基于牧户感知和野外调查相结合的内蒙古东部草甸草原健康评价
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摘要
治理草原退化是我国草原管理的重点和难点。我国目前关于草原退化判断、退化程度、原因及治理等系列问题的确定几乎皆以科学研究结果为依据,而忽视了牧户作为草原直接使用者和管理者的重要性。牧户对草原有自己的判断和认知,其与科学方法研究之间的矛盾已经影响到草原生态保护政策的有效实施。以内蒙古东部草甸草原牧户尺度草原为研究对象,借助牧户调研和野外调查相结合的方法,将牧户划分为高、中、低3个经济水平,并运用Condition-Vigor-Organization-Resilience (CVOR)指数评价法,分析评价草原生态系统健康状况。研究结果显示,牧户对草原健康状况的感知主要从植被、土壤、牲畜等方面,与科学方法评价指标选取具有相似性;牧户感知和CVOR指数法评价结果具有一致性,均判定草原生态系统呈现不同程度退化;统计检验显示牧户对植被、土壤、牲畜影响等指标变化感知方面均不存在显著差异(P>0.05),CVOR指数法下不同经济水平牧户草场健康指数之间亦无显著差异(P>0.05),两种方法均显示不同经济水平牧户草场退化程度无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究证实了牧户感知在指标选取、评价结果方面具备用于准确评价草原健康状况的可行性和可信度。两种方法相互补充,将有利于更加准确、实时动态监测和评价牧户尺度草原生态健康状况,为调整优化畜牧业生产实践提供指导和草原生态保护和建设政策的有效实施提供保障。
Controlling rangeland degradation has been the key issue of Chinese rangeland management. However,the research of rangeland degradation mainly be based on scientific methods,and neglects the importance of local herders,who have been directly responsible for rangelands. They have their own perceptions about the rangeland condition. This has resulted in conflicts between scientific methods and herder perception, and then adversely the affected effective implementation of conservation programs. In this paper,an explorative study was conducted to integrate herder perception and field sampling to assess rangeland condition at the household scale,in the meadow steppe region of Inner Mongolia. The households were divided into high, medium, and low economic levels based on survey data. A Condition-VigorOrganization-Resilience(CVOR) model was used to calculate the health index of rangelands under different householdeconomic levels. Results showed that both methods used many of the same indicators to assess rangeland condition. Results of both methods indicated that the rangelands were unhealthy and degraded. Among the rangelands,there were no significant differences between herder perception and CVOR assessment results(P > 0.05) under different household economic levels.Results demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of using herder perception to assess rangeland condition in terms of evaluation criteria and results. The integration of herder perception and scientific methods has potential to contribute to assessing and monitoring rangelands.
Controlling rangeland degradation has been the key issue of Chinese rangeland management. However,the research of rangeland degradation mainly be based on scientific methods,and neglects the importance of local herders,who have been directly responsible for rangelands. They have their own perceptions about the rangeland condition. This has resulted in conflicts between scientific methods and herder perception, and then adversely the affected effective implementation of conservation programs. In this paper,an explorative study was conducted to integrate herder perception and field sampling to assess rangeland condition at the household scale,in the meadow steppe region of Inner Mongolia. The households were divided into high, medium, and low economic levels based on survey data. A Condition-VigorOrganization-Resilience(CVOR) model was used to calculate the health index of rangelands under different householdeconomic levels. Results showed that both methods used many of the same indicators to assess rangeland condition. Results of both methods indicated that the rangelands were unhealthy and degraded. Among the rangelands,there were no significant differences between herder perception and CVOR assessment results(P > 0.05) under different household economic levels.Results demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of using herder perception to assess rangeland condition in terms of evaluation criteria and results. The integration of herder perception and scientific methods has potential to contribute to assessing and monitoring rangelands.
引文
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[18]李惠梅,张安录.基于结构方程模型的三江源牧户草地生态环境退化认知研究.草地学报,2015,23(4):679-688.
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[28]王海,侯向阳,秦艳,那日苏.阿拉善荒漠区牧民对气候变化的感知及应对措施初探——以阿拉善左旗和阿拉善右旗为例.草业科学,2011,28(9):1718-1723.
[29]赵雪雁,巴建军.高寒牧区牧民生产经营行为研究——以甘南牧区为例.地域研究与开发,2009,28(2):15-20.
[30]陈秋红.草原生态敏感地区牧户畜牧业生产经营行为及影响因素分析.农业技术经济,2010,(11):65-75.
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[32]单贵莲.内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原恢复演替研究与健康评价[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
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[35] Costanza R,Norton B G,Haskell B D. Ecosystem Health:New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington,DC:Island Press,1992.
