科技政策与区域生产率增长——创业与创新的链式中介作用
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摘要
科技政策对构建国家创新体系及带动地区经济发展有关键作用,然而,科技政策如何影响我国区域生产率增长,以及对不同区域影响路径的差异性仍有待厘清。本文利用2003—2016年我国大陆31个省份面板数据,按照创新创业水平,使用聚类分析划分为四个区域,并引入创新创业构建链式中介回归方程,以深入探究科技政策对区域生产率增长的作用机理。结果显示,创新创业在科技政策与区域生产率关系中的链式中介作用没有存在于创新创业水平最高的区域,而存在于创新创业水平较高的区域,在创新创业水平较低和最低区域则仅存在直接效应。基于实证分析结果,本文提出应根据各区域创新创业水平制定科技政策、根据不同区域的资源配置程度调整创新创业对区域生产率的协同带动作用的政策建议。
China has paid a heavy environmental cost in high-speed and long-term industrial development. Since the concept of "two-oriented society"(resource-saving and environment-friendly) is put forward in"Report on Government Work"which is reported in Tenth National People's Congress in 2007, China has been exploring the mode of sustainable economic development for more than ten years. With the role of innovative technology in resource conservation and sustainable economic development becoming increasingly prominent,"Report on the Work of the Government of the State Council" of 2015-2018 determined innovation, entrepreneurship, reform and development as the key words of the future work of the Chinese government. China's GDP growth has slowed down at present, the impact of the Troika(investment, consumption and export) on China's economic development has been weakened and China is facing enormous pressure from sustainable economic development. Therefore, Innovation, entrepreneurship and related technology policy play a more significant role in the sustainable development of China's economy and have widely been discussed in theory and industry.Nowadays, many scholars have affirmed that entrepreneurship is an important way to commercialize innovation, and that technology policy have a positive impact on innovation and entrepreneurship. However, the original intention of the introduction of technology policy is to promote the development of regional technology and productivity, but there is less academic research on the impact of technology policy on regional productivity growth, and it is even more rare to explore the intermediary role of innovation and entrepreneurship in the relationship between technology policy and regional productivity. Moreover, the land area of our country is very wide, because of different regions and regional human environments, innovation, entrepreneurship and related technology policy have different effects on regional productivity growth and economic sustainable development in our country. Specifically, the difference of regional innovation and entrepreneurship level is not entirely bounded by geographical location, but also shows the difference between cross-spatial clustering and "cluster"; Therefore, we should not only clarify the impact path of technology policy on regional productivity growth, but also look for cross-spatial criteria for regional division, the degree of development of regional innovation and entrepreneurship, and the similarities and differences of regional technology policy, in order to effectively issue targeted technology policy in accordance with regional realities, to ensure the sustainable development of the regional economy.This study divides the spatial regions according to the clustering results of innovation and entrepreneurship level, and deeply analyzes the specific path of the impact of technology policy on productivity growth in different regions. Therefore, this study has four aspects of important theoretical and practical significance. First of all, this study uses panel data of 31 provinces in China, using cluster analysis to cluster 31 provinces into four regions(I-IV), thus enriching the cross-spatial regional productivity research. Secondly, based on the theoretical review, this study introduces agency variables for technology policy, entrepreneurship, innovation and regional productivity, which not only perfects the measurement of technology policy, innovation and entrepreneurship, but also provides a reference for relevant empirical research. Thirdly, different from the previous single intermediary research, this study realizes the integration of technology policy-entrepreneurship-innovation-regional productivity in different regional relations, and provides a new idea for the study of chain intermediary effect. Finally, through the test of the results of chain intermediary effect in different regions, this study puts forward that technology policy should be formulated and perfected according to the characteristics of inland areas, ethnic minorities and economically underdeveloped areas. According to the degree of resource allocation in different regions, increase the synergistic driving effect of innovation and entrepreneurship on regional productivity should be increased according to different standards, the radiation of technology policy on productivity throughout the country should be taken into account and even strengthened at the same time.
