食源性甾醇类化合物生物活性及应用
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摘要
食源性甾醇是从可食用植物及菌菇中分离制得的一类甾体类化合物,在自然界中分布广泛。近年来大量研究表明,甾醇类化合物在调节机体生理功能如降低胆固醇等方面发挥着重要作用。因其特殊的生理活性和物理、化学性质,这类化合物也开始被广泛应用到工业生产中。本文综述了国内外在食源性甾醇类化合物体内外生理活性及实际应用等方面的研究报道,旨在为更好地利用这类化合物提供一定的理论依据及参考。
Food-derived sterols are a class of steroids that can be isolated from edible crops and macrofungus. In recent years,a large number of studies on phytosterols and mycosterols had shown that these compounds could play an important role in regulating physiological functions,such as lowering cholesterol. Because of their special biological activities and physicochemical properties,the compounds have been widely applied in industrial production. The paper reviewed recent researches on practical application and physiological activities of food-derived sterols in vitro and in vivo,aimed to provide a certain theoretical basis and reference for the better use of such compounds.
Food-derived sterols are a class of steroids that can be isolated from edible crops and macrofungus. In recent years,a large number of studies on phytosterols and mycosterols had shown that these compounds could play an important role in regulating physiological functions,such as lowering cholesterol. Because of their special biological activities and physicochemical properties,the compounds have been widely applied in industrial production. The paper reviewed recent researches on practical application and physiological activities of food-derived sterols in vitro and in vivo,aimed to provide a certain theoretical basis and reference for the better use of such compounds.
引文
[1]张喜春,韩振海,Ходжайова Л Т,等. 植物体内甾醇的合成和生理作用[J]. 植物生理学报,2001,37(5):452-457.
[2]张敏. 赤藓糖醇植物甾醇酯的制备及抗肿瘤功效研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2015.
[3]赵丽华. 微生物发酵脱臭馏出物生产甾醇的研究[D]. 石家庄:河北科技大学,2014.
[4]陈月晓,何涛,唐凌轩,等. 气相色谱法同时测定食品中的胆固醇和植物甾醇[J]. 食品科学,2016,37(14):180-183.
[5]Miras-Moreno B,Sabater-Jara A B,Pedreňo M A,et al. Bioactivity of phytosterols and their production in plant in vitro cultures[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(38):7049-7058.
[6]Rysz J,Franczyk B,Olszewski R,et al. The use of plant sterols and stanols as lipid-lowering agents in cardiovascular disease[J].Current Pharmaceutical Design,2017,23(17):2488-2495.
[7]Corrêa R C G,Peralta R M,Bracht A,et al. The emerging use of mycosterols in food industry along with the current trend of extended use of bioactive phytosterols[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology,2017,67:19-35.
[8]He W S,Yin J,Xu H S,et al. Efficient synthesis and characterization of ergosterol laurate in a solvent-free system[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2014,62(48):11748-11755.
[9]John D Weete,Maritza Abril,Meredith Blackwell. Phylogenetic distribution of fungal sterols[J]. Plos One,2010,5(5):e10899.
[10]Awaisheh S S,Khalifeh M S,Al-Ruwaili M A,et al. Effect of supplementation of probiotics and phytosterols alone or in combination on serum and hepatic lipid profiles and thyroid hormones of hypercholesterolemic rats[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(1):9-15.
[11]Peterson D W. Effect of soybean sterols in the diet on plasma and liver cholesterol in chicks[J]. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,1951,78(1):143-147.
[12]Brufau G,Canela M A,Rafecas M. Phytosterols:Physiologic and metabolic aspects related to cholesterol-lowering properties[J]. Nutrition Research,2008,28(4):217-225.
[13]Smet E D,Mensink R P,Plat J. Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism:Suggested mechanisms from past to present[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2012,56(7):1058-1072.
[14]Sklan D,Dahan M,Budowski P,et al. Differential absorption of endogenous and exogenous cholesterol in the chick as affected by dietary oil level and phytosterols[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1977,107(11):1996-2001.
[15]Calpe-Berdiel L,Escolà-Gil J C,Julve J,et al. Differential intestinal mucosal protein expression in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a phytosterol-enriched diet[J]. Proteomics,2007,7(15):2659-2666.
[16]Temel R E,Sawyer J K,Yu L,et al. Biliary sterol secretion is not required for macrophage reverse cholesterol transport[J]. Cell Metabolism,2010,12(1):96-102.
[17]Repa J J,Turley S D,Lobaccaro J M A,et al. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers[J]. Science,2000,289(5484):1524-1529.
