大气污染对居民健康影响研究进展
|
摘要
随着经济飞速发展,中国面临严峻的大气污染形势,这给人群健康造成极大威胁.本文在梳理国内外文献的基础上,从研究内容和方法出发归纳评述大气污染对居民健康的影响.从中可以发现,当前研究内容集中在宏观区域层面健康损失核算、健康损失的经济代价评估及控制大气污染的潜在健康收益等方面,微观个体层面的研究相对匮乏.其中,微观个体层面又以国外流行病案例研究为主,国内研究尚处于定性的起步阶段.大气污染对居民健康影响的定量评估方法呈增多趋势,除元分析、泊松回归、人力资本法、支付意愿法和疾病成本法外,投入产出和可计算的一般均衡模型等也得到广泛应用.总体来看,大气污染对居民健康的毒性作用机制主要表现为长期慢性和短期急性效应,同时也涉及社会经济、自然条件、行为偏好及个体生理等诸多要素,虽然当前研究深度和广度大为拓展,但未来仍需加强国内流行病案例研究、注重宏观区域与微观个体的融合、聚焦健康视角下污染物削减分配及重视基础数据库建设等,以期为构建系统的大气污染与居民健康分析框架奠定基础.
With the rapid development of the economy,the atmospheric pollution in China has become very severe,and poses a great threat to human health. On the basis of relevant research achievements at home and abroad,this paper summarizes the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents from the two aspects of research content and method. It was found that current research is mainly focused on calculating the health losses,evaluating the economic cost of health losses,and analyzing the health benefits of controlling atmospheric pollutants at the macro level,while studies at the micro level are relatively scarce. Moreover,current studies at the micro individual level is mostly empirical research related to epidemic cases abroad; however,domestic research at the micro individual level is still at the initial stage of qualitative analysis. In addition,the quantitative assessment method of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents is also improving. Apart from methods in common use( meta-analysis,Poisson regression model,human capital method,willingness to pay method and disease cost method),there are other methods that are widely used( input-output model and computable general equilibrium model). In general,the effects of atmospheric pollution on resident health include both chronic and short-term acute effects,and involve many other factors as well,such as socioeconomics,natural conditions,behavioral preferences,and personal physiology. Although the depth and breadth of the research are expanding,and the level of discipline integration is being continuously improved,it is necessary to strengthen domestic epidemiological studies,to pay attention to the integration of macro( regions) and micro( individuals),to focus on the reduction and distribution of atmospheric pollutants from a health perspective,and to attach importance to the construction of a basic database in the future to provide a scientific basis for establishing a systematic framework for the analysis of the effects of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents.
With the rapid development of the economy,the atmospheric pollution in China has become very severe,and poses a great threat to human health. On the basis of relevant research achievements at home and abroad,this paper summarizes the impact of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents from the two aspects of research content and method. It was found that current research is mainly focused on calculating the health losses,evaluating the economic cost of health losses,and analyzing the health benefits of controlling atmospheric pollutants at the macro level,while studies at the micro level are relatively scarce. Moreover,current studies at the micro individual level is mostly empirical research related to epidemic cases abroad; however,domestic research at the micro individual level is still at the initial stage of qualitative analysis. In addition,the quantitative assessment method of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents is also improving. Apart from methods in common use( meta-analysis,Poisson regression model,human capital method,willingness to pay method and disease cost method),there are other methods that are widely used( input-output model and computable general equilibrium model). In general,the effects of atmospheric pollution on resident health include both chronic and short-term acute effects,and involve many other factors as well,such as socioeconomics,natural conditions,behavioral preferences,and personal physiology. Although the depth and breadth of the research are expanding,and the level of discipline integration is being continuously improved,it is necessary to strengthen domestic epidemiological studies,to pay attention to the integration of macro( regions) and micro( individuals),to focus on the reduction and distribution of atmospheric pollutants from a health perspective,and to attach importance to the construction of a basic database in the future to provide a scientific basis for establishing a systematic framework for the analysis of the effects of atmospheric pollution on the health of residents.
引文
[1]Ciocco A,Thompson D J.A follow-up of Donora ten years after:methodology and findings[J].American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health,1961,51(2):155-164.
