主题发言:将种族分析纳入政策分析
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摘要
这是小塞缪尔·L·迈尔斯于2001年11月2日在华盛顿特区举行的公共政策分析与管理学会第23届年度研究会议上所作的午餐主题发言。他认为,在现代政策研究的课程训练中,基本上没有把种族作为一个独立的调查研究领域来处理,许多与种族相关的议题并未出现在公共政策分析与管理学会中专业人员的视野中。现代政策分析中的工具和技术,尤其是强调平等和效率之间紧张关系的那些工具和技术,当然应该用于为有色人种社区所面对的难题寻求解决方案。简单浏览《政策分析与管理杂志》(JPAM)中的文章,或者分析公共事务专业综合排名靠前的几所院校开设的课程,就会发现这个学科当中缺乏种族分析。另一方面,有关种族分析的学科——族裔研究(ethnic studies)——却又不重视政策分析。全美最重大的几个非裔美国人研究课题,都忽视了将政策分析作为重要的问题解决工具。不过,种族分析和政策分析这两个学科之间有必要建立更紧密的联系;所幸的是,很多机会都可以加强这种联系。
This Presidential Address was delivered by Samuel L.Myers Jr.at the Business Luncheon of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM), 23rd Annual Research Conference, Washington, DC, November 2, 2001. He contends that modern policy analysis training largely ignores race as a substantive area of inquiry. Many significant race-related topics in contemporary policy have escaped the attention of professionals in the APPAM community. The tools and techniques of modern policy analysis——particularly those that emphasize the tension between equity and efficiency——certainly ought to be of use in finding solutions to nagging problems confronting communities of color. Unfortunately, a quick look at the articles published in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management("JPAM") or the courses taught at the top schools of public affairs reveals a lack of race analysis within the discipline. The discipline that does focus on race analysis——ethnic studies——provides little emphasis on policy analysis. Reviewing the top African American studies programs in the nation, one sees that these programs largely ignore policy analysis as a problem-solving tool. Yet there are quite a few reasons to create closer connections between analysis of race and policy analysis, and, happily, there are many opportunities, frequently unexplored, for enhancing these connections, which he discusses here. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)
This Presidential Address was delivered by Samuel L.Myers Jr.at the Business Luncheon of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management (APPAM), 23rd Annual Research Conference, Washington, DC, November 2, 2001. He contends that modern policy analysis training largely ignores race as a substantive area of inquiry. Many significant race-related topics in contemporary policy have escaped the attention of professionals in the APPAM community. The tools and techniques of modern policy analysis——particularly those that emphasize the tension between equity and efficiency——certainly ought to be of use in finding solutions to nagging problems confronting communities of color. Unfortunately, a quick look at the articles published in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management("JPAM") or the courses taught at the top schools of public affairs reveals a lack of race analysis within the discipline. The discipline that does focus on race analysis——ethnic studies——provides little emphasis on policy analysis. Reviewing the top African American studies programs in the nation, one sees that these programs largely ignore policy analysis as a problem-solving tool. Yet there are quite a few reasons to create closer connections between analysis of race and policy analysis, and, happily, there are many opportunities, frequently unexplored, for enhancing these connections, which he discusses here. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)
引文
①其他政策分析的定义详见Brewer and DeLeon,1983,p.186;Dery,1984,p.20;Friedman,1984,pp.11-12;Geva-May,1997,pp.xxii-xxiii;Hawkesworth,1988,p.16;Hogwood and Gunn,1984,p.3;Jenkins-Smith,1990,p.1;Nagel,1984,p.12,Patton and Sawicki,1986,pp.15-17;以及Weimer and Vining,1989,p.1.
③布兰多(Brandl,1988,p.135)的研究中比拟政府失灵与市场失灵,认为二者都能导致“无效和不公”。详见布兰多的“公共政策分析与管理学会主题发言”(Brandl,1988)。
④在福利政策研究中,有关公平与效率之间紧张关系的具体事例,可详见玛丽·乔·本恩的“公共政策分析与管理学会主题发言”(Bane,2001)。
②以下讨论的细节引自:Podberesky v.Kirwan,956F.2d52(4th Cir.1992);38F.3d147(4th Cir.1994).
③布兰多(Brandl,1988,p.135)的研究中比拟政府失灵与市场失灵,认为二者都能导致“无效和不公”。详见布兰多的“公共政策分析与管理学会主题发言”(Brandl,1988)。
④在福利政策研究中,有关公平与效率之间紧张关系的具体事例,可详见玛丽·乔·本恩的“公共政策分析与管理学会主题发言”(Bane,2001)。
②以下讨论的细节引自:Podberesky v.Kirwan,956F.2d52(4th Cir.1992);38F.3d147(4th Cir.1994).