智慧与幸福感的关系:基于多元幸福取向的视角
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摘要
智慧与幸福是人类的普遍追求。智慧与自我实现幸福感(eudaimonia well-being)正相关得到研究者的普遍认同。智慧与享乐主义幸福感(hedonia well-being)是何种关系,仍在争论中。从智慧发展的角度,学者提出了积极人格发展观和发展历程观,对智慧与幸福感的关系进行更深入的理论探讨。结合中国文化及智慧和幸福感的研究进展,提出发展水平观:随着智慧发展水平不断提高,个体幸福感的来源、持续时间以及对身心健康的影响存在差异。未来宜重点解决两个问题:(1)选择和编制适宜的智慧和幸福感测量工具;(2)澄清智慧与幸福感的因果关系。
Wisdom and well-being are universal human pursuits. The positive correlation between wisdom and eudaimonic well-being is generally recognized by researchers. However, the relationship between wisdom and hedonic well-being is still debated. Researchers have proposed the model of positive personality development and the developmental process model from the perspective of wisdom development to further explore the relationship between wisdom and well-being. Based on Chinese culture and research on wisdom and well-being, the present article proposes the developmental level model: With the growth of wisdom, the well-being of individuals varies in terms of sources, durations, and influences on physical and mental health. In the future, we should focus on solving two problems: 1) choosing and developing an appropriate tool for measuring wisdom and well-being, and 2) clarifying the causal relationship between wisdom and well-being.
Wisdom and well-being are universal human pursuits. The positive correlation between wisdom and eudaimonic well-being is generally recognized by researchers. However, the relationship between wisdom and hedonic well-being is still debated. Researchers have proposed the model of positive personality development and the developmental process model from the perspective of wisdom development to further explore the relationship between wisdom and well-being. Based on Chinese culture and research on wisdom and well-being, the present article proposes the developmental level model: With the growth of wisdom, the well-being of individuals varies in terms of sources, durations, and influences on physical and mental health. In the future, we should focus on solving two problems: 1) choosing and developing an appropriate tool for measuring wisdom and well-being, and 2) clarifying the causal relationship between wisdom and well-being.
引文
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陆洛.(2007).华人的幸福观与幸福感.心理学应用探索,9(1),19-30.
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汪凤炎,郑红.(2014).智慧心理学的理论探索与应用研究.上海:上海教育出版社.
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汪凤炎,郑红.(2018).论愚蠢的德才欠缺理论.心理学探新,38(5),387-392.
汪凤炎,傅绪荣.(2017).“智慧”:德才一体的综合心理素质.中国社会科学报,(6).
王予灵,汪凤炎.(2018).老者智否?成人智慧与年龄的关系.心理科学进展,26(1),107-117.
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Ardelt,M.(2011).The measurement of wisdom:Acommentary on Taylor,Bates,and Webster’s comparison of the SAWS and 3D-WS.Experimental Aging Research,37(2),241-255.
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Baltes,P.B.,&Staudinger,U.M.(2000).Wisdom:Ametaheuristic(pragmatic)to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence.American Psychologist,55(1),122-136.
Beaumont,S.L.(2009).Identity processing and personal wisdom:An information-oriented identity style predicts self-actualization and self-transcendence.Identity:An International Journal of Theory and Research,9(2),95-115.
Bergsma,A.,&Ardelt,M.(2012).Self-reported wisdom and happiness:An empirical investigation.Journal of Happiness Studies,13(3),481-499.
Brienza,J.P.,Kung,F.Y.H.,Santos,H.C.,Bobocel,D.R.,&Grossmann,I.(in press).Wisdom,bias,and balance:Toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdomrelated cognition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
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Etezadi,S.,&Pushkar,D.(2013).Why are wise people happier?An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults.Journal of Happiness Studies,14(3),929-950.
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Glück,J.,&Bluck,S.(2013).The MORE life experience model:A theory of the development of personal wisdom.In M.Ferrari&N.Weststrate(Eds.)The scientific study of personal wisdom(pp.75-97).New York:Springer.
