129-136.Liu Y K,Zhong G C,Tang J H,et al. Concentrations and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the surface sediments of Jiaozhou Bay,Taozi Bay and Sishili Bay[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(1):129-136.
[8]丁洋,黄焕芳,李绘,等.广州南沙红树林湿地水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1431-1441.Ding Y,Huang H F,Li H,et al. Residues of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in water and sediments from Nansha mangrove wetland[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1431-1441.
[9]卫亚宁,潘佳钏,宋玉梅,等.柘林湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):3007-3016.Wei Y N,Pan J C,Song Y M,et al. Distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of Zhelin Bay in Guangdong Province,China[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(8):3007-3016.
[10] Wu Q H,Leung J Y S,Yuan X,et al. Biological risk,source and pollution history of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in the sediment in Nansha mangrove, South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,96(1-2):57-64.
[11] Yang D,Qi S H,Zhang J Q,et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soil,water and sediment along the Jinjiang River mainstream to Quanzhou Bay, Southeast China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2013,89:59-65.
[12] Zhong G C,Tang J H,Zhao Z,et al. Organochlorine pesticides in sediments of Laizhou Bay and its adjacent rivers,North China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(11):2543-2547.
[13] Yu H Y,Shen R L,Yan L,et al. Inputs of antifouling paintderived dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)to a typical mariculture zone(South China):Potential impacton aquafarming environment[J]. Environmental Pollution,2011,159:3700-3705.
[14] Lin T,Hu Z H,Zhang G,et al. Levels and mass burden of DDTs in sediments from fishing harbors:the importance of DDTcontaining antifouling paint to the coastal environment of China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(21):8033-8038.
[15] Fang S M,Zhang X M,Bao L J,et al. Modeling the fate of p,p'-DDT in water and sediment of two typical estuarine bays in South China:importance of fishing vessels'inputs[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,212:598-604.
[16] Wu C C,Bao L J,Tao S,et al. Significance of antifouling paint flakes to the distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)in estuarine sediment[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,210:253-260.
[17]李希彬,孙晓燕,牛福新,等.半封闭海湾的水交换数值模拟研究[J].海洋通报,2012,31(3):248-254.Li X B,Sun X Y,Niu F X,et al. Numerical study on the water exchange of a semi-closed bay[J]. Marine Science Bulletin,2012,31(3):248-254.
[18]张志飞,诸裕良,何杰.多年围填海工程对湛江湾水动力环境的影响[J].水利水运工程学报,2016,(6):96-104.Zhang Z F,Zhu Y L,He J. Influences of long term reclamation works on hydrodynamic environment in Zhanjiang bay[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2016,(6):96-104.
[19]廖强.粤西海区水质、底质、生物中有机氯农药的污染[J].海洋环境科学,1983,2(4):37-40.
[20]施震,张大文,黄小平,等.有机氯农药在粤西海域沉积物和生物体中的累积研究[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(3):114-119.Shi Z,Zhang D W,Huang X P,et al. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in organisms and sediments in the western coastal waters of Guangdong province[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2010,29(3):114-119.
[21] Huang W X,Wang Z Y,Yan W. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in sediments from Zhanjiang Bay and Leizhou Bay, South China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2012,64(9):1962-1969.
[22]柯盛,赵利容,孙省利.湛江湾陆源入海排污口海域PAHs分布特征及来源[J].海洋环境科学,2014,33(1):71-77.Ke S,Zhao L R,Sun S L. Distribution characteristics and sources of PAHs in sea water of the land-based outlet of Zhanjiang Bay[J]. Marine Environmental Science,2014,33(1):71-77.
[23]姚婷,张蓬,赫春香,等.大连湾和杭州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药及风险评价[J].海洋科学,2014,38(7):47-56.Yao T,Zhang P,He C X,et al. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in marine sediments of Dalian Bay and Hangzhou Bay[J]. Marine Science,2014,38(7):47-56.
[24] Zhou J L,Maskaoui K,Qiu Y W, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2001,113(3):373-384.
[25] Walker K,Vallero D A,Lewis R G. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,1999,33(24):4373-4378.
[26] Long E R,Mac Donald D D,Smith S L,et al. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments[J]. Environmental Management,1995,19(1):81-97.
[27] Hong H S,Chen W Q,Xu L,et al. Distribution and fate of organochlorine pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,39(1-12):376-382.
[28]罗孝俊.珠江三角洲河流、河口和邻近南海海域水体、沉积物中多环芳烃与有机氯农药研究[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所),2004.Luo X J. A study of PAHs and OCPs on water body and sediments of rivers in Pearl River Delta,Pearl River estuary and offshore of South China Sea[D]. Guangzhou:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Guangzhou Institude of Geochemistry),2004.
[29]姜珊,孙丙华,徐彪,等.巢湖主要湖口水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1228-1236.Jiang S, Sun B H, Xu B, et al. Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in water and surface sediment from main estuaries of Chaohu Lake[J]. Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(6):1228-1236.
[30] Hitch R K,Day H R. Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soils[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1992,48(2):259-264.
[31] Long E R,Field L J,Mac Donald D D. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1998,17(4):714-727.
[32]肖亚丽,陆雍森,包存宽.中国用于防污漆生产的滴滴涕(DDT)替代的社会经济影响评价[A].见:第一届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会暨2006持久性有机污染物论坛论文集[C].北京:中国环境科学学会,中国化学会,清华大学,2006. 370-374
[33] Long E R,Ingersoll C G,Mac Donald D D. Calculation and uses of mean sediment quality guideline quotients:a critical review[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(6):1726-1736.
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