[18]Brown A W,Hang J,Dussault P H,et al. Phytosterol ester constituents affect micellar cholesterol solubility in model bile[J].Lipids,2010,45(9):855-862.
[19]GilRamírez A,Clavijo C,Palanisamy M,et al. Study on the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase inhibitory properties of Agaricus bisporus and extraction of bioactive fractions using pressurised solvent technologies[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(11):2789-2796.
[20]Li G,Gu H M,Zhang D W. ATP-binding cassette transporters and cholesterol translocation[J]. Iubmb Life,2013,65(6):505-512.
[21]Shin J,Kim Y J,Choi M S,et al. Phytosterols and lecithin do not have an additive effect in lowering plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats[J]. Biofactors,2004,22(1-4):173-175.
[22]Liu Y,Manchekar M,Sun Z,et al. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein assembly in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein-deficient McA-RH7777 cells[J]. Journal of Lipid Research,2010,51(8):2253-2264.
[23]Matos L N,Machado V A,Barbosa S A,et al. Effects of phytosterol supplemention to the maximum lipid-lowering therapy in familial hypercholesterolemia[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2013,61(10):e1464-e1464.
[24]何文森. 植物甾烷醇衍生物的制备、功效及降胆固醇机理研究[D]. 无锡:江南大学,2013.
[25]张强,赵新淮. 植物甾醇及其抗癌作用[J]. 中国油脂,2006,31(10):57-60.
[26]Grattan B J. Plant sterols as anticancer nutrients:Evidence for their role in breast cancer[J]. Nutrients,2013,5(2):359-387.
[27]Mendilaharsu M,De Stefani E,Deneo-Pellegrini H,et al. Phytosterols and risk of lung cancer:A case-control study in Uruguay[J]. Lung Cancer,1998,21(1):37-45.
[28]De Stefani E,Boffetta P,Ronco A L,et al. Plant sterols and risk of stomach cancer:A case-control study in Uruguay[J]. Nutrition and Cancer,2000,37(2):140-144.
[29]Mccann S E,Freudenheim J L,Marshall J R,et al. Risk of human ovarian cancer is related to dietary intake of selected nutrients,phytochemicals and food groups[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2003,133(6):1937-1942.
[30]Shahzad N,Khan W,Shadab M D,et al. Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent:Current status and future perspective[J].Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy,2017,88:786.
[31]Llaverias G,Lerma E,Julve J,et al. Phytosterols inhibit the tumor growth and lipoprotein oxidizability induced by a high-fat diet in mice with inherited breast cancer[J]. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2013,24(1):39-48.
[32]程杏安,周晓武,张淑明,等. 植物甾醇对黑色素瘤细胞的生长抑制及凋亡诱导作用[J]. 广东农业科学,2014,41(10):94-97.
[33]Heleno S A,Rudke A R,Calhelha R C,et al. Development of dairy beverages functionalized with pure ergosterol and mycosterol extracts:An alternative to phytosterol-based beverages[J]. Food & Function,2017,8:103-110.
[34]Akihisa T,Nakamura Y,Tagata M,et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects of triterpene acids and sterols from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum[J]. Chemistry & Biodiversity,2010,4(2):224-231.
[35]陆易,翁新楚. 赤芝中脂溶性化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性[J]. 精细化工,2007,24(8):772-777.
[36]Cárdeno A,Sánchez-Hidalgo M,Cortes-Delgado A,et al. Mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil on HT-29 cancer cells[J]. Nutrition and Cancer,2013,65(6):908-918.
[37]Moore K J,Sheedy F J,Fisher E A. Macrophages in atherosclerosis:A dynamic balance[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology,2013,13(10):709.
[38]Hong Y J,Reum Jang A,Jang H J,et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide production,iNOS and COX-2 expression of ergosterol derivatives from Phellinus pini[J]. Natural Product Sciences,2012,18(3):147-152.
[39]Zhang S Y,Xu L T,Li A X,et al. Effects of ergosterol,isolated from Scleroderma polyrhizum pers on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in acute lung injury[J]. Inflammation,2015,38(5):1979-85.
[40]Valerio M,Liu H,Heffner R,et al. Phytosterols ameliorate clinical manifestations and inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis[J]. Inflammation Research,2011,60(5):457-465.
[41]Valerio M,Awad A B. β-Sitosterol down-regulates some pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways by increasing the activity of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in J774A.1 murine macrophages[J]. International Immunopharmacology,2011,11(8):1012-1017.
[42]Yoo M S,Shin J S,Choi H E,et al. Fucosterol isolated from Undaria pinnatifida inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines via the inactivation of nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in RAW264.7 macrophages[J]. Food Chemistry,2012,135(3):967-975.