Grossmann,I.,Na,J.,Varnum,M.E.W.,Kitayama,S.,&Nisbett,R.E.(2013).A route to well-being:Intelligence vs.versus wise reasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,142(3),944-953.
Grossmann,I.(2017).Wisdom in context.Perspective Psychological Science,12(2),233-257.
Hirata,J.(2016).Ethics and eudaimonic well-being.In J.Vitters?(ed.),Handbook of eudaimonic well-being(pp.55-65),International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life.
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唐辉,周坤,赵翠霞,李纾.(2014).吃亏是福:择“值”选项而获真利.心理学报,46(10),1549-1563.
汪凤炎,郑红.(2014).智慧心理学的理论探索与应用研究.上海:上海教育出版社.
汪凤炎,郑红.(2015).品德与才智一体:智慧的本质与范畴.南京社会科学,(3),127-133.
汪凤炎,郑红.(2018).论愚蠢的德才欠缺理论.心理学探新,38(5),387-392.
汪凤炎,傅绪荣.(2017).“智慧”:德才一体的综合心理素质.中国社会科学报,(6).
王予灵,汪凤炎.(2018).老者智否?成人智慧与年龄的关系.心理科学进展,26(1),107-117.
徐晓波,孙超,汪凤炎.(2017).精神幸福感:概念、测量、相关变量及干预.心理科学进展,25(2),275-289.
邢占军,黄立清.(2004).Ryff心理幸福感量表在我国城市居民中的试用研究.中国健康心理学杂志,12(3),231-233.
杨慊,程巍,贺文洁,韩布新,杨昭宁.(2016).追求意义能带来幸福吗?心理科学进展,24(9),1496-1503.
杨中芳.(2009).如何理解中国人:文化与个人论文集.重庆:重庆大学出版社.
曾红,郭斯萍.(2012).“乐”——中国人的主观幸福感与传统文化中的幸福观.心理学报,44(7),986-994.
Ardelt,M.(1997).Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age.The Journals of Gerontology,Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,52(1),15-27.
Ardelt,M.(2003).Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale.Research on Aging,25(3),275-324.
Ardelt,M.(2004).Wisdom as expert knowledge system:Acritical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept.Human Development,47(5),257-285.
Ardelt,M.(2005).How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life.Revision:A Journal of Consciousness&Transformation,28(1),7-19.
Ardelt,M.(2011).The measurement of wisdom:Acommentary on Taylor,Bates,and Webster’s comparison of the SAWS and 3D-WS.Experimental Aging Research,37(2),241-255.
Ardelt,M.(2016).Disentangling the relations between wisdom and different types of well-being in old age:Findings from a short-term longitudinal study.Journal of Happiness Studies,17(5),1963-1984.
Ardelt,M.(2018).Can wisdom and psychosocial growth be learned in university courses?Journal of Moral Education,(9),1-16.
Ardelt,M.,&Edwards,C.A.(2016).Wisdom at the end of life:An analysis of mediating and moderating relations between wisdom and subjective well-being.Journals of Gerontology,71(3),502-513.
Ardelt,M.&Jeste,D.V.(2016).Wisdom and hard times:The ameliorating effect of wisdom on the negative association between adverse life events and well-being.Journals of Gerontology:Psychological Sciences,73(8),1374-1383.
Ardelt,M.,Gerlach,K.R.,&Vaillant,G.E.(2018).Early and midlife predictors of wisdom and subjective wellbeing in old age.Journals of Gerontology,73(8),1514-1525.
Baltes,P.B.,&Staudinger,U.M.(2000).Wisdom:Ametaheuristic(pragmatic)to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence.American Psychologist,55(1),122-136.
Beaumont,S.L.(2009).Identity processing and personal wisdom:An information-oriented identity style predicts self-actualization and self-transcendence.Identity:An International Journal of Theory and Research,9(2),95-115.
Bergsma,A.,&Ardelt,M.(2012).Self-reported wisdom and happiness:An empirical investigation.Journal of Happiness Studies,13(3),481-499.
