长江流域片水资源质量评价与趋势分析
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摘要
通过对长江流域片河流、湖泊、水库及省界水体2003～2017年15 a间的水质监测评价成果进行梳理,分析了流域片水资源质量状况及其变化趋势。分析结果表明:①长江流域片河流水质总体较好,以符合或优于Ⅲ类标准为主,长江干流水质以Ⅲ类为主且总体趋好。②金沙江石鼓以上、雅鲁藏布江等水资源二级区水质良好,但湖口以下干流水系、太湖水系等水域水质相对较差。③流域片近年来废污水排放总量得到了较好的控制,同时,污水处理率也得到了快速提高,对流域水资源质量改善起到了一定的积极作用;流域片湖泊水质总体较差且有恶化的趋势。④水库水质相对较好,以Ⅱ类～Ⅲ类为主,但近年来也存在恶化的风险。⑤湖泊富营养化程度较高,水库富营养化程度相对较低,但近年来流域片湖库均呈现出营养水平从低营养状态向高营养状态变化的趋势。⑥长江流域片省界水体水质以符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类标准为主。⑦纳入评价范围的水功能区总体达标率在60%左右,其中纳入国务院批复的重要水功能区达标率相对稍高。⑧以目前水功能区达标的水平,要全面达到管理目标、实现流域片水质的根本性好转和全面改善,尚任重道远。
By sorting out the water quality monitoring evaluations conducted for fifteen years from 2003 to 2017 regarding the rivers,lakes,reservoirs and cross-provincial water of the Yangtze River basin,we analyzed the water resources quality and its varying trends. The results show that ①Water quality of Yangtze River basin is generally good,mainly above grade III standard,and water quality of the mainstream is basically grade III and tends to improvement. ② water quality in the second class water resources region,including upper Shigu section of the Jinsha River and the Yarlung Zangbo River are good,but water quality of tributaries in the lower Hukou and Taihu Lake are relatively poor. ③ Total sewage discharged is under control in recent years and? percentage of sewage treatment rapidly increases,which helps to improve water resources quality in the basin; but water quality of the lakes are generally in poor condition and tends to be worsen. ④ Water quality of reservoirs are grade II or III,but faces high risk of deteriorating in the recent years. ⑤ Water eutrophication is quite serious in lakes and relatively low in reservoirs,but they both show a worse trend over the years. ⑥ Water quality of most cross-provincial water region are grade I--III. ⑦ Up-to-standard rate of the water functional zone that are incorporated into the evaluation scope is around 60%,and the up-to-standard rate of important zones approved by the State Council is a bit higher. ⑧ According to the present rate of up-to-standard,achieving the overall management goal and fundamental improvement of water quality still has a long way to go.
By sorting out the water quality monitoring evaluations conducted for fifteen years from 2003 to 2017 regarding the rivers,lakes,reservoirs and cross-provincial water of the Yangtze River basin,we analyzed the water resources quality and its varying trends. The results show that ①Water quality of Yangtze River basin is generally good,mainly above grade III standard,and water quality of the mainstream is basically grade III and tends to improvement. ② water quality in the second class water resources region,including upper Shigu section of the Jinsha River and the Yarlung Zangbo River are good,but water quality of tributaries in the lower Hukou and Taihu Lake are relatively poor. ③ Total sewage discharged is under control in recent years and? percentage of sewage treatment rapidly increases,which helps to improve water resources quality in the basin; but water quality of the lakes are generally in poor condition and tends to be worsen. ④ Water quality of reservoirs are grade II or III,but faces high risk of deteriorating in the recent years. ⑤ Water eutrophication is quite serious in lakes and relatively low in reservoirs,but they both show a worse trend over the years. ⑥ Water quality of most cross-provincial water region are grade I--III. ⑦ Up-to-standard rate of the water functional zone that are incorporated into the evaluation scope is around 60%,and the up-to-standard rate of important zones approved by the State Council is a bit higher. ⑧ According to the present rate of up-to-standard,achieving the overall management goal and fundamental improvement of water quality still has a long way to go.
引文
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[16]赵晖.我国城市污水处理率已达到87%、村庄仅为8%[EB/OL].住建时讯网:http://zjsx.org.cn/bencandy.php?fid=20&id=14636.2014.06.20.
[17]王英才,邱光胜,陈水松,等.三峡库区试验性蓄水期间浮游生物群落特点研究[J].人民长江,2012,43(12):4-9.
[18]印士勇.新形势下水环境监测工作思考[J].人民长江,2012,43(12):1-3,9.
[19]长江流域水资源保护局.长江流域及西南诸河省界(缓冲区)水质监测断面设置成果报告[R].武汉:长江流域水资源保护局,2012.
[20]国函[2011]167号.国务院关于全国重要江河湖泊水功能区划(2011-2030年)的批复[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院,2011.
[21]国发[2012]3号.国务院关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院,2012.
[2]长江水利委员会.长江流域综合规划(2012-2030年)[Z].武汉:长江水利委员会.2012.
[3]陈静生,夏星辉,张利田,等.长江、黄河、松花江60~80年代水质变化趋势与社会经济发展的关系[J].环境科学学报,1999,19(5):500-505.
[4]余明星,范文重,王瑞林,等.长江流域水资源质量近年变化分析及对策建议[J].人民长江,2011,42(2):75-78.
[5]吴国平,徐葆华.长江三角洲地区水资源质量状况及保护对策[J].人民长江,1995,26(12):50-53.
[6]范可旭,徐长江,张晶.长江流域水资源质量评价[J].人民长江,2011,42(18):62-64.
[7]贾延伟,范可旭,张晶.南水北调西线一期工程水源区水资源特性分析[J].人民长江,2008,39(17):106-108.
[8]郭海晋,王政祥,邹宁.长江流域水资源概述[J].人民长江,2008,39(17):3-5.
[9]长江流域水资源保护局.长江流域及西南诸河地表水资源质量状况年度报告(2003-2017)[R].武汉:长江流域水资源保护局,2003-2017.
[10]GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部,2002.
[11]GB/T 23598-2009中国水资源公报编制规程[S].北京:中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局/中国国家标准化管理委员会.2009.
[12]办资源函[2014]167号.水利部办公厅关于印发《中国水资源公报》水质部分补充要求的通知[R].北京:中华人民共和国水利部,2014.
[13]长江水利委员会.长江流域及西南诸河水资源公报(2003-2017)[R].武汉:长江水利委员会,2017.
[14]舒庆.全国城镇污水处理及再生利用设施“十一五”建设规划[M].北京:红旗出版社,2008.
[15]国办发[2012]24号.“十二五”全国城镇污水处理及再生利用设施建设规划[R].北京:国务院办公厅,2012.
[16]赵晖.我国城市污水处理率已达到87%、村庄仅为8%[EB/OL].住建时讯网:http://zjsx.org.cn/bencandy.php?fid=20&id=14636.2014.06.20.
[17]王英才,邱光胜,陈水松,等.三峡库区试验性蓄水期间浮游生物群落特点研究[J].人民长江,2012,43(12):4-9.
[18]印士勇.新形势下水环境监测工作思考[J].人民长江,2012,43(12):1-3,9.
[19]长江流域水资源保护局.长江流域及西南诸河省界(缓冲区)水质监测断面设置成果报告[R].武汉:长江流域水资源保护局,2012.
[20]国函[2011]167号.国务院关于全国重要江河湖泊水功能区划(2011-2030年)的批复[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院,2011.
[21]国发[2012]3号.国务院关于实行最严格水资源管理制度的意见[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院,2012.
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