[43]Bouic P J D,Clark A,Lamprecht J,et al. The effects of β-sitosterol(BSS)and β-sitosterol glucoside(BSSG)mixture on selected immune parameters of marathon runners:Inhibition of post marathon immune suppression and inflammation[J]. International Journal of Sports Medicine,1999,20(4):258-262.
[44]Navarro A,De Las Heras B,Villar A. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of a sterol fraction from Sideritis foetens clem[J]. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2001,24(5):470-473.
[45]孟海波,毛春季,刘湘新,等. 米糠甾醇对大鼠免疫功能的影响[J]. 营养学报,2015,37(1):37-40.
[46]Zhang X,Xiong H,Li H,et al. Protective effect of taraxasterol against LPS-induced endotoxic shock by modulating inflammatory responses in mice[J]. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol,2014,36(1):11-16.
[47]Rosenblat M,Volkova N,Aviram M. Pomegranate phytosterol(β-sitosterol)and polyphenolic antioxidant(punicalagin)addition to statin,significantly protected against macrophage foam cells formation[J]. Atherosclerosis,2013,226(1):110-117.
[48]魏决,万萍,罗雯,等. 燕麦油脂中甾醇和多酚的抗氧化活性研究[J]. 食品研究与开发,2011,32(9):9-12.
[49]吴海成. 玉米须甾醇的提取纯化及抑菌活性[D]. 长春:吉林大学,2013.
[50]刘俊义,赵茜茜,张志宇,等. 文冠果种仁油中甾醇的抑菌活性及其机理初探[J]. 中国油脂,2016,41(10):29-33.
[51]Clifton P M,Noakes M,Sullivan D,et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk,yoghurt,bread and cereal[J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2004,58(3):503.
[52]韩军花,胡叶梅,王雷,等. 我国保健食品常用植物资源中植物甾醇含量研究[J]. 营养学报,2010,32(1):82-85.
[53]何文森,王慧慧,马海乐,等. 植物甾醇的改性研究进展[J]. 中国油脂,2015,40(11):85-90.
[54]郑雯,王远,袁田青,等. 响应面试验优化羟丙基-β-环糊精包合植物甾醇的水溶性改性工艺[J]. 食品科学,2017,38(20):161-168.
[55]Tolve R,Condelli N,Can A,et al. Development and characterization of phytosterol-enriched oil microcapsules for foodstuff application[J]. Food & Bioprocess Technology,2017,11(3):1-12.
[56]Botelho P B,Galasso M,Dias V,et al. Oxidative stability of functional phytosterol-enriched dark chocolate[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology,2014,55(2):444-451.
[57]Mackay D S,Jones P J H. Phytosterols in human nutrition:Type,formulation,delivery,and physiological function[J]. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology,2015,113(12):1427-1432.
[58]Grasso S,Brunton N P,Lyng J G,et al. Quality of deli-style turkey enriched with plant sterols[J]. Food Science and Technology International,2016,22(8):743-751.
[59]Grasso S,Monahan F J,Hutchings S C,et al. The effect of health claim information disclosure on the sensory characteristics of plant sterol-enriched turkey as assessed using the check-all-that-apply(CATA)methodology[J]. Food Quality & Preference,2017,57:69-78.
[2]张敏. 赤藓糖醇植物甾醇酯的制备及抗肿瘤功效研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2015.
[3]赵丽华. 微生物发酵脱臭馏出物生产甾醇的研究[D]. 石家庄:河北科技大学,2014.
[4]陈月晓,何涛,唐凌轩,等. 气相色谱法同时测定食品中的胆固醇和植物甾醇[J]. 食品科学,2016,37(14):180-183.
[5]Miras-Moreno B,Sabater-Jara A B,Pedreňo M A,et al. Bioactivity of phytosterols and their production in plant in vitro cultures[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(38):7049-7058.
[6]Rysz J,Franczyk B,Olszewski R,et al. The use of plant sterols and stanols as lipid-lowering agents in cardiovascular disease[J].Current Pharmaceutical Design,2017,23(17):2488-2495.
[7]Corrêa R C G,Peralta R M,Bracht A,et al. The emerging use of mycosterols in food industry along with the current trend of extended use of bioactive phytosterols[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology,2017,67:19-35.
[8]He W S,Yin J,Xu H S,et al. Efficient synthesis and characterization of ergosterol laurate in a solvent-free system[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2014,62(48):11748-11755.
[9]John D Weete,Maritza Abril,Meredith Blackwell. Phylogenetic distribution of fungal sterols[J]. Plos One,2010,5(5):e10899.