China has paid a heavy environmental cost in high-speed and long-term industrial development. Since the concept of "two-oriented society"(resource-saving and environment-friendly) is put forward in"Report on Government Work"which is reported in Tenth National People's Congress in 2007, China has been exploring the mode of sustainable economic development for more than ten years. With the role of innovative technology in resource conservation and sustainable economic development becoming increasingly prominent,"Report on the Work of the Government of the State Council" of 2015-2018 determined innovation, entrepreneurship, reform and development as the key words of the future work of the Chinese government. China's GDP growth has slowed down at present, the impact of the Troika(investment, consumption and export) on China's economic development has been weakened and China is facing enormous pressure from sustainable economic development. Therefore, Innovation, entrepreneurship and related technology policy play a more significant role in the sustainable development of China's economy and have widely been discussed in theory and industry.Nowadays, many scholars have affirmed that entrepreneurship is an important way to commercialize innovation, and that technology policy have a positive impact on innovation and entrepreneurship. However, the original intention of the introduction of technology policy is to promote the development of regional technology and productivity, but there is less academic research on the impact of technology policy on regional productivity growth, and it is even more rare to explore the intermediary role of innovation and entrepreneurship in the relationship between technology policy and regional productivity. Moreover, the land area of our country is very wide, because of different regions and regional human environments, innovation, entrepreneurship and related technology policy have different effects on regional productivity growth and economic sustainable development in our country. Specifically, the difference of regional innovation and entrepreneurship level is not entirely bounded by geographical location, but also shows the difference between cross-spatial clustering and "cluster"; Therefore, we should not only clarify the impact path of technology policy on regional productivity growth, but also look for cross-spatial criteria for regional division, the degree of development of regional innovation and entrepreneurship, and the similarities and differences of regional technology policy, in order to effectively issue targeted technology policy in accordance with regional realities, to ensure the sustainable development of the regional economy.This study divides the spatial regions according to the clustering results of innovation and entrepreneurship level, and deeply analyzes the specific path of the impact of technology policy on productivity growth in different regions. Therefore, this study has four aspects of important theoretical and practical significance. First of all, this study uses panel data of 31 provinces in China, using cluster analysis to cluster 31 provinces into four regions(I-IV), thus enriching the cross-spatial regional productivity research. Secondly, based on the theoretical review, this study introduces agency variables for technology policy, entrepreneurship, innovation and regional productivity, which not only perfects the measurement of technology policy, innovation and entrepreneurship, but also provides a reference for relevant empirical research. Thirdly, different from the previous single intermediary research, this study realizes the integration of technology policy-entrepreneurship-innovation-regional productivity in different regional relations, and provides a new idea for the study of chain intermediary effect. Finally, through the test of the results of chain intermediary effect in different regions, this study puts forward that technology policy should be formulated and perfected according to the characteristics of inland areas, ethnic minorities and economically underdeveloped areas. According to the degree of resource allocation in different regions, increase the synergistic driving effect of innovation and entrepreneurship on regional productivity should be increased according to different standards, the radiation of technology policy on productivity throughout the country should be taken into account and even strengthened at the same time.
引文
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(1)本文文献调研主要从“Elsevier Science”“Emerald”“Springer-link”“ProQuest”“EBSCO”“知网”等数据库中,搜索近20年以本文关键词为研究主题的中外文文献。
[2]Yiu,D.W.,R.E.Hoskisson,G.D.Bruton,and Y.Lu.Dueling Institutional Logics and the Effect on Strategic Entrepreneurship in Chinese Business Groups[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2014,(44):195-213.
[3]余泳泽, 张先轸. 要素禀赋、适宜性创新模式选择与全要素生产率提升[J]. 北京:管理世界, 2015,(9):13-31.
[4]李娜娜, 张宝建. 科技创新与创业耦合协调关系研究——来自25个国家的经验证据[J]. 太原:经济问题, 2017,(12):71-77.
[5]王宏起, 李婧媛. 区域双创政策对科技创新创业活动的影响机理[J].武汉:科技进步与对策, 2017,(18):36-41.
[6]陈昭,刘珊珊,邬惠婷.创新空间崛起、创新城市引领与全球创新驱动发展差序格局研究[J]. 长沙:经济地理, 2017,(1):23-31.
[7]卢阳旭,赵延东,李睿婕.科技政策研究中的社会调查方法:定位、功能与应用[J].北京:中国科技论坛,2018,(8):8-15.
[8]赵绘存,高峰,闫杰.2007—2017年国际科技政策研究热点与前沿——基于科学知识图谱视角[J].广州:科技管理研究,2018,(3):42-49.
[9]张国兴,李佳雪,胡毅.节能减排科技政策的演变及协同有效性——基于211条节能减排科技政策的研究[J].北京:管理评论,2017,(12):74-85,128.
