不同养分管理措施下常年菜地磷、钾养分径流流失特征
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摘要
为研究不同养分管理措施下菜地磷、钾养分径流流失特征,采用田间小区试验方法,设置对照(CK)和有机肥配施不同用量化肥处理(N0,化肥氮空白;CON,习惯施肥;OPT,优化施肥;OPT+N,优化增氮;OPT+P,优化增磷;OPT+NPK,优化增氮磷钾)。结果表明,不同处理下可溶性总磷、颗粒态磷和总磷径流浓度分别为0.015～0.500、0.004～0.623 mg·L~(-1)和0.093～0.876 mg·L~(-1),施磷明显增加径流水可溶性磷浓度,对总磷和颗粒态磷浓度影响较小。不同处理径流水总磷浓度均不同程度超地表水Ⅴ类标准(GB3838—2002),且施磷量最高的OPT+NPK处理总磷超标率高达56%。总磷年流失负荷为4.37～4.93 kg·hm~(-2),施肥处理磷流失负荷均低于对照,不同处理间总磷流失负荷无明显差异。不同处理的钾径流浓度为4.7～83.0 mg·L~(-1),年流失负荷为176.9～331.7 kg·hm~(-2),流失系数为4.5%～15.7%。施钾显著增加菜地钾的流失负荷,施钾量最高的OPT+NPK处理钾流失负荷最高,肥料N/K2O比例最高的OPT+N处理钾流失负荷最低。研究表明,不同养分管理措施下菜地磷径流损失无明显变化,而OPT+N处理钾流失负荷及流失系数均最低,蔬菜实际生产中氮、钾合理配施有利于降低钾的流失。
A plot experiment with treatments of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers was conducted in a perennial vegetable field. Seven treatments in this experiment including control(CK)and OM combined with different rates of inorganic fertilizers i.e. no fertilization of inorganic nitrogen(N0), conventional fertilization(CON), optimum fertilization(OPT), nitrogen addition upon OPT level(OPT+N), phosphorus addition upon OPT level(OPT+P), synchronous addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium upon OPT level(OPT+NPK). The concentration of dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus and total phosphorus were 0.015～0.500, 0.004～0.623 mg L~(-1) and 0.093～0.876 mg L~(-1), respectively. Application of phosphorus fertilizer increased the content of dissolved phosphorus in the runoff,whereas it showed little effect on the particulate phosphorus and the total phosphorus. The total phosphorus concentration in different treatments exceeded grade Ⅴ(GB 3838—2002)in some runoff events. In particular, it was estimated that 56% of runoff samples in the OPT+NPK treatment exceeded the grade Ⅴ standard, which was higher than that in other fertilizer treatments although a general exceeding phenomenon were also observed. The runoff load of total phosphorus in vegetable field was 4.37～4.93 kg·hm~(-2). There was no significant difference among different treatments. Unusually, runoff load of total phosphorus in fertilizer treatments were less than that in the control treatment.Runoff concentration of potassium in different treatment was 4.7～83.0 mg L~(-1). The runoff load of potassium ranged from 176.9 to 331.7 kg·hm~(-2), with corresponding runoff coefficients of 4.5%～15.7%. Application of potassium fertilizer increased the runoff load of potassium. The highest and the lowest runoff load of potassium was recorded in the treatment of OPT+NPK and OPT+N, respectively. It is worthy noted that the highest N/K_2O ration in OPT+N treatment instead of other treatments was found. In summary, no significant variations of phosphorus runoff losses occurred under different nutritional managements. However, a lower potassium runoff load and runoff coefficient were found in the OPT+N treatment. A suitable N/K_2O ration should be adapted in the agricultural production in order to reduce the runoff loss of potassium.
A plot experiment with treatments of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers was conducted in a perennial vegetable field. Seven treatments in this experiment including control(CK)and OM combined with different rates of inorganic fertilizers i.e. no fertilization of inorganic nitrogen(N0), conventional fertilization(CON), optimum fertilization(OPT), nitrogen addition upon OPT level(OPT+N), phosphorus addition upon OPT level(OPT+P), synchronous addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium upon OPT level(OPT+NPK). The concentration of dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus and total phosphorus were 0.015～0.500, 0.004～0.623 mg L~(-1) and 0.093～0.876 mg L~(-1), respectively. Application of phosphorus fertilizer increased the content of dissolved phosphorus in the runoff,whereas it showed little effect on the particulate phosphorus and the total phosphorus. The total phosphorus concentration in different treatments exceeded grade Ⅴ(GB 3838—2002)in some runoff events. In particular, it was estimated that 56% of runoff samples in the OPT+NPK treatment exceeded the grade Ⅴ standard, which was higher than that in other fertilizer treatments although a general exceeding phenomenon were also observed. The runoff load of total phosphorus in vegetable field was 4.37～4.93 kg·hm~(-2). There was no significant difference among different treatments. Unusually, runoff load of total phosphorus in fertilizer treatments were less than that in the control treatment.Runoff concentration of potassium in different treatment was 4.7～83.0 mg L~(-1). The runoff load of potassium ranged from 176.9 to 331.7 kg·hm~(-2), with corresponding runoff coefficients of 4.5%～15.7%. Application of potassium fertilizer increased the runoff load of potassium. The highest and the lowest runoff load of potassium was recorded in the treatment of OPT+NPK and OPT+N, respectively. It is worthy noted that the highest N/K_2O ration in OPT+N treatment instead of other treatments was found. In summary, no significant variations of phosphorus runoff losses occurred under different nutritional managements. However, a lower potassium runoff load and runoff coefficient were found in the OPT+N treatment. A suitable N/K_2O ration should be adapted in the agricultural production in order to reduce the runoff loss of potassium.
