石油与天然气生产过程甲烷逃逸排放检测与核算研究现状及建议
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摘要
甲烷作为油气生产中的主要气态污染物和增温潜势较强的一类温室气体,其逃逸排放检测与核算是中国油气行业温室气体控制与减排过程中的首要问题。通过比较国内外油气行业逃逸甲烷排放核算方法,以及总结当前国内外油气田现场开展的甲烷排放检测研究,对油气行业企业级温室气体清单编制提出了建议。在甲烷逃逸排放核算方面,由于生产过程、工艺等出现的变化,建议加快建立符合我国油气生产实际情况的排放因子,纳入放空气燃烧的周期变化、绿色完井措施使用、陆上/海上油气生产等内容,鼓励油气生产企业通过设备组件统计、现场实测等方式进行排放因子更新。针对逃逸甲烷现场检测数据不足,影响核算结果对比的现状,在开展油气生产过程现场检测时,建议自下而上与自上而下检测方法相结合,保证检测结果的可验证性、可重复性,并谨慎看待针对部分油气生产区块的检测结果进行大尺度区域甲烷逃逸排放量的推算结果。
As a potent greenhouse gas with high global warming potential, methane emission measurement and inventory are the major challenges for the oil and gas industry in China to achieve greenhouse gas emission control and reduction. In this paper, recommendations on greenhouse gas inventory were raised based on the comparison among various inventory methods worldwide, and the methane emission studies during oil and gas production.Suggestions were made to improve the greenhouse gas inventory based on the status quo of the oil and gas production in China. For fugitive methane emission, it is recommended to update the emission factor embracing the change in oil and gas production process, such as reduced flaring period, application of green well completion,and distinguish between onshore and offshore production, etc., and encourage oil and gas companies to update the methane emission factors based on component level calculations or actual measurements. Both top-down and bottom-up methods are encouraged during methane emission measurements so as to make the measurements verifiable and repeatable. It should be cautious to extrapolate the local-based measurements to regional or national levels.
As a potent greenhouse gas with high global warming potential, methane emission measurement and inventory are the major challenges for the oil and gas industry in China to achieve greenhouse gas emission control and reduction. In this paper, recommendations on greenhouse gas inventory were raised based on the comparison among various inventory methods worldwide, and the methane emission studies during oil and gas production.Suggestions were made to improve the greenhouse gas inventory based on the status quo of the oil and gas production in China. For fugitive methane emission, it is recommended to update the emission factor embracing the change in oil and gas production process, such as reduced flaring period, application of green well completion,and distinguish between onshore and offshore production, etc., and encourage oil and gas companies to update the methane emission factors based on component level calculations or actual measurements. Both top-down and bottom-up methods are encouraged during methane emission measurements so as to make the measurements verifiable and repeatable. It should be cautious to extrapolate the local-based measurements to regional or national levels.
引文
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[44]周广响,林日亿,孙东,等.井口套管温室气体排放因子研究[J].化学工程与装备, 2016(4):126-128
[45] Ge X,Ma J,Chang L,et al.Monitoring and investigating methane leakage in coal gas production[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2016, 25(3):1005-1014
[46]杨爽,陈国俊,杨巍,等.胜坨油田原油温室气体排放特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学研究, 2016, 29(7):978-984
[47] Chen G, Yang W, Fang X, et al. Greenhouse gases(GHG)emissions from gas field water in Southern Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China[J].Water, Air,&Soil Pollution, 2014, 225(4):1902
[48] Yang S, Yang W,Chen G,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions from oilfield-produced water in Shengli Oilfield, Eastern China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 46:101-108
[49]仲佳爱,陈国俊,张中宁,等.四川盆地气矿天然气开发过程中温室气体的排放特征[J].环境科学研究, 2015, 28(3):355-360
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[52]Allen D T, Smith D, Torres V M, et al. Carbon dioxide, methane and black carbon emissions from upstream oil and gas flaring in the United States[J]. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 2016(13):119-123
[53] The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine. Improving characterization of anthro pogenicme thane emissions in the United States[M]. Washington DC:National Academy of Sciences, 2018
[54]许跃,唐俊红,王国建,等.含油气盆地地质甲烷释放研究综述[J].地质学报, 2016, 90(3):553-558
[55] Zheng G, Xu W, Etiope G, et al. Hydrocarbon seeps in petroliferous basins in China:a first inventory[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2018, 151:269-284