[2]Ajmal M,Tarar M A,Arshad M I,et al.Air pollution and its effect on human health:a case study in dera ghazi khan urban areas,Pakistan[J].Journal of Environment and Earth Science,2016,6(9):87-93.
[3]刘春兰,关婧,李铮,等.世界城市空气污染治理与空气质量管理研究[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2016.Liu C L,Guan J,Li Z,et al.Study on air pollution control and air quality management in world cities[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2016.
[4]Lin G,Fu J Y,Jiang D,et al.Spatio-temporal variation of PM2.5concentrations and their relationship with geographic and socioeconomic factors in China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2014,11(1):173-186.
[5]Xu L J,Zhou J X,Guo Y,et al.Spatiotemporal pattern of air quality index and its associated factors in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2017,10(5):601-609.
[6]Wu J N,Zhang P,Yi H T,et al.What causes haze pollution?An empirical study of PM2.5concentrations in Chinese cities[J].Sustainability,2016,8(2):132.
[7]李名升,张建辉,张殷俊,等.近10年中国大气PM10污染时空格局演变[J].地理学报,2013,68(11):1504-1512.Li M S,Zhang J H,Zhang Y J,et al.Spatio-temporal pattern changes of ambient air PM10pollution in China from 2002 to 2012[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(11):1504-1512.
[8]Hu J L,Wang Y G,Ying Q,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5and PM10over the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,95:598-609.
[9]Zhao S P,Yu Y,Yin D Y,et al.Annual and diurnal variations of gaseous and particulate pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities based on in situ air quality monitoring data from China National Environmental Monitoring Center[J].Environment International,2016,86:92-106.
[10]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2013中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201605/P020160526564151497131.pdf,2014-05-27.
[11]谢志祥,秦耀辰,李亚男,等.基于PM2.5的中国雾霾灾害风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(12):4503-4510.Xie Z X,Qin Y C,Li Y N,et al.Evaluation of haze press risk in China based on PM2.5[J].2017,37(12):4503-4510.
[12]王桂芝,武灵艳,陈纪波,等.北京市PM2.5污染健康经济效应的CGE分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(7):2779-2785.Wang G Z,Wu L Y,Chen J B,et al.A CGE-based analysis on PM2.5-induced health-related economic effect in Beijing[J].China Environment Science,2017,37(7):2779-2785.
[13]Ridker R G.Economic costs of air pollution:studies in measurement[M].New York:F.A.Praeger,1967.
[14]Dockery D W,Pope C A,Xu X P,et al.An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S.cities[J].New England Journal of Medicine,1993,329(24):1753-1759.
[15]Seethaler R K,Herry M,Sommer H,et al.Economic costs of air pollution-related health impacts:An impact assessment project of Austria,France and Switzerland[J].Clean Air and Environmental Quality,2003,37(1):35-43.
[16]Katanoda K,Sobue T,Satoh H,et al.An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan[J].Journal of Epidemiology,2011,21(2):132-143.
[17]Crouse D L,Peters P A,Hystad P,et al.Ambient PM2.5,O3,and NO2exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian census health and environment cohort[J].Environment Health Perspectives,2015,123(11):1180-1186.
[18]Aunan K,Pan X C.Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China-a Metaanalysis[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,329(1-3):3-16.
[19]过孝民,张慧勤,李平.我国环境污染造成经济损失估算[J].中国环境科学,1990,10(1):51-59.Guo X M,Zhang H Q,Li P.The calculation of economic losses from environment pollution in China[J].China Environment Science,1990,10(1):51-59.
[20]陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东,等.我国113个城市大气颗粒物污染的健康经济学评价[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(3):410-415.Chen R J,Chen B H,Kan H D,et al.A health-based economic assessment of particulate air pollution in 113 Chinese cities[J].China Environment Science,2010,30(3):410-415.
[21]Song Y S,Wang X K,Maher B A,et al.The spatial-temporal characteristics and health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter in China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:1312-1318.
[22]Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F,et al.Global population exposed to fine particulate pollution by population increase and pollution expansion[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2017,10(10):1221-1226.
