硬岩层爆超声波平测法试验研究
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摘要
为了克服巷(隧)道岩爆破裂演化及监测研究的不足,结合全过程超声波平测法监测,开展了花岗岩试样单面约束情况下的双轴压缩试验,得出了硬岩超声波平测法均质度及波速的确定方法,分析和探讨了硬岩层爆机理及超声波平测波形规律。结果表明,爆裂体呈现明显层裂现象,岩爆核心位于临界爆裂前的临空面内部应力集中区;平测波形可以揭示硬岩层爆的孕育演化进程,在加载过程中超声波平测波速总体呈现阶段性下降趋势,后续波到达时间在加载前期和中期总体变动不大,到了后期明显增加,后续波波幅在加载过程中总体呈现下降趋势,爆裂前波幅有所增加;探讨了超声波平测法在硬岩层爆现场监测中的应用,可以根据平测法波形、波速的变化情况预测硬岩层爆和实现对围岩的无损监测,可进一步通过损伤变量揭示其损伤演化进程并实现预测。
To overcome the shortage of study on fracture evolution and monitoring of rockburst in roadways(tunnels), biaxial compression comparative tests are carried out on rectangular granite samples under the constraint of one side by monitoring the whole process using ultrasonic plane testing method. The method of determination of homogeneity and wave velocity is obtained. The mechanism of rockburst and the regularity of ultrasonic wave waveform are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the hard rock presented obvious layer burst phenomenon and the core of rockburst is located in the inner stress concentration zone before the critical bursting. The evolution process of stratified burst of hard rock can be revealed by means of the waveform of ultrasonic plane testing method; the velocity of ultrasonic wave is decreasing in the process of loading; arrival time of the subsequent wave has not obvious change in the earlier stage and metaphase periods; however, the arrival time of the later period is obviously increasing; and the subsequent wave amplitude is generally decreasing in the loading process; the wave amplitude is increasing before the burst. The application of ultrasonic plane testing method in the field of hard rock monitoring is discussed, stratified burst of hard rock can be predicted based on the variation of waveform and wave velocity and nondestructive monitoring of surrounding rock is realized; the damage evolution process and prediction can be further revealed by the damage variables.
To overcome the shortage of study on fracture evolution and monitoring of rockburst in roadways(tunnels), biaxial compression comparative tests are carried out on rectangular granite samples under the constraint of one side by monitoring the whole process using ultrasonic plane testing method. The method of determination of homogeneity and wave velocity is obtained. The mechanism of rockburst and the regularity of ultrasonic wave waveform are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the hard rock presented obvious layer burst phenomenon and the core of rockburst is located in the inner stress concentration zone before the critical bursting. The evolution process of stratified burst of hard rock can be revealed by means of the waveform of ultrasonic plane testing method; the velocity of ultrasonic wave is decreasing in the process of loading; arrival time of the subsequent wave has not obvious change in the earlier stage and metaphase periods; however, the arrival time of the later period is obviously increasing; and the subsequent wave amplitude is generally decreasing in the loading process; the wave amplitude is increasing before the burst. The application of ultrasonic plane testing method in the field of hard rock monitoring is discussed, stratified burst of hard rock can be predicted based on the variation of waveform and wave velocity and nondestructive monitoring of surrounding rock is realized; the damage evolution process and prediction can be further revealed by the damage variables.
引文
[1]何满潮,苗金丽,李德建,等.深部花岗岩试样岩爆过程实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):865-876.HE Man-chao,MIAO Jin-li,LI De-jian,et al.Experimental study on rockburst processes of granite specimen at great depth[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):865-876.
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[3]伍法权,伍劼,祁生文.关于脆性岩体岩爆成因的理论分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(5):589-595.WU Fa-quan,WU Jie,QI Sheng-wen.Theoretical analysis on mechanism of rockburst of brittle rockmass[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(5):589-595.
[4]张晓君.深部巷(隧)道围岩的劈裂岩爆试验研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):66-71.ZHANG Xiao-jun.Experimental research on splitting rock burst of surrounding rocks in deep roadways(tunnels)[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):66-71.
