不同树龄的短枝“红富士”分层纺锤形对树冠结构、果实产量和品质的影响
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摘要
以4、5、7年生分层纺锤形短枝"红富士"苹果树为试材,通过分析不同树龄树体结构、枝量、冠层结构、产量和品质,研究了苹果分层纺锤形幼龄期至盛果期树冠生长动态、产量及品质,以期为短枝苹果优质栽培提供依据。结果表明:随树龄增长,树高、冠高、冠径、树冠体积、干周、覆盖率、叶面积指数(LAI)值、平均叶倾角(MTA)值、总枝量指标均表现为增加的趋势,其中7年生树高、冠高、冠径、树冠体积、干周、覆盖率均显著高于4年生和5年生。不同树龄间的枝量成倍增加,4年生总枝量116 325条·hm~(-2),5年生总枝量264 000条·hm~(-2),7年生总枝量达到735 900条·hm~(-2)。但枝类比变化不大,短枝占比高,稳定在70%以上,是早果和丰产的关键。短枝"红富士"分层纺锤形同树龄不同冠层间果实品质差异不明显,而不同树龄间果实品质差异显著,表现为随树龄增长,产量和品质也不断提高。
In this study,the 4,5,7 years old layered spindle spur-type ‘Red Fuji' apple trees were used as test materials,by analyzing architecture,branch quantity,canopy structure,fruit yield and quality of the different tree-age.The growth dynamics of canopy,fruit yield and quality of the layered spindle apple from the juvenile period to full bearing period were studied.The results showed that the tree height,canopy height,canopy diameter,canopy volume,stem circumference,coverage rate,LAI,MTA,total branch quantity increased with the growth of tree-age,of which,the tree height,canopy height,canopy diameter,canopy volume,stem circumference,coverage rate of 7 years old trees were significantly higher than that of 4 and 5 years old trees.The branch number of different ages increased by one times.The total branches of the 4,5,7 years old trees reached 116 325 branches per hectare 264 000 branches per hectare,735 900 branches per hectare.However,the ratio of different branch types did not change much,and the proportion of short branches was higher than 70%,which was the key to early fruiting and high yield.The difference of fruit quality between different canopy locations on the same tree-age was not obvious,but the difference of fruit quality between different tree-ages was significant,and the fruit yield and quality were also increased with tree-age.
In this study,the 4,5,7 years old layered spindle spur-type ‘Red Fuji' apple trees were used as test materials,by analyzing architecture,branch quantity,canopy structure,fruit yield and quality of the different tree-age.The growth dynamics of canopy,fruit yield and quality of the layered spindle apple from the juvenile period to full bearing period were studied.The results showed that the tree height,canopy height,canopy diameter,canopy volume,stem circumference,coverage rate,LAI,MTA,total branch quantity increased with the growth of tree-age,of which,the tree height,canopy height,canopy diameter,canopy volume,stem circumference,coverage rate of 7 years old trees were significantly higher than that of 4 and 5 years old trees.The branch number of different ages increased by one times.The total branches of the 4,5,7 years old trees reached 116 325 branches per hectare 264 000 branches per hectare,735 900 branches per hectare.However,the ratio of different branch types did not change much,and the proportion of short branches was higher than 70%,which was the key to early fruiting and high yield.The difference of fruit quality between different canopy locations on the same tree-age was not obvious,but the difference of fruit quality between different tree-ages was significant,and the fruit yield and quality were also increased with tree-age.
引文
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[17] 孙志鸿,魏钦平,杨朝选,等.改良高干开心形富士苹果树冠不同层次相对光照强度分布与枝叶的关系[J].果树学报,2008,25(2):145-150.
[18] 李丙智,阮班录,君广仁,等.改形对红富士苹果树体光合能力及果实品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(5):119-122.
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[20] 梁海忠,范崇辉,王琰,等.苹果高纺锤形树体枝量、果实产量与品质的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(7):123-128.
[21] 王琰.苹果不同树形树冠特性及其对果实产量和品质的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[22] 梁海忠,范崇辉,江道伟.不同树龄苹果高纺锤形树体结构及产量的研究[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(4):152-154.
[23] 贾定贤,米文广,杨儒琳,等.苹果品种果实糖、酸含量的分级标准与风味的关系[J].园艺学报,1991,1(1):9-14.
[24] 束怀瑞.果树栽培生理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993:152-471.
[2] GAO D T,HAN MY,LI B Z.Characteristics of canopy and light transmittance in three types of apple orchards in Weibei areas of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Frontiers of Agriculture in China,2008(2):93-96.
[3] ZABEDAH,YUSOFF M,RIDZWAN A,et al.Effect of fruit canopy position on microenvironment,physical and chemical development of starfruit(Averrhoa carambola)cv.‘B10’ under protected cultivation[J].Acta Horticulturae,2007,761(1):243-247.
[4] BARRITT H.Influence of orchard system on canopy development,light interception and production of third-year Granny Smith apple trees[J].Acta Horticulturae,1989,243(3):121-130.
[5] 赵瑾,汪志辉,刘燕.4种树形鲜黄梨园冠层特征及果实产量的比较研究[J].中国南方果树,2010,39(3):70-73.
[6] 马倩,汪有科,杨慧荣.不同树形结构梨枣的冠层特性及节水性分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(3):139-141.
[7] 许明宪.果树修剪的经济目标和生理依据[J].果树科学,1986,2(4):13-17.
[8] 张国岐.怎样测定果树的树冠体积[J].新农业,1979,3(6):20.
[9] 牛莹莹.库尔勒香梨不同栽植密度果园微气候差异与产量、品质关系研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2016.
[10] 施海涛.植物逆境生理学实验指导[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[11] 李小方,张志良.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2016.
[12] 路超,王金正,康冰心.烟台地区苹果园优质丰产树体结构参数调查研究[J].山东农业科学,2009,11(32):42-44.
[13] 束怀瑞.果树栽培生理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993.
[14] 罗永平.成年苹果园树体结构指标与负载量的调查研究[J].山东果树,1982,1(3):12-17.
[15] 梁海忠.苹果高纺锤形树体结构和果实产量与品质的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[16] 马宝焜,徐继忠,孙建设.关于我国苹果矮砧密植栽培的思考[J].果树学报,2010,27(1):105-109.
[17] 孙志鸿,魏钦平,杨朝选,等.改良高干开心形富士苹果树冠不同层次相对光照强度分布与枝叶的关系[J].果树学报,2008,25(2):145-150.
[18] 李丙智,阮班录,君广仁,等.改形对红富士苹果树体光合能力及果实品质的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(5):119-122.
[19] 马绍伟,夏国海,宋尚伟.伏南山区丰产苹果树体结构研究[J].河南农业科学,1994,7(17):29-30.
[20] 梁海忠,范崇辉,王琰,等.苹果高纺锤形树体枝量、果实产量与品质的研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2010,38(7):123-128.
[21] 王琰.苹果不同树形树冠特性及其对果实产量和品质的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[22] 梁海忠,范崇辉,江道伟.不同树龄苹果高纺锤形树体结构及产量的研究[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(4):152-154.
[23] 贾定贤,米文广,杨儒琳,等.苹果品种果实糖、酸含量的分级标准与风味的关系[J].园艺学报,1991,1(1):9-14.
[24] 束怀瑞.果树栽培生理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993:152-471.