[23]杜鹏瑞,杜睿,任伟珊.城市大气颗粒物毒性效应及机制的研究进展[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2815-2827.Du P R,Du R,Ren W S.Research progress on toxicological characteristics and mechanisms of urban atmospheric particulate matters[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2815-2827.
[24]Churg A,Brauer M,del Carmen Avila-Casado M,et al.Chronic exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution and small airway remodeling[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2003,111(5):714-718.
[25]Thurston G D,Ahn J,Cromar K R,et al.Ambient particulate matter air pollution exposure and mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health cohort[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2016,124(4):484-490.
[26]PopeⅢC A,Ezzati M,Cannon J B,et al.Mortality risk and PM2.5air pollution in the USA:an analysis of a national prospective cohort[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2018,11(3):245-252.
[27]Hoek G,Krishnan R M,Beelen R,et al.Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality:a review[J].Environmental Health,2013,12(1):43.
[28]GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators.Global,regional,and national disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for 306diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy(HALE)for188 countries,1990-2013:quantifying the epidemiological transition[J].Lancet,2015,386(10009):2145-2191.
[29]马静,柴彦威,符婷婷.居民时空行为与环境污染暴露对健康影响的研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(10):1260-1269.Ma J,Chai Y W,Fu T T.Progress of research on the health impact of people's space-time behavior and environmental pollution exposure[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(10):1260-1269.
[30]Samet J M,Dominici F,Curriero F C,et al.Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S.cities,1987-1994[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2000,343(24):1742-1749.
[31]Jerrett M,Burnett R T,Ma R J,et al.Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles[J].Epidemiology,2005,16(6):727-736.
[32]Beelen R,Raaschou-nielsen O,Stafoggia M,et al.Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality:an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPEproject[J].Lancet,2014,383(9919):785-795.
[33]World Bank.Cost of pollution in China:economic estimates of physical damages[EB/OL].http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/782171468027560055.html,2007-02-01.
[34]Fang D,Wang Q G,Li H M,et al.Mortality effects assessment of ambient PM2.5pollution in the 74 leading cities of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,569-570:1545-1552.
[35]阚海东,陈秉衡.我国大气颗粒物暴露与人群健康效应的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2002,19(6):422-424.Kan H D,Chen B H.Analysis of exposure-response relationships of air particulate matter and adverse health outcomes in China[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2002,19(6):422-424.
[36]谢鹏,刘晓云,刘兆荣,等.我国人群大气颗粒物污染暴露-反应关系的研究[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(10):1034-1040.Xie P,Liu X Y,Liu Z R,et al.Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient particulate matter pollution applicable for China[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(10):1034-1040.
[37]Cheng Z,Jiang J K,Fajadro O,et al.Characteristics and health impacts of particulate matter pollution in China(2001-2011)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,65:186-194.
[38]Liu J,Han Y Q,Tang X,et al.Estimating adult mortality attributable to PM2.5exposure in China with assimilated PM2.5concentrations based on a ground monitoring network[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,568:1253-1262.
[39]Chen Y Y,Ebenstein A,Greenstone M,et al.Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's Huai River policy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(32):12936-12941.
[40]杨敏娟,潘小川.北京市大气污染与居民心脑血管疾病死亡的时间序列分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(4):294-297.Yang M J,Pan X C.Time-series analysis of air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2008,25(4):294-297.
[41]赵晓丽,范春阳,王予希.基于修正人力资本法的北京市空气污染物健康损失评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(3):169-176.Zhao X L,Fan C Y,Wang Y X.Evaluation of health losses by air pollution in Beijing:a study based on corrected human capital method[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2014,24(3):169-176.
[42]黄德生,张世秋.京津冀地区控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):166-174.Huang D S,Zhang S Q.Health benefit evaluation for PM2.5pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):166-174.
[43]魏国茹,史兴民.西安市PM2.5健康损害价值评估[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3014-3021.Wei G R,Shi X M.Evaluation the extent of health damage caused by PM2.5particulate in Xi'an city[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3014-3021.
[44]王桂芝,顾赛菊,陈纪波.基于投入产出模型的北京市雾霾间接经济损失评估[J].环境工程,2016,34(1):121-125.Wang G Z,Gu S J,Chen J B.Assessment of the indirect economic loss caused by heavy haze in Beijing based on inputoutput model[J].Environmental Engineering,2016,34(1):121-125.
