平谷桃园养分投入对土壤养分的影响
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摘要
以平谷区101个桃园为研究对象,2016年,调查了施肥现状及其对土壤养分的影响。调查显示平谷区桃园施用有机肥以鸡粪、羊粪、猪粪、牛粪为主,化肥投入以复合肥或氮磷钾配合施用为主;2016年比2006年总N、总P_2O_5和总K_2O投入量高出1.6、1.6、1.8倍。由于桃园多年的过量养分投入,2016年与2006年和1981年土壤二次普查结果比较,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均大幅提高;随着氮肥的施入土壤中平均碱解氮含量变化趋势不明显,随着磷肥的施入土壤中平均有效磷含量成显著的上升趋势,随着钾肥投入量的增加土壤中速效钾含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势。调查结果还显示平谷土壤氮素盈余量为444.6 kg N/hm~2,作物氮素吸收量/施氮量占比仅为45%;平谷土壤磷素盈余量为516.6 kg P2O5/hm~2,作物磷素吸收量/施磷量占比仅为22%;结论认为平谷调查点桃园氮养分和磷养分盈余造成了果园土壤氮和磷环境风险加大。因此,桃园要进行合理的养分管理以保证产量和品质的形成,以及桃园的可持续发展。
In 2016, 101 peach orchards in Pinggu District were taken as the study objects, to investigate the status of fertilization and its effect on soil nutrient. The results showed that organic fertilizer applied in peach orchards was mainly composed of chicken manure, sheep manure, pig manure and cow dung, while chemical fertilizer was mainly compound fertilizer and NPK fertilizer. The application amount of total N, total P_2O_5 and total K_2O in 2016 was 1.6, 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than that of 2006. Due to the excessive nutrient input in peach orchards for years, in 2016, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in peach orchards were significantly higher than those in 2006 or the second soil survey in 1981. The change trend of average alkali nitrogen content in soil was not obvious as nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the soil, the average effective phosphorus content increased significantly as phosphate fertilizer was applied to soil, and the content of available potassium in soil increased first and then decreased as the potash input increased. The results also showed that the nitrogen surplus in Pinggu was 444.6 kg N/hm~2, and the ratio of crop nitrogen absorption to nitrogen application accounted for only 45%; phosphorus surplus in Pinggu was 516.6 kg P2 O5/hm~2, and the ratio of crop phosphorus absorption to phosphorus application accounted for only 22%; thus it could be seen, the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient surplus in peach orchards caused increasing environment risk of nitrogen and phosphorus in orchard soils. Therefore, peach orchards should carry out reasonable nutrient management to ensure the formation of production and quality, and the sustainable development of peach orchards.
In 2016, 101 peach orchards in Pinggu District were taken as the study objects, to investigate the status of fertilization and its effect on soil nutrient. The results showed that organic fertilizer applied in peach orchards was mainly composed of chicken manure, sheep manure, pig manure and cow dung, while chemical fertilizer was mainly compound fertilizer and NPK fertilizer. The application amount of total N, total P_2O_5 and total K_2O in 2016 was 1.6, 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than that of 2006. Due to the excessive nutrient input in peach orchards for years, in 2016, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in peach orchards were significantly higher than those in 2006 or the second soil survey in 1981. The change trend of average alkali nitrogen content in soil was not obvious as nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the soil, the average effective phosphorus content increased significantly as phosphate fertilizer was applied to soil, and the content of available potassium in soil increased first and then decreased as the potash input increased. The results also showed that the nitrogen surplus in Pinggu was 444.6 kg N/hm~2, and the ratio of crop nitrogen absorption to nitrogen application accounted for only 45%; phosphorus surplus in Pinggu was 516.6 kg P2 O5/hm~2, and the ratio of crop phosphorus absorption to phosphorus application accounted for only 22%; thus it could be seen, the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient surplus in peach orchards caused increasing environment risk of nitrogen and phosphorus in orchard soils. Therefore, peach orchards should carry out reasonable nutrient management to ensure the formation of production and quality, and the sustainable development of peach orchards.
引文
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[2]李明哲.农田化肥施用污染现状与对策[J].河北农业科学,2009,13(5):65-67.
[3]夏奇峰.化肥施用对土壤生态环境的影响及对策[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(9):202-204.
[4]全国农业技术推广服务中心.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[5]李艳萍.平谷桃园最佳养分管理技术研究与应用[D].石河子:石河子大学,2008:1-69.
[6]孔祥银,李艳萍,王胜涛,等.京郊桃园养分投入对土壤养分和桃果品质的影响[J].土壤通报,2010(2):355-361.
[7]孟月华,李付国,贾小红,等.平谷桃园养分管理现状及其问题分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2006(6):54-56,61.
[8]Hiraoka K.Estimation of balance of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in relation to chemical fertilizer application in Japanese orchard fields[J].Jarq Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly,2000,34(2):87-92.
[9]全国土壤普查办公室编.中国土壤[M].北京:北京出版社,1998:1051.
[10]汪良驹,章镇,姜卫兵.加入WTO后中国果树业发展对策[J].果树学报,2001,18(5):295-299.
[11]李一丁.四川主要烟区土壤氮素含量空间分布特征及影响因素研究[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2014:5.
[12]全国农业技术推广服务中心.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[13]全国农业技术推广中心.中国有机肥料资源[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[14]高祥照,申脁,郑义.肥料实用手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[15]中国化工企业管理协会.中国肥料实用手册[M].北京:中国国际广播音像出版社,2006.
[16]张玉星.果树栽培学各论[M].北京:中国农业科学出版社,2006.
[17]卢树昌,陈清,张福锁,等.河北省果园氮素投入特点及其土壤氮素负荷分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):858-865.
[18]卢树昌,陈清,张福锁,等.河北果园主分布区土壤磷素投入特点及磷负荷风险分析[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3149-3157.