[36]王冠琪,张克斌,王志述.不同封育条件下荒漠草原生态系统健康评价.中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):40-46.
[37]任继周,南志标,郝敦元.草业系统中的界面论.草业学报,2000,9(1):1-8.
[38]邵新庆,石永红,韩建国,王赟文,王堃.典型草原自然演替过程中土壤理化性质动态变化.草地学报,2008,16(6):566-571.
[39] Boonen C,Samson R,Janssens K,Pien H,Lemeur R,Berckmans D. Scaling the spatial distribution of photosynthesis from leaf to canopy in a plant growth chamber. Ecological Modelling,2002,156(2/3):201-212.
[40] Symstad A J,Jonas J L. Incorporating biodiversity into rangeland health:Plant species richness and diversity in Great Plains grasslands. Rangeland Ecology&Management,2011,64(6):555-572.
[41] Lu F,Li Z Z. A model of ecosystem health and its application. Ecological modeling,2003,170(1):55-59.
[42]王明君.不同放牧强度对羊草草甸草原生态系统健康的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2008.
[43]郝敦元,高霞,刘钟龄,钱进,莘智.内蒙古草原生态系统健康评价的植物群落组织力测定.生态学报,2004,24(8):1671-1677.
[44]娜日苏.基于遥感技术的丘陵草甸草原健康评价研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.
[45]常骏.呼伦贝尔草地利用单元划分与生态系统健康评价[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[46]尹燕亭,侯向阳,运向军,丁勇,李西良.荒漠草原不同经济水平牧户草场植被和土壤养分特征比较.中国农学通报,2013,29(8):6-12.
[47] Huxman T E,Smith M D,Fay P A,Knapp A K,Shaw M R,Loik M E,Smith S D,Tissue D T,Zak J C,Weltzin J F,Pockman W T,Sala O E,Haddad B M,Harte J,Koch G W,Schwinning S,Small E E,Williams D G. Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency.Nature,2004,429(6992):651-654.
[48]尹燕亭,侯向阳,运向军,丁勇,李西良.不同经济水平牧户草场植被特征比较.中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1041-1047.
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[2] Harris R B. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:a review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes. Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74(1):1-12.
[3] Li S Y,Verburg P H,Lv S H,Wu J L,Li X B. Spatial analysis of the driving factors of grassland degradation under conditions of climate change and intensive use in Inner Mongolia,China. Regional Environmental Change,2012,12(3):461-474.
[4] Kemp D,Brown C,Han G,Michalk D,Nan Z B,Wu J P,Xu Z. Chinese grasslands:problems,dilemmas and finding solutions//Kemp D R,MichalkD L,eds. Development of Sustainable Livestock Systems on Grasslands in North-western China:Proceedings of a workshop held at the combined International Grassland Congress and International Rangeland Conference.Canberra:ACIAR,2008:12-23.
[5] Li X B,Li R H,Li G Q,Wang H,Li Z F,Li X,Hou X Y. Human-induced vegetation degradation and response of soil nitrogen storage in typical steppes in Inner Mongolia,China. Journal of Arid Environments,2016,124:80-90.
[6] Li X L,Yuan Q H,Wan L Q,He F. Perspectives on livestock production systems in China. The Rangeland Journal,2008,30(2):211-220.
[7] Tong C,Wu J,Yong S,Yang J,Yong W. A landscape-scale assessment of steppe degradation in the Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Environments,2004,59(1):133-149.
[8] Rango A,Laliberte A,Herrick,J E,Winters C,Havstad K,Steele C,Browning D. Unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing for rangeland assessment,monitoring,and management. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2009,3(1):033542.
[9] Akiyama T,Kawamura K. Grassland degradation in China:Methods of monitoring,management and restoration. Grassland Science,2007,53(1):1-17.
[10]王立新,刘钟龄,刘华民,王炜,梁存柱,乔江,中越信和.内蒙古典型草原生态系统健康评价.生态学报,2008,28(2):544-550.
[11]侯扶江,于应文,傅华,朱宗元,刘钟龄.阿拉善草地健康评价的CVOR指数.草业学报,2004,13(4):117-126.
[12]单贵莲,陈功,刘钟龄,闫志坚,初晓辉.典型草原健康评价的VOR和CVOR指数.草地学报,2012,20(3):401-406.
[13]李艳波,李文军.草畜平衡制度为何难以实现“草畜平衡”.中国农业大学学报:社会科学版,2012,29(1):124-131.
[14]侯向阳,尹燕亭,王婷婷.北方草原牧户心理载畜率与草畜平衡生态管理途径.生态学报,2015,35(24):8036-8045.
[15] Oba G,Kaitira L M. Herder knowledge of landscape assessments in arid rangelands in northern Tanzania. Journal of Arid Environments,2006,66(1):168-186.