[45]曹彩虹,韩立岩.雾霾带来的社会健康成本估算[J].统计研究,2015,32(7):19-23.Cao C H,Han L Y.The assessment on the social health costs caused by fog and haze[J].Statistical Research,2015,32(7):19-23.
[46]谢杨,戴瀚程,花岡達也,等.PM2.5污染对京津冀地区人群健康影响和经济影响[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(11):19-27.Xie Y,Dai H C,Hanaoka T,et al.Health and economic impacts of PM2.5pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2016,26(11):19-27.
[47]何书申,赵兵涛,俞致远.环境空气质量国家标准的演变与比较[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(4):50-55.He S S,Zhao B T,Yu Z Y.Development and comparison of national ambient air quality standards in China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(4):50-55.
[48]He J.Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment:the case of industrial emission of sulfur dioxide(SO2)in Chinese provinces[J].Ecological Economics,2006,60(1):228-245.
[49]Druckman A,Jackson T.Measuring resource inequalities:the concepts and methodology for an area-based Gini coefficient[J].Ecological Economics,2008,65(2):242-252.
[50]Heil M T,Wodon Q T.Inequality in CO2emissions between poor and rich countries[J].Journal of Environment&Development,1997,6(4):426-452.
[51]List J A.Have air pollutant emissions converged among U.S.regions?Evidence from unit root tests[J].Southern Economic Journal,1999,66(1):144-155.
[52]王奇,陈小鹭,李菁.以二氧化硫排放分析我国环境公平状况的定量评估及其影响因素[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008,18(5):118-122.Wang Q,Chen X L,Li J.Evaluation on environmental factors in China and its factor:take environmental resources consumption as example[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2008,18(5):118-122.
[53]蒋洪强,张静,卢亚灵,等.基于主体功能区约束的大气污染物总量控制目标分配研究[J].地域研究与开发,2015,34(3):137-142.Jiang H Q,Zhang J,Lu Y L,et al.Control target assignment of air pollutant emission considering the environmental effects of main functional regions[J].Areal Research and Development,2015,34(3):137-142.
[54]American Heart Association.Black Americans are exposed to more air pollution-driving up their heart disease risk by 25%[EB/OL].http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-5510751/Black-Americans-exposed-pollution-raising-heart-risk-25.html,2018-05-16.
[55]World Health Organization.World Health Statistics 2017:Monitoring health for the SDGs[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2017/en/,2017-05-18.
[56]World Health Organization.Policy brief-indoor air pollution:environment and health linkages[EB/OL].http://news.ifeng.com/shendu/xmzk/detail_2013_03/21/23363828_0.shtml,2013-03-21.
[57]孙斌栋,阎宏,张婷麟.社区建成环境对健康的影响---基于居民个体超重的实证研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(10):1721-1730.Sun B D,Yan H,Zhang T L.Impact of community built environment on residents'health:A case study on individual overweight[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1721-1730.
[58]吴丹,朱嫣红,夏俊荣,等.南京市不同交通工具内部颗粒物污染状况的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(12):117-123.Wu D,Zhu Y H,Xia J R,et al.The investigation of particulate pollution in different vehicles of Nanjing[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,39(12):117-123.
[59]Huang J,Deng F R,Wu S W,et al.Comparisons of personal exposure to PM2.5and CO by different commuting modes in Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425:52-59.
[60]Li F Z,Harmer P A,Cardinal B J,et al.Built environment,adiposity,and physical activity in adults aged 50-75[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008,35(1):38-46.
[61]张延吉,秦波,唐杰.基于倾向值匹配法的城市建成环境对居民生理健康的影响[J].地理学报,2018,73(2):333-345.Zhang Y J,Qin B,Tang J.The impact of urban built environment on residential physical health:based on propensity score matching[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(2):333-345.
[62]Cuijpers C E J,Swaen G M H,Wesseling G,et al.Acute respiratory effects of summer smog in primary school children[J].Toxicology Letters,1994,72(1-3):227-235.
[63]Yang Q Q,Yuan Q Q,Li T W,et al.The relationships between PM2.5and meteorological factors in China:seasonal and regional variations[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(12):1510.