[10]Awaisheh S S,Khalifeh M S,Al-Ruwaili M A,et al. Effect of supplementation of probiotics and phytosterols alone or in combination on serum and hepatic lipid profiles and thyroid hormones of hypercholesterolemic rats[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(1):9-15.
[11]Peterson D W. Effect of soybean sterols in the diet on plasma and liver cholesterol in chicks[J]. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,1951,78(1):143-147.
[12]Brufau G,Canela M A,Rafecas M. Phytosterols:Physiologic and metabolic aspects related to cholesterol-lowering properties[J]. Nutrition Research,2008,28(4):217-225.
[13]Smet E D,Mensink R P,Plat J. Effects of plant sterols and stanols on intestinal cholesterol metabolism:Suggested mechanisms from past to present[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2012,56(7):1058-1072.
[14]Sklan D,Dahan M,Budowski P,et al. Differential absorption of endogenous and exogenous cholesterol in the chick as affected by dietary oil level and phytosterols[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,1977,107(11):1996-2001.
[15]Calpe-Berdiel L,Escolà-Gil J C,Julve J,et al. Differential intestinal mucosal protein expression in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a phytosterol-enriched diet[J]. Proteomics,2007,7(15):2659-2666.
[16]Temel R E,Sawyer J K,Yu L,et al. Biliary sterol secretion is not required for macrophage reverse cholesterol transport[J]. Cell Metabolism,2010,12(1):96-102.
[17]Repa J J,Turley S D,Lobaccaro J M A,et al. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers[J]. Science,2000,289(5484):1524-1529.
[18]Brown A W,Hang J,Dussault P H,et al. Phytosterol ester constituents affect micellar cholesterol solubility in model bile[J].Lipids,2010,45(9):855-862.
[19]GilRamírez A,Clavijo C,Palanisamy M,et al. Study on the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA reductase inhibitory properties of Agaricus bisporus and extraction of bioactive fractions using pressurised solvent technologies[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(11):2789-2796.
[20]Li G,Gu H M,Zhang D W. ATP-binding cassette transporters and cholesterol translocation[J]. Iubmb Life,2013,65(6):505-512.
[21]Shin J,Kim Y J,Choi M S,et al. Phytosterols and lecithin do not have an additive effect in lowering plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats[J]. Biofactors,2004,22(1-4):173-175.
[22]Liu Y,Manchekar M,Sun Z,et al. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein assembly in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein-deficient McA-RH7777 cells[J]. Journal of Lipid Research,2010,51(8):2253-2264.
[23]Matos L N,Machado V A,Barbosa S A,et al. Effects of phytosterol supplemention to the maximum lipid-lowering therapy in familial hypercholesterolemia[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2013,61(10):e1464-e1464.
[24]何文森. 植物甾烷醇衍生物的制备、功效及降胆固醇机理研究[D]. 无锡:江南大学,2013.
[25]张强,赵新淮. 植物甾醇及其抗癌作用[J]. 中国油脂,2006,31(10):57-60.
[26]Grattan B J. Plant sterols as anticancer nutrients:Evidence for their role in breast cancer[J]. Nutrients,2013,5(2):359-387.
[27]Mendilaharsu M,De Stefani E,Deneo-Pellegrini H,et al. Phytosterols and risk of lung cancer:A case-control study in Uruguay[J]. Lung Cancer,1998,21(1):37-45.
[28]De Stefani E,Boffetta P,Ronco A L,et al. Plant sterols and risk of stomach cancer:A case-control study in Uruguay[J]. Nutrition and Cancer,2000,37(2):140-144.
[29]Mccann S E,Freudenheim J L,Marshall J R,et al. Risk of human ovarian cancer is related to dietary intake of selected nutrients,phytochemicals and food groups[J]. The Journal of Nutrition,2003,133(6):1937-1942.
[30]Shahzad N,Khan W,Shadab M D,et al. Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent:Current status and future perspective[J].Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy,2017,88:786.
[31]Llaverias G,Lerma E,Julve J,et al. Phytosterols inhibit the tumor growth and lipoprotein oxidizability induced by a high-fat diet in mice with inherited breast cancer[J]. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2013,24(1):39-48.
[32]程杏安,周晓武,张淑明,等. 植物甾醇对黑色素瘤细胞的生长抑制及凋亡诱导作用[J]. 广东农业科学,2014,41(10):94-97.
[33]Heleno S A,Rudke A R,Calhelha R C,et al. Development of dairy beverages functionalized with pure ergosterol and mycosterol extracts:An alternative to phytosterol-based beverages[J]. Food & Function,2017,8:103-110.