[5]张晓君,王栋,肖超,等.直墙拱形巷(隧)道岩爆试验及劈裂与剪切分析[J].岩土力学,2013,34(增刊1):35-40.ZHANG Xiao-jun,WANG Dong,XIAO Chao,et al.Test of rockburst in straight-wall-top-arch roadways(tunnels)and its splitting and shearing failure analysis[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(Supp.1):35-40.
[6]冯夏庭,陈炳瑞,明华军,等.深埋隧洞岩爆孕育规律与机制:即时型岩爆[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):433-444.FENG Xia-ting,CHEN Bing-rui,MING Hua-jun,et al.Evolution law and mechanism of rockbursts in deep tunnels:immediate rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):433-444.
[7]陈炳瑞,冯夏庭,明华军,等.深埋隧洞岩爆孕育规律与机制:时滞型岩爆[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):561-569.CHEN Bing-rui,FENG Xia-ting,MING Hua-jun,et al.Evolution law and mechanism of rockbursts in deep tunnels:time delayed rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):561-569.
[8]马艾阳,伍法权,沙鹏,等.锦屏大理岩真三轴岩爆试验的渐进破坏过程研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(10):2868-2874.MA Ai-yang,WU Fa-quan,SHA Peng,et al.Progressive failure of Jinping marble in true triaxial rockburst test[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(10):2868-2874.
[9]翁磊,李夕兵,周子龙,等.屈曲型岩爆的发生机制及其时效性研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):172-178.WENG Lei,LI Xi-bing,ZHOU Zi-long,et al.Occurrence mechanism and time-dependency effect of buckling rock burst[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):172-178.
[10]田宝柱,刘善军,张艳博,等.花岗岩巷道岩爆过程红外辐射时空演化特征室内模拟试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(3):711-717.TIAN Bao-zhu,LIU Shan-jun,ZHANG Yan-bo,et al.Laboratory simulation of temporospatial evolution characteristics of infrared radiation in the process of rockburst in granite tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(3):711-717.
[11]祝文化,马能,夏元友,等.气液复合加载的岩爆模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(1):159-166.ZHU Wen-hua,MA Neng,XIA Yuan-you,et al.Model tests on rock burst using gas-liquid composite loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(1):159-166.
[12]张艳博,于光远,田宝柱,等.花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射信号主频特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1258-1266.ZHANG Yan-bo,YU Guang-yuan,TIAN Bao-zhu,et al.Experimental study of acoustic emission signal dominant-frequency characteristics of rockburst in a granite tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1258-1266.
[13]苏国韶,莫金海,陈智勇,等.支护失效对岩爆弹射破坏影响的真三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1243-1250.SU Guo-shao,MO Jin-hai,CHEN Zhi-yong,et al.True triaxial test study of the influence of support failure on rockburst ejection[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1243-1250.
[14]柳建新,刘文劼,童孝忠,等.超声波单面平测法检测中的若干问题及改进方法[J].水资源与水工程学报,2011,22(5):20-23.LIU Jian-xin,LIU Wen-jie,TONG Xiao-zhong,et al.Some problems in one-side way of ultrasonic wave method and improving measures[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2011,22(5):20-23.
[15]张晓君,林芊君,李海洲,等.基于超声波平测的巷(隧)道岩爆破裂演化试验研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2016,36(12):75-79.ZHANG Xiao-jun,LIN Qian-jun,LI Hai-zhou,et al.Experimental study on fracture evolution of roadways(tunnels)rockburst based on the ultrasonic plane testing method[J].Mining Research and Development,2016,36(12):75-79.
[2]苗金丽,何满潮,李德建,等.花岗岩应变岩爆声发射特征及微观断裂机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(8):1593-1603.MIAO Jin-li,HE Man-chao,LI De-jian,et al.Acoustic emission characteristics of granite under strain rockburst test and its micro-fracture mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(8):1593-1603.