[10]Holmes,J.,and R.Michael.Two-way Streets:The Role of Institutions and Technology Policy in Firm’s Corporate Entrepreneurship and Political Strategies[J].Academy of Management Perspectives,2016,30,(3):247-272.
[11]徐伟民.科技政策、开发区建设与高新技术企业全要素生产率——来自上海的证据[J].北京:中国软科学,2008,(10):141-147.
[12]吴琨,刘凯.我国高新技术产业科技政策的比较研究——基于北京、上海、江苏和浙江的政策文本分析[J].南京工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,(1):114-120.
[13]李辉,曾文,吴晨生.中文科技政策数据分析方法研究——以新能源汽车领域科技政策为例[J].北京:现代情报,2018,(6):70-74.
[14]鲁晓东,连玉君.中国工业企业全要素生产率估计:1999—2007[J].北京:经济学(季刊),2012,(2):541-558.
[15]杨汝岱.中国制造业企业全要素生产率研究[J].北京:经济研究,2015,(2):61-74.
[16]张少华,蒋伟杰.加工贸易提高了环境全要素生产率吗——基于Luenberger生产率指数的研究[J].广州:南方经济,2014,(11):1-24.
[17]Bergstr?m,F.Capital Subsidies and the Performance of Firms.Small Bus[J].Econ.2000,(3):183-193.
[18]Bernini,C.,A.Cerqua,and G.Pellegrini.Public Subsidies,TFP and Efficiency:A Tale of Complex Relationships[J].Research Policy,2017,(4):751-767.
[19]Stenholm,P.Z.R.Acs,and R.Wuebker.Exploring Country-level Institutional Arrangements on the Rate and Type of Entrepreneurial Activity[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2013,28,(1):176-193.
[20]Cumming,D.Government Policy Towards Entrepreneurial Finance:Innovation Investment Funds[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2006,(3):1-43.
[21]刘新民,张亚男,范柳,钱洁莹.创业政策对创业企业迁徙决策的影响分析[J].成都:软科学,2018,(9):39-42.
[22]Hsu,D.H.,and R.H.Ziedonis.Resources as Dual Sources of Advantage:Implications for Valuing Entrepreneurial-firm Patents[J].Strategic Management Journal,2013,(7):761-781.
[23]Lerner,J.The Importance of Patent Scope:An Empirical Analysis[J].The RAND Journal of Economics,1994,(2):319-333.
[24]Audretsch,D.B.,W.B?nte,and P.Mahagaonkar.Financial Signaling by Innovative Nascent Ventures:The Relevance of Patents and Prototypes[J].Research Policy,2012,(8):1407-1421.
[25]Block,J.R&D Investments in Family and Founder Firms:An Agency Perspective[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2012,(2):248-265.
[26]宋来胜,苏楠.创新创业能力对地区生产率影响的GMM分析[J].广州:科技管理研究,2013,(4):84-89.
[27]王琨,闫伟.创业对经济增长的影响[J].北京:经济与管理研究,2016,(6):12-19.
[28]代明,郑闽.创业、创新精神与全要素生产率增长——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析[J].广州:科技管理研究,2018,(1):156-162.
[29]程惠芳,陈超.开放经济下知识资本与全要素生产率——国际经验与中国启示[J].北京:经济研究,2017,(10):21-36.
[30]梁云,郑亚琴.FDI、技术创新与全要素生产率——基于省际面板数据的实证分析[J].昆明:经济问题探索,2015,(9):9-14.
[31]Baumol,W.J.Entrepreneurship:Productive,Unproductive,and Destructive[J].Journal of Political Economy,1990,(8):893-921.
[32]Blanchflower,D.G.Self-employment in OECD Countries[J].Labour Economics,2000,7,(5):471-505.
[33]Sobel,R.S.Testing Baumol:Institutional Quality and the Productivity of Entrepreneurship [J].Journal of Business Venturing,2008,23,(6):641-655.
[34]Braunerhjelm,P.,Z.J.Acs,and D.B.Audretsch.The Missing Link:Knowledge Diffusion and Entrepreneurship in Endogenous Growth[J].Small Business Economics,2010,(2):105-125.
[35]Griffiths,A.,and R.F.Zammuto.Institutional Governance Systems and Variations in National Competitive Advantage:An Integrative Framework[J].Academy of Management Review,2005,(3):823-842.
[36]Etzkowitz,H.,and L.Leydesdorff.The Dynamics of Innovation:From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-industry-government Relations[J].Research Policy,2000,(9):109-123.
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