[34]Akihisa T,Nakamura Y,Tagata M,et al. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects of triterpene acids and sterols from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum[J]. Chemistry & Biodiversity,2010,4(2):224-231.
[35]陆易,翁新楚. 赤芝中脂溶性化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性[J]. 精细化工,2007,24(8):772-777.
[36]Cárdeno A,Sánchez-Hidalgo M,Cortes-Delgado A,et al. Mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil on HT-29 cancer cells[J]. Nutrition and Cancer,2013,65(6):908-918.
[37]Moore K J,Sheedy F J,Fisher E A. Macrophages in atherosclerosis:A dynamic balance[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology,2013,13(10):709.
[38]Hong Y J,Reum Jang A,Jang H J,et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide production,iNOS and COX-2 expression of ergosterol derivatives from Phellinus pini[J]. Natural Product Sciences,2012,18(3):147-152.
[39]Zhang S Y,Xu L T,Li A X,et al. Effects of ergosterol,isolated from Scleroderma polyrhizum pers on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in acute lung injury[J]. Inflammation,2015,38(5):1979-85.
[40]Valerio M,Liu H,Heffner R,et al. Phytosterols ameliorate clinical manifestations and inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis[J]. Inflammation Research,2011,60(5):457-465.
[41]Valerio M,Awad A B. β-Sitosterol down-regulates some pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways by increasing the activity of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in J774A.1 murine macrophages[J]. International Immunopharmacology,2011,11(8):1012-1017.
[42]Yoo M S,Shin J S,Choi H E,et al. Fucosterol isolated from Undaria pinnatifida inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines via the inactivation of nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in RAW264.7 macrophages[J]. Food Chemistry,2012,135(3):967-975.
[43]Bouic P J D,Clark A,Lamprecht J,et al. The effects of β-sitosterol(BSS)and β-sitosterol glucoside(BSSG)mixture on selected immune parameters of marathon runners:Inhibition of post marathon immune suppression and inflammation[J]. International Journal of Sports Medicine,1999,20(4):258-262.
[44]Navarro A,De Las Heras B,Villar A. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of a sterol fraction from Sideritis foetens clem[J]. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2001,24(5):470-473.
[45]孟海波,毛春季,刘湘新,等. 米糠甾醇对大鼠免疫功能的影响[J]. 营养学报,2015,37(1):37-40.
[46]Zhang X,Xiong H,Li H,et al. Protective effect of taraxasterol against LPS-induced endotoxic shock by modulating inflammatory responses in mice[J]. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol,2014,36(1):11-16.
[47]Rosenblat M,Volkova N,Aviram M. Pomegranate phytosterol(β-sitosterol)and polyphenolic antioxidant(punicalagin)addition to statin,significantly protected against macrophage foam cells formation[J]. Atherosclerosis,2013,226(1):110-117.
[48]魏决,万萍,罗雯,等. 燕麦油脂中甾醇和多酚的抗氧化活性研究[J]. 食品研究与开发,2011,32(9):9-12.
[49]吴海成. 玉米须甾醇的提取纯化及抑菌活性[D]. 长春:吉林大学,2013.
[50]刘俊义,赵茜茜,张志宇,等. 文冠果种仁油中甾醇的抑菌活性及其机理初探[J]. 中国油脂,2016,41(10):29-33.
[51]Clifton P M,Noakes M,Sullivan D,et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk,yoghurt,bread and cereal[J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2004,58(3):503.
[52]韩军花,胡叶梅,王雷,等. 我国保健食品常用植物资源中植物甾醇含量研究[J]. 营养学报,2010,32(1):82-85.
[53]何文森,王慧慧,马海乐,等. 植物甾醇的改性研究进展[J]. 中国油脂,2015,40(11):85-90.
[54]郑雯,王远,袁田青,等. 响应面试验优化羟丙基-β-环糊精包合植物甾醇的水溶性改性工艺[J]. 食品科学,2017,38(20):161-168.
[55]Tolve R,Condelli N,Can A,et al. Development and characterization of phytosterol-enriched oil microcapsules for foodstuff application[J]. Food & Bioprocess Technology,2017,11(3):1-12.
[56]Botelho P B,Galasso M,Dias V,et al. Oxidative stability of functional phytosterol-enriched dark chocolate[J]. LWT-Food Science and Technology,2014,55(2):444-451.
[57]Mackay D S,Jones P J H. Phytosterols in human nutrition:Type,formulation,delivery,and physiological function[J]. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology,2015,113(12):1427-1432.
[58]Grasso S,Brunton N P,Lyng J G,et al. Quality of deli-style turkey enriched with plant sterols[J]. Food Science and Technology International,2016,22(8):743-751.
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