[64]Cai W J,Li K,Liao H,et al.Weather conditions conducive to Beijing severe haze more frequent under climate change[J].Nature Climate Change,2017,7(4):257-262.
[65]周亮,周成虎,杨帆,等.2000-2011年中国PM2.5时空演化特征及驱动因素解析[J].地理学报,2017,72(11):2079-2092.Zhou L,Zhou C H,Yang F,et al.Spatio-temporal evolution and the influencing factors of PM2.5in China between 2000 and 2011[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(11):2079-2092.
[66]Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F.City as a major source area of fine particulate(PM2.5)in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206:183-187.
[67]杨林生,李海蓉,李永华,等.医学地理和环境健康研究的主要领域与进展[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(1):31-44.Yang L S,Li H R,Li Y H,et al.Progress of medical geography and environmental health studies[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(1):31-44.
[68]钟流举,郑君瑜,雷国强,等.空气质量监测网络发展现状与趋势分析[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(2):113-118.Zhong L J,Zheng J Y,Lei G Q,et al.Analysis of current status and trends of air quality monitoring networks[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2007,23(2):113-118.
[69]Shi Y S,Matsunaga T,Yamaguchi Y,et al.Long-term trends and spatial patterns of satellite-retrieved PM2.5concentrations in South and Southeast Asia from 1999 to 2014[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,615:177-186.
[70]Hammitt J K,Zhou Y.The economic value of air-pollutionrelated health risks in China:A contingent valuation study[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2006,33(3):399-423.
[71]Chen S M,He L Y.Welfare loss of China's air pollution:How to make personal vehicle transportation policy[J].China Economic Review,2014,31:106-18.
[72]钱孝琳,阚海东,宋伟民,等.大气细颗粒物污染与居民每日死亡关系的Meta分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2005,22(4):246-248.Qian X L,Kan H D,Song W M,et al.Meta-analysis of association between air fine particulate matter and daily mortality[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2005,22(4):246-248.
[2]Ajmal M,Tarar M A,Arshad M I,et al.Air pollution and its effect on human health:a case study in dera ghazi khan urban areas,Pakistan[J].Journal of Environment and Earth Science,2016,6(9):87-93.
[3]刘春兰,关婧,李铮,等.世界城市空气污染治理与空气质量管理研究[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2016.Liu C L,Guan J,Li Z,et al.Study on air pollution control and air quality management in world cities[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2016.
[4]Lin G,Fu J Y,Jiang D,et al.Spatio-temporal variation of PM2.5concentrations and their relationship with geographic and socioeconomic factors in China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2014,11(1):173-186.
[5]Xu L J,Zhou J X,Guo Y,et al.Spatiotemporal pattern of air quality index and its associated factors in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2017,10(5):601-609.
[6]Wu J N,Zhang P,Yi H T,et al.What causes haze pollution?An empirical study of PM2.5concentrations in Chinese cities[J].Sustainability,2016,8(2):132.
[7]李名升,张建辉,张殷俊,等.近10年中国大气PM10污染时空格局演变[J].地理学报,2013,68(11):1504-1512.Li M S,Zhang J H,Zhang Y J,et al.Spatio-temporal pattern changes of ambient air PM10pollution in China from 2002 to 2012[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(11):1504-1512.
[8]Hu J L,Wang Y G,Ying Q,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of PM2.5and PM10over the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,95:598-609.
[9]Zhao S P,Yu Y,Yin D Y,et al.Annual and diurnal variations of gaseous and particulate pollutants in 31 provincial capital cities based on in situ air quality monitoring data from China National Environmental Monitoring Center[J].Environment International,2016,86:92-106.
[10]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2013中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/201605/P020160526564151497131.pdf,2014-05-27.
[11]谢志祥,秦耀辰,李亚男,等.基于PM2.5的中国雾霾灾害风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(12):4503-4510.Xie Z X,Qin Y C,Li Y N,et al.Evaluation of haze press risk in China based on PM2.5[J].2017,37(12):4503-4510.
[12]王桂芝,武灵艳,陈纪波,等.北京市PM2.5污染健康经济效应的CGE分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(7):2779-2785.Wang G Z,Wu L Y,Chen J B,et al.A CGE-based analysis on PM2.5-induced health-related economic effect in Beijing[J].China Environment Science,2017,37(7):2779-2785.