[3]伍法权,伍劼,祁生文.关于脆性岩体岩爆成因的理论分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(5):589-595.WU Fa-quan,WU Jie,QI Sheng-wen.Theoretical analysis on mechanism of rockburst of brittle rockmass[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(5):589-595.
[4]张晓君.深部巷(隧)道围岩的劈裂岩爆试验研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(1):66-71.ZHANG Xiao-jun.Experimental research on splitting rock burst of surrounding rocks in deep roadways(tunnels)[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(1):66-71.
[5]张晓君,王栋,肖超,等.直墙拱形巷(隧)道岩爆试验及劈裂与剪切分析[J].岩土力学,2013,34(增刊1):35-40.ZHANG Xiao-jun,WANG Dong,XIAO Chao,et al.Test of rockburst in straight-wall-top-arch roadways(tunnels)and its splitting and shearing failure analysis[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(Supp.1):35-40.
[6]冯夏庭,陈炳瑞,明华军,等.深埋隧洞岩爆孕育规律与机制:即时型岩爆[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):433-444.FENG Xia-ting,CHEN Bing-rui,MING Hua-jun,et al.Evolution law and mechanism of rockbursts in deep tunnels:immediate rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):433-444.
[7]陈炳瑞,冯夏庭,明华军,等.深埋隧洞岩爆孕育规律与机制:时滞型岩爆[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):561-569.CHEN Bing-rui,FENG Xia-ting,MING Hua-jun,et al.Evolution law and mechanism of rockbursts in deep tunnels:time delayed rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):561-569.
[8]马艾阳,伍法权,沙鹏,等.锦屏大理岩真三轴岩爆试验的渐进破坏过程研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(10):2868-2874.MA Ai-yang,WU Fa-quan,SHA Peng,et al.Progressive failure of Jinping marble in true triaxial rockburst test[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(10):2868-2874.
[9]翁磊,李夕兵,周子龙,等.屈曲型岩爆的发生机制及其时效性研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2016,33(1):172-178.WENG Lei,LI Xi-bing,ZHOU Zi-long,et al.Occurrence mechanism and time-dependency effect of buckling rock burst[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2016,33(1):172-178.
[10]田宝柱,刘善军,张艳博,等.花岗岩巷道岩爆过程红外辐射时空演化特征室内模拟试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(3):711-717.TIAN Bao-zhu,LIU Shan-jun,ZHANG Yan-bo,et al.Laboratory simulation of temporospatial evolution characteristics of infrared radiation in the process of rockburst in granite tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(3):711-717.
[11]祝文化,马能,夏元友,等.气液复合加载的岩爆模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(1):159-166.ZHU Wen-hua,MA Neng,XIA Yuan-you,et al.Model tests on rock burst using gas-liquid composite loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(1):159-166.
[12]张艳博,于光远,田宝柱,等.花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射信号主频特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1258-1266.ZHANG Yan-bo,YU Guang-yuan,TIAN Bao-zhu,et al.Experimental study of acoustic emission signal dominant-frequency characteristics of rockburst in a granite tunnel[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1258-1266.
[13]苏国韶,莫金海,陈智勇,等.支护失效对岩爆弹射破坏影响的真三轴试验研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(5):1243-1250.SU Guo-shao,MO Jin-hai,CHEN Zhi-yong,et al.True triaxial test study of the influence of support failure on rockburst ejection[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(5):1243-1250.
[14]柳建新,刘文劼,童孝忠,等.超声波单面平测法检测中的若干问题及改进方法[J].水资源与水工程学报,2011,22(5):20-23.LIU Jian-xin,LIU Wen-jie,TONG Xiao-zhong,et al.Some problems in one-side way of ultrasonic wave method and improving measures[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2011,22(5):20-23.
[15]张晓君,林芊君,李海洲,等.基于超声波平测的巷(隧)道岩爆破裂演化试验研究[J].矿业研究与开发,2016,36(12):75-79.ZHANG Xiao-jun,LIN Qian-jun,LI Hai-zhou,et al.Experimental study on fracture evolution of roadways(tunnels)rockburst based on the ultrasonic plane testing method[J].Mining Research and Development,2016,36(12):75-79.