渤海和北黄海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分布特征和季节变化
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摘要
采集了2016年的4、8、12月和2017年2月渤海和北黄海表、中、底海水样品,分析了海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的紫外-可见光吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,探讨了渤海和北黄海海域CDOM的分布特征、影响因素和季节变化.结果表明,不同季节CDOM分布相似,呈近岸高、远海低的分布特征.吸收系数a(355)和光谱斜率S275-295呈显著负相关,说明CDOM受到陆源输入的显著影响.垂直分布上,8月,受强烈的光降解作用影响,表层CDOM含量最低. 2月,底层CDOM含量最低,这可能与受光照影响的初级生产力在水下分布不均匀有关.从2016年4月～2017年2月,CDOM含量先上升后下降,12月含量最高,2月含量最低. CDOM的季节变化主要受陆源输入和浮游植物生物量的季节变化控制.以光谱斜率S275-295表征CDOM的平均分子量,2月由于陆源输入最少,CDOM平均分子量最小.夏季光降解强烈,将部分大分子量有机物降解成小分子量有机物,小分子量有机物增加,因此,8月CDOM的平均分子量小于4月和12月.
UV-Vis spectral data and a fluorescence excitation-emission matrix( EEM) was analyzed for the surface,middle,and bottom layer water samples from the Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea in April,August,and December of 2016 and February of 2017.Distribution characteristics,influencing factors,and seasonal variation of CDOM in the study area were investigated. The results showed that the horizontal distributions of CDOM are similar in different seasons,showing a characteristic of high levels near shore and low levels in the offshore region. Strong correlations were observed between value a( 355) and spectral slope S275-295,indicating that CDOM is significantly affected by land input. According to the vertical distribution,the CDOM level is the lowest in surface seawater in summer due to strong photo-degradation. In February,controlled by primary productivity,the lowest level of CDOM was found in the bottom seawater. From April 2016 to February 2017,the content of CDOM first increased and then decreased. Its concentration was highest in December. Seasonal variations are mainly controlled by land input and on-site production. According to analysis of the spectral slope S275-295,the average molecular weight of CDOM in winter was smallest in February,which was mainly related to the drastic reduction of land-based input at that time. The strong photo-degradation in summer resulted in a small average molecular weight of CDOM.
UV-Vis spectral data and a fluorescence excitation-emission matrix( EEM) was analyzed for the surface,middle,and bottom layer water samples from the Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea in April,August,and December of 2016 and February of 2017.Distribution characteristics,influencing factors,and seasonal variation of CDOM in the study area were investigated. The results showed that the horizontal distributions of CDOM are similar in different seasons,showing a characteristic of high levels near shore and low levels in the offshore region. Strong correlations were observed between value a( 355) and spectral slope S275-295,indicating that CDOM is significantly affected by land input. According to the vertical distribution,the CDOM level is the lowest in surface seawater in summer due to strong photo-degradation. In February,controlled by primary productivity,the lowest level of CDOM was found in the bottom seawater. From April 2016 to February 2017,the content of CDOM first increased and then decreased. Its concentration was highest in December. Seasonal variations are mainly controlled by land input and on-site production. According to analysis of the spectral slope S275-295,the average molecular weight of CDOM in winter was smallest in February,which was mainly related to the drastic reduction of land-based input at that time. The strong photo-degradation in summer resulted in a small average molecular weight of CDOM.
引文
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[2]闫丽红,苏荣国,段亚丽,等.渤海有色溶解有机物的三维荧光光谱特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2013,44(5):1162-1169.Yan L H,Su R G,Duan Y L,et al.The fluorescence excitation emission matrix spectroscopy of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Bohai Sea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2013,44(5):1162-1169.
[3]Vodacek A,Blough N V,De Grandpre M D,et al.Seasonal variation of CDOM and DOC in the Middle Atlantic Bight:terrestrial inputs and photooxidation[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1997,42(4):674-686.
[4]Coble P G.Marine optical biogeochemistry:the chemistry of ocean color[J].Chemical Reviews,2007,107(2):402-418.
[5]Stedmon C A,Markager S,Kaas H.Optical properties and signatures of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in Danish coastal waters[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2000,51(2):267-278.
[6]郭卫东,程远月,余翔翔,等.海洋有色溶解有机物的光化学研究进展[J].海洋通报,2008,27(3):107-114.Guo W D,Cheng Y Y,Yu X X,et al.An overview of the photochemistry of marine chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2008,27(3):107-114.
[7]赵军杰,张婧,杨桂朋.秋季东、黄海有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光学特性研究[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(6):818-823.Zhao J J,Zhang J,Yang G P.Optical properties of the colored dissolved organic matter in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in autumn[J].Marine Environmental Science,2013,32(6):818-823.
[8]朱伟健.长江口及邻近海域有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光学特性和遥感反演的初步研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2010.1-3.Zhu W J.Optical preliminary and remote sensing retrieval of colored dissolved organic materials(CDOM)in Yangtze Estuary and adjacent waters[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2010.1-3.
[9]Helbling E W,Zagarese H,Osburn C L,et al.Photochemistry of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in natural waters[M].UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems.London:The Royal Society of Chemistry Press,2003.185-217.
[10]Kowalczuk P,Stedmon C A,Markager S.Modeling absorption by CDOM in the Baltic Sea from season,salinity and chlorophyll[J].Marine Chemistry,2006,101(1-2):1-11.