[13]Ridker R G.Economic costs of air pollution:studies in measurement[M].New York:F.A.Praeger,1967.
[14]Dockery D W,Pope C A,Xu X P,et al.An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S.cities[J].New England Journal of Medicine,1993,329(24):1753-1759.
[15]Seethaler R K,Herry M,Sommer H,et al.Economic costs of air pollution-related health impacts:An impact assessment project of Austria,France and Switzerland[J].Clean Air and Environmental Quality,2003,37(1):35-43.
[16]Katanoda K,Sobue T,Satoh H,et al.An association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and respiratory diseases in Japan[J].Journal of Epidemiology,2011,21(2):132-143.
[17]Crouse D L,Peters P A,Hystad P,et al.Ambient PM2.5,O3,and NO2exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian census health and environment cohort[J].Environment Health Perspectives,2015,123(11):1180-1186.
[18]Aunan K,Pan X C.Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China-a Metaanalysis[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,329(1-3):3-16.
[19]过孝民,张慧勤,李平.我国环境污染造成经济损失估算[J].中国环境科学,1990,10(1):51-59.Guo X M,Zhang H Q,Li P.The calculation of economic losses from environment pollution in China[J].China Environment Science,1990,10(1):51-59.
[20]陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东,等.我国113个城市大气颗粒物污染的健康经济学评价[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(3):410-415.Chen R J,Chen B H,Kan H D,et al.A health-based economic assessment of particulate air pollution in 113 Chinese cities[J].China Environment Science,2010,30(3):410-415.
[21]Song Y S,Wang X K,Maher B A,et al.The spatial-temporal characteristics and health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter in China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:1312-1318.
[22]Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F,et al.Global population exposed to fine particulate pollution by population increase and pollution expansion[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2017,10(10):1221-1226.
[23]杜鹏瑞,杜睿,任伟珊.城市大气颗粒物毒性效应及机制的研究进展[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2815-2827.Du P R,Du R,Ren W S.Research progress on toxicological characteristics and mechanisms of urban atmospheric particulate matters[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(9):2815-2827.
[24]Churg A,Brauer M,del Carmen Avila-Casado M,et al.Chronic exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution and small airway remodeling[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2003,111(5):714-718.
[25]Thurston G D,Ahn J,Cromar K R,et al.Ambient particulate matter air pollution exposure and mortality in the NIH-AARP diet and health cohort[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2016,124(4):484-490.
[26]PopeⅢC A,Ezzati M,Cannon J B,et al.Mortality risk and PM2.5air pollution in the USA:an analysis of a national prospective cohort[J].Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2018,11(3):245-252.
[27]Hoek G,Krishnan R M,Beelen R,et al.Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio-respiratory mortality:a review[J].Environmental Health,2013,12(1):43.
[28]GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators.Global,regional,and national disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)for 306diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy(HALE)for188 countries,1990-2013:quantifying the epidemiological transition[J].Lancet,2015,386(10009):2145-2191.
[29]马静,柴彦威,符婷婷.居民时空行为与环境污染暴露对健康影响的研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(10):1260-1269.Ma J,Chai Y W,Fu T T.Progress of research on the health impact of people's space-time behavior and environmental pollution exposure[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(10):1260-1269.
[30]Samet J M,Dominici F,Curriero F C,et al.Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S.cities,1987-1994[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2000,343(24):1742-1749.
[31]Jerrett M,Burnett R T,Ma R J,et al.Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles[J].Epidemiology,2005,16(6):727-736.
[32]Beelen R,Raaschou-nielsen O,Stafoggia M,et al.Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality:an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPEproject[J].Lancet,2014,383(9919):785-795.
[33]World Bank.Cost of pollution in China:economic estimates of physical damages[EB/OL].http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/782171468027560055.html,2007-02-01.
[34]Fang D,Wang Q G,Li H M,et al.Mortality effects assessment of ambient PM2.5pollution in the 74 leading cities of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,569-570:1545-1552.