引文
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[2]Sims J T. Phosphorous soil testing:Innovations for water quality protection[J]. Communication of Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1998, 29(14):1471-1489.
[3]Covell D L. The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of reviving water:A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998, 27:261-266.
[4]金相灿,叶春,颜昌宙,等.太湖重点污染控制区综合治理方案研究[J].环境科学研究, 1999, 12(5):1-5.JIN Xiang-can, YE Chun, YAN Chang-zhou, et al. Comprehensive treatment plan for key-polluted regions of Lake Taihu[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 1999, 12(5):1-5.
[5]贝荣塔,周跃,何敏.土壤中氮磷和滇池水体污染的潜在关系[J].西北林学院学报, 2010, 25(2):30-34.BEI Rong-ta, ZHOU Yue, HE Min. Potential relationship between soil nitrogen&phosphorus content and water pollution in Dianchi Lake[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2010, 25(2):30-34.
[6]谭家得,薛立,郑卫国,等.湿地松林的地表径流及钾流失特征[J].华南农业大学学报, 2009, 30(4):57-60.TAN Jia-de, XUE Li, ZHENG Wei-guo, et al. Characteristics of surface runoff and potassium export in a Pinus elliottii stand[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 2009, 30(4):57-60.
[7]谢建昌,周健民.我国土壤钾素研究和钾肥使用的进展[J].土壤,1999(5):155-157.XIE Jian-chang, ZHOU Jian-min. The advance of soil potassium and potash fertilizer use[J]. Soils, 1999(5):155-157.
[8]广东省土壤普查办公室.广东土壤[M].北京:科学出版社, 1993.Office of Soil Survey of Guangdong Province. Soil of Guangdong[M].Beijing:Science Press, 1993.
[9]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].四版.北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002:243-250, 409-412.State Environmental Protection Administration. Methods for monitoring and analysis of water and wastewater[M]. 4th Edition. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 2002:243-250, 409-412.
[10]Peng T, Wang S J. Effects of land use, land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopes in southwest China[J]. Catena, 2012, 90:53-62.
[11]王全九,杨婷,刘艳丽,等.土壤养分随地表径流流失机理与控制措施研究进展[J].农业机械学报, 2016, 47(6):67-82.WANG Quan-jiu, YANG Ting, LIU Yan-li, et al. Review of soil nutrient transport in runoff and its controlling measures[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2016, 47(6):67-82.
[12]谢真越,卓慕宁,李定强,等.不同施肥水平下菜地径流氮磷流失特征[J].生态环境学报, 2013, 22(8):1423-1427.XIE Zhen-yue, ZHUO Mu-ning, LI Ding-qiang, et al. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss by runoff from vegetable fields under different fertilization levels[J]. Ecology and Environment Sciences,2013, 22(8):1423-1427.
[13]华元刚,潘长兵,贝美容,等.橡胶园砖红壤中磷和钾素径流流失特征研究[J].热带作物学报, 2012, 33(9):1540-1547.HUA Yuan-gang, PAN Chang-bing, BEI Mei-rong, et al. Studies on the phosphorus and potassium loss on rubber plantation soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2012, 33(9):1540-1547.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤磷素化学研究进展[J].土壤学进展, 1990, 18(6):1-5.LU Ru-kun. Research progress on phosphorus transformation in soils[J]. Research Progresses of Soil Science, 1990, 18(6):1-5.
[15]杜振宇,周健民,王火焰,等.氮钾肥对磷在红壤肥际微域中迁移转化的影响[J].土壤学报, 2010, 47(3):497-502.DU Zhen-yu, ZHOU Jian-min, WANG Huo-yan, et al. Phosphorus movement and transformation in fertilizer microsites in red soil as affected by nitrogen and potassium application[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2010, 47(3):497-502.
[16]Gao Y, Zhu B, Zhou P, et al. Effects of vegetation cover on phosphorus loss from a hillslope cropland of purple soil under simulated rainfall:A case study in China[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2009, 85:263-273.
[17]McDowell R, Sharpley A N. Phosphorus transport in overland flow in response to position of manure application[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2002, 31:217-227.
[18]刘方,黄昌勇,何腾兵,等.不同类型黄壤旱地的磷素流失及其影响因素分析[J].水土保持学报, 2001, 15(2):37-40.LIU Fang, HUANG Chang-yong, HE Teng-bing, et al. Phosphorus loss by runoff in various dryland from yellow soil and its affecting factors[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2001, 15(2):37-40.
[19]陈红日,张玉平,刘强,等.玉米间套作模式对地表氮磷流失的影响与经济效益分析[J].湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2018,44(2):117-123.CHEN Hong-ri, ZHANG Yu-ping, LIU Qiang, et al. Effects of different intercropping on nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss from dry land and crop production efficiency[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences), 2018, 44(2):117-123.
[20]张晓艳,李琴书.不同土地利用方式对土壤侵蚀及养分流失的影响[J].水土保持研究, 2018, 25(5):1-8.ZHANG Xiao-yan, LI Qin-shu. Effects of land use type on soil erosion and soil nutrients loss in purple soil[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 25(5):1-8.
[21]马悦,郭年冬,张瑞芳,等.片麻岩坡面花生不同生长时期水土及养分流失规律[J].水土保持研究, 2016, 23(5):304-309.MA Yue, GUO Nian-dong, ZHANG Rui-fang, et al. Study on soil and nutrient losses on gneiss in different growth periods of peanut[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 23(5):304-309.
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