[11]顾玉荷,修日晨.渤海海流概况及其输沙作用初析[J].黄渤海海洋,1996,14(1):1-6.Gu Y H,Xiu R C.On the current and storm flow in the Bohai Sea and their role in transporting deposited silt of the Yellow River[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas,1996,14(1):1-6.
[12]Raabe T,Yu Z G,Zhang J,et al.Phase-transfer of nitrogen species within the water column of the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2004,44(3-4):213-232.
[13]GB 17378.4-2007,海洋监测规范第4部分:海水分析[S].
[14]黄清辉,吴加学,蒋愉林,等.舟山海域陆源溶解有机质变化及其对近岸羽状流的响应[J].海洋学报,2011,33(1):66-73.Huang Q H,Wu J X,Jiang Y L,et al.Variability of terrigenous dissolved organic matter as a response to coastal plume in Zhoushan area of the East China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2011,33(1):66-73.
[15]陈锡超,纪颖琳,胡青,等.“引江济太”水系有色溶解有机质的特征与来源[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(1):63-69.Chen X C,Ji Y L,Hu Q,et al.Characteristics and sources of CDOM in the drainage system of Water Diversion from Yangtze River to Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,22(1):63-69.
[16]王齐磊,江韬,赵铮,等.三峡库区典型农业小流域土壤溶解性有机质的紫外-可见及荧光特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):879-887.Wang Q L,Jiang T,Zhao Z,et al.Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)and fluorescence spectral characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter(DOM)in typical agricultural watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir region[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(3):879-887.
[17]Helms J R,Stubbins A,Ritchie J D,et al.Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight,source,and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2008,53(3):955-969.
[18]Fichot C G,Benner R.The spectral slope coefficient of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(S275-295)as a tracer of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon in river-influenced ocean margins[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2012,57(5):1453-1466.
[19]Xiao Y H,Sara-Aho T,Hartikainen H,et al.Contribution of ferric iron to light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2013,58(2):653-662.
[20]郭卫东,黄建平,洪华生,等.河口区溶解有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析及其示踪特性[J].环境科学,2010,31(6):1419-1427.Guo W D,Huang J P,Hong H S,et al.Resolving excitation emission matrix spectroscopy of estuarine CDOM with parallel factor analysis and its application in organic pollution monitoring[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(6):1419-1427.
[21]Kowalczuk P,Stoń-Egiert J,Cooper W J,et al.Characterization of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM)in the Baltic Sea by excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,2005,96(3-4):273-292.
[22]Determann S,Reuter R,Wagner P,et al.Fluorescent matter in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.Part 1:method of measurement and near-surface distribution[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,1994,41(4):659-675.
[23]Lawaetz A J,Stedmon C A.Fluorescence intensity calibration using the Raman scatter peak of water[J].Applied Spectroscopy,2009,63(8):936-940.
[24]吕丽莎,赵卫红,苗辉.三维荧光结合平行因子分析在东海溶解有机物研究中的应用[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(3):653-658.LüL S,Zhao W H,Miao H.Application of excitation-emission matrix spectrum combined with parallel factor analysis in dissolved organic matter in East China Sea[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(3):653-658.
[25]刘丽萍,黄大吉,章本照.渤黄东海混合层化演变规律的研究进展[J].海洋科学进展,2002,20(3):84-89.Liu L P,Huang D J,Zhang B Z.Advances in the study on mixing and stratification variabilities in the Bohai,Yellow and East China Seas[J].Advances in Marine Science,2002,20(3):84-89.
[26]谢琳萍,王保栋,辛明,等.渤海近岸水体有色溶解有机物的光吸收特征及其分布[J].海洋科学进展,2016,34(1):58-69.Xie L P,Wang B D,Xin M,et al.Distribution and spectral characteristics of colored dissolved organic matter in the coastal area of Bohai Sea[J].Advances in Marine Science,2016,34(1):58-69.
[27]Nelson N B,Siegel D A,Michaels A F.Seasonal dynamics of colored dissolved material in the Sargasso Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,1998,45(6):931-957.
[28]Coble P G.Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy[J].Marine chemistry,1996,51(4):325-346.
[29]Stedmon C A,Markager S,Bro R.Tracing dissolved organic matter in aquatic environments using a new approach to fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,2003,82(3-4):239-254.
[30]Boehme J,Coble P,Conmy R,et al.Examining CDOMfluorescence variability using principal component analysis:seasonal and regional modeling of three-dimensional fluorescence in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Marine Chemistry,2004,89(1-4):3-14.
[31]Cory R M,Mc Knight D M.Fluorescence spectroscopy reveals ubiquitous presence of oxidized and reduced quinones in dissolved organic matter[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(21):8142-8149.
[32]Stedmon C A,Markager S.Resolving the variability in dissolved organic matter fluorescence in a temperate estuary and its catchment using PARAFAC analysis[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2005,50(2):686-697.
[33]Murphy K R,Ruiz G M,Dunsmuir W T M,et al.Optimized parameters for fluorescence-based verification of ballast water exchange by ships[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(7):2357-2362.
[34]程远月,郭卫东.厦门湾有色溶解有机物光漂白的三维荧光光谱研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(4):990-993.Cheng Y Y,Guo W D.Characterization of photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Xiamen Bay by excitation emission matrix spectroscopy[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2009,29(4):990-993.
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