[35]阚海东,陈秉衡.我国大气颗粒物暴露与人群健康效应的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2002,19(6):422-424.Kan H D,Chen B H.Analysis of exposure-response relationships of air particulate matter and adverse health outcomes in China[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2002,19(6):422-424.
[36]谢鹏,刘晓云,刘兆荣,等.我国人群大气颗粒物污染暴露-反应关系的研究[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(10):1034-1040.Xie P,Liu X Y,Liu Z R,et al.Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient particulate matter pollution applicable for China[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(10):1034-1040.
[37]Cheng Z,Jiang J K,Fajadro O,et al.Characteristics and health impacts of particulate matter pollution in China(2001-2011)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,65:186-194.
[38]Liu J,Han Y Q,Tang X,et al.Estimating adult mortality attributable to PM2.5exposure in China with assimilated PM2.5concentrations based on a ground monitoring network[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,568:1253-1262.
[39]Chen Y Y,Ebenstein A,Greenstone M,et al.Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's Huai River policy[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(32):12936-12941.
[40]杨敏娟,潘小川.北京市大气污染与居民心脑血管疾病死亡的时间序列分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(4):294-297.Yang M J,Pan X C.Time-series analysis of air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2008,25(4):294-297.
[41]赵晓丽,范春阳,王予希.基于修正人力资本法的北京市空气污染物健康损失评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(3):169-176.Zhao X L,Fan C Y,Wang Y X.Evaluation of health losses by air pollution in Beijing:a study based on corrected human capital method[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2014,24(3):169-176.
[42]黄德生,张世秋.京津冀地区控制PM2.5污染的健康效益评估[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(1):166-174.Huang D S,Zhang S Q.Health benefit evaluation for PM2.5pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(1):166-174.
[43]魏国茹,史兴民.西安市PM2.5健康损害价值评估[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3014-3021.Wei G R,Shi X M.Evaluation the extent of health damage caused by PM2.5particulate in Xi'an city[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3014-3021.
[44]王桂芝,顾赛菊,陈纪波.基于投入产出模型的北京市雾霾间接经济损失评估[J].环境工程,2016,34(1):121-125.Wang G Z,Gu S J,Chen J B.Assessment of the indirect economic loss caused by heavy haze in Beijing based on inputoutput model[J].Environmental Engineering,2016,34(1):121-125.
[45]曹彩虹,韩立岩.雾霾带来的社会健康成本估算[J].统计研究,2015,32(7):19-23.Cao C H,Han L Y.The assessment on the social health costs caused by fog and haze[J].Statistical Research,2015,32(7):19-23.
[46]谢杨,戴瀚程,花岡達也,等.PM2.5污染对京津冀地区人群健康影响和经济影响[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(11):19-27.Xie Y,Dai H C,Hanaoka T,et al.Health and economic impacts of PM2.5pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2016,26(11):19-27.
[47]何书申,赵兵涛,俞致远.环境空气质量国家标准的演变与比较[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(4):50-55.He S S,Zhao B T,Yu Z Y.Development and comparison of national ambient air quality standards in China[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(4):50-55.
[48]He J.Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment:the case of industrial emission of sulfur dioxide(SO2)in Chinese provinces[J].Ecological Economics,2006,60(1):228-245.
[49]Druckman A,Jackson T.Measuring resource inequalities:the concepts and methodology for an area-based Gini coefficient[J].Ecological Economics,2008,65(2):242-252.
[50]Heil M T,Wodon Q T.Inequality in CO2emissions between poor and rich countries[J].Journal of Environment&Development,1997,6(4):426-452.
[51]List J A.Have air pollutant emissions converged among U.S.regions?Evidence from unit root tests[J].Southern Economic Journal,1999,66(1):144-155.
[52]王奇,陈小鹭,李菁.以二氧化硫排放分析我国环境公平状况的定量评估及其影响因素[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2008,18(5):118-122.Wang Q,Chen X L,Li J.Evaluation on environmental factors in China and its factor:take environmental resources consumption as example[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2008,18(5):118-122.
[53]蒋洪强,张静,卢亚灵,等.基于主体功能区约束的大气污染物总量控制目标分配研究[J].地域研究与开发,2015,34(3):137-142.Jiang H Q,Zhang J,Lu Y L,et al.Control target assignment of air pollutant emission considering the environmental effects of main functional regions[J].Areal Research and Development,2015,34(3):137-142.