[2]李兴春.基于技术进步的石油公司低碳与清洁发展[J].环境保护,2018, 46(2):20-23
[3]朱松丽.加拿大油气系统温室气体逃逸排放清单简述[J].油气田环境保护, 2005(4):8-10
[4]American Petroleum Institute.Compendium of green housegas emissions methodologies for the oil and natural gas industry[S/OL].2009[2018-08-30].https://www.api.org/~/media/Files/EHS/climatechange/2009_GHG_COMPENDIUM.pdf
[5]U.S. EPA. 75 FR 74488 mandatory greenhouse gas reporting:Subpart W Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems[S]. 2010
[6]Ritter K, Lev-On M, Shires T. Industry experience in deriving updated emission factors to characterize methane emissions for select emission sources in natural gas systems[J]. Carbon Management, 2014, 5(5-6):1-11
[7]Environment and Climate Change Canada. Overview of 2016 reported emissions:facility greenhouse gas reporting program[R]. Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2018
[8]The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.CH4and VOC emissions from the Canadian upstream oil and gas industry:volume 1[R]. Calgary, Canada, 1999
[9]Office of Parliamentary Counsel C. National greenhouse and energy reporting(measurement)determination 2008[R]. Canberra, Australia,2008
[10]Department of the Environment and Energy Australia.National greenhouse accounts factors[S/OL]. 2018[2018-08-30]. http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-change/climate-science-data/greenhousegas-measurement/publications/national-greenhouse-accounts-factorsjuly-2018
[11]Wright S, Gaumond K. The disclosure divide:revisiting rising risk and methane reporting[R]. Environmental Defense Fund, 2018
[12]Climate and Clean Air Coalition. Oil&gas methane partnership:firstyear report[R]. Paris, France, 2016
[13]Climate and Clean Air Coalition. CCAC O&G methane partnership:technical guidance document[R]. Paris, France, 2017
[14]Climate and Clean Air Coalition.Oil &g asmethane partnership:second-year report[R]. Paris, France, 2017
[15]崔翔宇,邓皓,刘光全,等.油气田温室气体排放测试与评估方法[J].天然气工业, 2011, 31(4):117-120
[16]AllenD T, Torres VM, ThomasJ,et al.Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013, 110(44):17768-17773
[17]Yacovitch T I, Herndon S C, Kofler J, et al. Mobile laboratory observations of methane emissions in the Barnett Shale Region[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2015, 49(13):7889-7895
[18]Rella C W, Tsai T R, Botkin C G, et al. Measuring emissions from oil and natural gaswell padsusing the mobile flux plane technique[J].Environmental Science&Technology, 2015, 49(7):4742
[19] Lan X,Talbot R,Laine P,et al.Characterizing fugitivemethane emissions in the Barnett Shale area using amobile laboratory[J].Environmental Science&Technology, 2015, 49(13):8139
[20] Karion A, Sweeney C, Kort E A, et al. Aircraft-based estimate of total methane emissions from the Barnett Shale Region[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2015, 49(13):8124-8131
[21] Yuan B, Kaser L, Karl T, et al. Airborne flux measurements of methane and volatile organic compounds over the Haynesville and Marcellus shalegas production regions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2015, 120(12):6271-6289
[22] Foster-Wittig T A, ThomaED, AlbertsonJD.Estimation of point source fugitive emissionrates from a single sensor time series:a conditionally-sampled Gaussian plume reconstruction[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 115:101-109
[23] Townsend-Small A, Ferrara T W, Lyon D R, et al. Emissions of coalbed and natural gasme thane from aband on edoil and gas wells in the United States[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43(5):2283-2290
[24] Day S,Dell’amico M,FryR,et al.Field measurements off ugitive emissions from equipment and well casings in Australian coal seam gas production facilities[R]. CSIRO, 2014
[25] Peischl J,Karion A,SweeneyC,et al.Quantifying at mospheric methane emissions from oil and natural gas production in the Bakken Shale Region of North Dakota[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2016, 121:6101-6111
[26] Omara M,Sullivan MR,LiX,et al.Methane emissions from conventional and unconventional natural gas productionsites in the Marcellus Shale Basin[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2016,50(4):2099-2107
[27] Kang M, Christian S, Celia M A, et al. Identification and characterization of high methane-emitting abandoned oil and gas wells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016, 113(48):13636