Brienza,J.P.,Kung,F.Y.H.,Santos,H.C.,Bobocel,D.R.,&Grossmann,I.(in press).Wisdom,bias,and balance:Toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdomrelated cognition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Diener,E.,Scollon,C.N.,&Lucas,R.E.(2003).The evolving concept of subjective well-being:The multifaceted nature of happiness.Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology,15(4),187-219.
Etezadi,S.,&Pushkar,D.(2013).Why are wise people happier?An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults.Journal of Happiness Studies,14(3),929-950.
Fredrickson,B.L.(2001).The role of positive emotion in positive psychology:The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotion.American Psychologist,56(3),218-226.
Glück,J.(2017).Measuring wisdom:Existing approaches,continuing challenges,and new developments.Journals of Gerontology:Psychological Sciences,73(8),1393-1403.
Glück,J.,&Bluck,S.(2013).The MORE life experience model:A theory of the development of personal wisdom.In M.Ferrari&N.Weststrate(Eds.)The scientific study of personal wisdom(pp.75-97).New York:Springer.
Grossmann,I.,Na,J.,Varnum,M.E.W.,Kitayama,S.,&Nisbett,R.E.(2013).A route to well-being:Intelligence vs.versus wise reasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,142(3),944-953.
Grossmann,I.(2017).Wisdom in context.Perspective Psychological Science,12(2),233-257.
Hirata,J.(2016).Ethics and eudaimonic well-being.In J.Vitters?(ed.),Handbook of eudaimonic well-being(pp.55-65),International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life.
Hu,C.S.,Huang,J.,Ferrari,M.,Wang,Q.,Xie,D.,&Zhang,H.(2018).Sadder but wiser:Emotional reactions and wisdom in a simulated suicide intervention.International Journal of Psychology.
Huta,V.,&Waterman,A.S.(2014).Eudaimonia and its distinction from hedonia:Developing a classification and terminology for understanding conceptual and operational definitions.Journal of Happiness Studies,15(6),1425-1456.
Jennings,P.A.,Aldwin,C.M.,Levenson,M.R.,III Spiro,A.,&Mroczek,D.K.(2006).Combat exposure,perceived benefits of military service,and wisdom in later life:Findings from the normative aging study.Research on Aging:An International Bimonthly Journal,28(1),115-134.
Kekes,J.(1995).Moral wisdom and good lives.Ithaca,New York:Cornell University Press.
Keyes,C.L.M.(1998).Social well-being.Social Psychology Quarterly,61(2),121-140.
Kunzmann,U.,&Baltes,P.B.(2003).Wisdom-related knowledge:Affective,motivational,and interpersonal correlates.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29(9),1104-1119.
Law,A.,&Staudinger,U.M.(2016).Eudaimonia and Wisdom.In J.Vitters?(ed.),Handbook of eudaimonic well-being(pp.135-146),International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life.
Le,T.N.(2011).Life satisfaction,openness value,self-transcendence,and wisdom.Journal of Happiness Studies,12(2),171-182.
Levenson,M.R.,Jennings,P.A.,Aldwin,C.M.,&Shiraishi,R.W.(2005).Self-transcendence:Conceptualization and measurement.International Journal of Aging and Human Development,60(2),127-143.
Li,H.,&Wang,F.(2017).Real-time measurement of wise personality cognition:Evidence from mouse tracking.Current Psychology(3),1-15.
Mckee,P.,&Barber,C.(1999).On defining wisdom.International Journal of Aging&Human Development,49(2),149-164.
Mickler,C.,&Staudinger,U.M.(2008).Personal wisdom:Validation and age-related differences of a performance measure.Psychology and Aging,23(4),787-799.
Neff,K.D.,Rude,S.S.,&Kirkpatrick,K.L.(2007).An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits.Journal of Research in Personality,41(4),908-916.
Pasupathi,M.,Staudinger,U.M.,&Baltes,P.B.(2001).Seeds of wisdom:Adolescents’knowledge and judgment about difficult life problems.Developmental Psychology,37(3),351-361.
Proctor,C.,&Tweed,R.(2016).Measuring eudaimonic well-being.In J.Vitters?(ed.),Handbook of eudaimonic well-being(pp.277-294).Springer International Publishing.
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