[54]American Heart Association.Black Americans are exposed to more air pollution-driving up their heart disease risk by 25%[EB/OL].http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-5510751/Black-Americans-exposed-pollution-raising-heart-risk-25.html,2018-05-16.
[55]World Health Organization.World Health Statistics 2017:Monitoring health for the SDGs[EB/OL].http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2017/en/,2017-05-18.
[56]World Health Organization.Policy brief-indoor air pollution:environment and health linkages[EB/OL].http://news.ifeng.com/shendu/xmzk/detail_2013_03/21/23363828_0.shtml,2013-03-21.
[57]孙斌栋,阎宏,张婷麟.社区建成环境对健康的影响---基于居民个体超重的实证研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(10):1721-1730.Sun B D,Yan H,Zhang T L.Impact of community built environment on residents'health:A case study on individual overweight[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(10):1721-1730.
[58]吴丹,朱嫣红,夏俊荣,等.南京市不同交通工具内部颗粒物污染状况的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(12):117-123.Wu D,Zhu Y H,Xia J R,et al.The investigation of particulate pollution in different vehicles of Nanjing[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,39(12):117-123.
[59]Huang J,Deng F R,Wu S W,et al.Comparisons of personal exposure to PM2.5and CO by different commuting modes in Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425:52-59.
[60]Li F Z,Harmer P A,Cardinal B J,et al.Built environment,adiposity,and physical activity in adults aged 50-75[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008,35(1):38-46.
[61]张延吉,秦波,唐杰.基于倾向值匹配法的城市建成环境对居民生理健康的影响[J].地理学报,2018,73(2):333-345.Zhang Y J,Qin B,Tang J.The impact of urban built environment on residential physical health:based on propensity score matching[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(2):333-345.
[62]Cuijpers C E J,Swaen G M H,Wesseling G,et al.Acute respiratory effects of summer smog in primary school children[J].Toxicology Letters,1994,72(1-3):227-235.
[63]Yang Q Q,Yuan Q Q,Li T W,et al.The relationships between PM2.5and meteorological factors in China:seasonal and regional variations[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(12):1510.
[64]Cai W J,Li K,Liao H,et al.Weather conditions conducive to Beijing severe haze more frequent under climate change[J].Nature Climate Change,2017,7(4):257-262.
[65]周亮,周成虎,杨帆,等.2000-2011年中国PM2.5时空演化特征及驱动因素解析[J].地理学报,2017,72(11):2079-2092.Zhou L,Zhou C H,Yang F,et al.Spatio-temporal evolution and the influencing factors of PM2.5in China between 2000 and 2011[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(11):2079-2092.
[66]Han L J,Zhou W Q,Li W F.City as a major source area of fine particulate(PM2.5)in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206:183-187.
[67]杨林生,李海蓉,李永华,等.医学地理和环境健康研究的主要领域与进展[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(1):31-44.Yang L S,Li H R,Li Y H,et al.Progress of medical geography and environmental health studies[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(1):31-44.
[68]钟流举,郑君瑜,雷国强,等.空气质量监测网络发展现状与趋势分析[J].中国环境监测,2007,23(2):113-118.Zhong L J,Zheng J Y,Lei G Q,et al.Analysis of current status and trends of air quality monitoring networks[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2007,23(2):113-118.
[69]Shi Y S,Matsunaga T,Yamaguchi Y,et al.Long-term trends and spatial patterns of satellite-retrieved PM2.5concentrations in South and Southeast Asia from 1999 to 2014[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,615:177-186.
[70]Hammitt J K,Zhou Y.The economic value of air-pollutionrelated health risks in China:A contingent valuation study[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,2006,33(3):399-423.
[71]Chen S M,He L Y.Welfare loss of China's air pollution:How to make personal vehicle transportation policy[J].China Economic Review,2014,31:106-18.
[72]钱孝琳,阚海东,宋伟民,等.大气细颗粒物污染与居民每日死亡关系的Meta分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2005,22(4):246-248.Qian X L,Kan H D,Song W M,et al.Meta-analysis of association between air fine particulate matter and daily mortality[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2005,22(4):246-248.