[28] Kang M, Kanno C M, Reid M C, et al. Direct measurements of methane emissions from aband on edoil and gaswells in Pennsylvania[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111(51):18173-18177
[29] Lyon DR, Alvarez R A,Zavalaaraiz aD,et al. Aerialsurveys of elevated hydrocarbon emissions from oil and gas production sites[J].Environmental Science&Technology, 2016, 50(9):4877-4886
[30] Johnson MR, Tyner DR,Conley S,et al.Comparisons of air borne measurements and inventoryestimates of methane emissions in the Alberta upstream oil and gassector[J].Environmental Science&Technology, 2017, 51(21):13008-13017
[31] AllenD T,Pacsi AP,SullivanD W,et al.Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States:pneumatic controllers[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2015,49(1):633-640
[32] Allen D T, Sullivan D W, Zavala-Araiza D, et al. Methane emissions from process equipment at natural gas production sites in the United States:liquidunloadings[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015, 49(1):641-648
[33] Lavoie T N, Shepson P B, Mol C, et al. Spatiotemporal variability of methane emissions at oil and natural gas operations in the Eagle Ford Basin[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2017, 51(14):8001-8009
[34] RenX,HallDL, Vinciguerra T,etal.Methaneemissions from the Marcellus Shalein southwestern Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia based on airborne measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2017, 122(8):4639-4653
[35] Roscioli J R, Herndon S C, Yacovitch T I,et al. Characterization of methaneemissions from five cold heavyoil production with sands(CHOPS)facilities[J].Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2018, 68(7):671-684
[36] Yacovitch TI,Neininger B,Herndon SC,et al.Methane emissions in the Netherlands:The Groningen Field[J]. Elementa Science of the Anthropocene, 2018, 6:57
[37] Howard T, Ferrara T W, Townsend-Small A. Sensor transition failure in the high flow sampler:implications for methane emission inventories of natural gas infrastructure[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association, 2015, 65(7):856-862
[38] Brandt AR,HeathG A,KortE A, etal.MethaneleaksfromNorth American natural gas systems[J]. Science, 2014, 343(6172):733
[39] Environmental Defense Fund.Methane research series:16 studies[EB/OL].2018[2018-07-19].https://www.edf.org/climate/methaneresearch-series-16-studies
[40] Alvarez R A, Zavala-Araiza D, Lyon D R, et al. Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6398):186-188
[41]国家发展和改革委员会.中国石油天然气生产企业温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南(试行)[S].北京:2014
[42]国家发展和改革委员会应对气候变化司.中国温室气体清单研究2005[M].北京:中国环境出版社, 2014
[43]中华人民共和国国家发展与改革委员会.中华人民共和国气候变化第一次两年更新报告[R].北京:2016
[44]周广响,林日亿,孙东,等.井口套管温室气体排放因子研究[J].化学工程与装备, 2016(4):126-128
[45] Ge X,Ma J,Chang L,et al.Monitoring and investigating methane leakage in coal gas production[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2016, 25(3):1005-1014
[46]杨爽,陈国俊,杨巍,等.胜坨油田原油温室气体排放特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学研究, 2016, 29(7):978-984
[47] Chen G, Yang W, Fang X, et al. Greenhouse gases(GHG)emissions from gas field water in Southern Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China[J].Water, Air,&Soil Pollution, 2014, 225(4):1902
[48] Yang S, Yang W,Chen G,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions from oilfield-produced water in Shengli Oilfield, Eastern China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 46:101-108
[49]仲佳爱,陈国俊,张中宁,等.四川盆地气矿天然气开发过程中温室气体的排放特征[J].环境科学研究, 2015, 28(3):355-360
[50]政府间气候变化专门委员会. 2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南[R].神奈川县,日本:日本全球环境战略研究所, 2006
[51] Chen G, Yang S, Lv C, et al. An improved method for estimating GHG emissions from onshore oil and gas exploration and development in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 574:707-715
[52]Allen D T, Smith D, Torres V M, et al. Carbon dioxide, methane and black carbon emissions from upstream oil and gas flaring in the United States[J]. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 2016(13):119-123
[53] The National Academies of Sciences Engineering Medicine. Improving characterization of anthro pogenicme thane emissions in the United States[M]. Washington DC:National Academy of Sciences, 2018
[54]许跃,唐俊红,王国建,等.含油气盆地地质甲烷释放研究综述[J].地质学报, 2016, 90(3):553-558
[55] Zheng G, Xu W, Etiope G, et al. Hydrocarbon seeps in petroliferous basins in China:a first inventory[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2018, 151:269-284