[16]赵雪雁.牧民对高寒牧区生态环境的感知——以甘南牧区为例.生态学报,2009,29(5):2427-2436.
[17] Ho P,Azadi H. Rangeland degradation in North China:perceptions of pastoralists. Environmental Research,2010,110(3):302-307.
[18]李惠梅,张安录.基于结构方程模型的三江源牧户草地生态环境退化认知研究.草地学报,2015,23(4):679-688.
[19] Angassa A,Oba G. Herder perceptions on impacts of range enclosures,crop farming,fire ban and bush encroachment on the rangelands of Borana,Southern Ethiopia. Human Ecology,2008,36(2):201-215.
[20] Hosseininia G,Azadi H,Zarafshani K,Samari D,Witlox F. Sustainable rangeland management:Pastoralists'attitudes toward integrated programs in Iran. Journal of arid environments,2013,92:26-33.
[21]尹燕亭.内蒙古草原区牧户草畜平衡决策行为的研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.
[22]李西良.北方草原牧户对气候变化及气象灾害的感知与适应研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2013.
[23] Stringer L C,Reed M S. Land degradation assessment in southern Africa:integrating local and scientific knowledge bases. Land Degradation&Development,2007,18(1):99-116.
[24] Raymond C M,Fazey I,Reed M S,Stringer L C,Robinson G M,Evely A C. Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(8):1766-1777.
[25] Kgosikoma O,Mojeremane W,Harvie B A. Pastoralists'perception and ecological knowledge on Savanna ecosystem dynamics in semi-arid Botswana. Ecology and Society,2012,17(4):27.
[26] Tarrasón D,Ravera F,ReedM S,Dougill A J,Gonzalez L. Land degradation assessment through an ecosystem services lens:Integrating knowledge and methods in pastoral semi-arid systems. Journal of Arid Environments,2016,124:205-213.
[27]韩颖,侯向阳.内蒙古荒漠草原牧户对气候变化的感知和适应.应用生态学报,2011,22(4):913-922.
[28]王海,侯向阳,秦艳,那日苏.阿拉善荒漠区牧民对气候变化的感知及应对措施初探——以阿拉善左旗和阿拉善右旗为例.草业科学,2011,28(9):1718-1723.
[29]赵雪雁,巴建军.高寒牧区牧民生产经营行为研究——以甘南牧区为例.地域研究与开发,2009,28(2):15-20.
[30]陈秋红.草原生态敏感地区牧户畜牧业生产经营行为及影响因素分析.农业技术经济,2010,(11):65-75.
[31] Hobbs R J,Norton D A. Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology,1996,4(2):93-110.
[32]单贵莲.内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原恢复演替研究与健康评价[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[33] Tait J T P,Cresswell I D,Lawson R,Creighton C. Auditing the health of Australia's ecosystems. Ecosystem Health,2000,6(2):149-163.
[34] Niyogi D K,Simon K S,Townsend C R. Breakdown of tussock grass in streams along a gradient of agricultural development in New Zealand.Freshwater Biology,2003,48(9):1698-1708.
[35] Costanza R,Norton B G,Haskell B D. Ecosystem Health:New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington,DC:Island Press,1992.
[36]王冠琪,张克斌,王志述.不同封育条件下荒漠草原生态系统健康评价.中国水土保持科学,2014,12(2):40-46.
[37]任继周,南志标,郝敦元.草业系统中的界面论.草业学报,2000,9(1):1-8.
[38]邵新庆,石永红,韩建国,王赟文,王堃.典型草原自然演替过程中土壤理化性质动态变化.草地学报,2008,16(6):566-571.
[39] Boonen C,Samson R,Janssens K,Pien H,Lemeur R,Berckmans D. Scaling the spatial distribution of photosynthesis from leaf to canopy in a plant growth chamber. Ecological Modelling,2002,156(2/3):201-212.
[40] Symstad A J,Jonas J L. Incorporating biodiversity into rangeland health:Plant species richness and diversity in Great Plains grasslands. Rangeland Ecology&Management,2011,64(6):555-572.
[41] Lu F,Li Z Z. A model of ecosystem health and its application. Ecological modeling,2003,170(1):55-59.
[42]王明君.不同放牧强度对羊草草甸草原生态系统健康的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2008.
[43]郝敦元,高霞,刘钟龄,钱进,莘智.内蒙古草原生态系统健康评价的植物群落组织力测定.生态学报,2004,24(8):1671-1677.
[44]娜日苏.基于遥感技术的丘陵草甸草原健康评价研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2010.
[45]常骏.呼伦贝尔草地利用单元划分与生态系统健康评价[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[46]尹燕亭,侯向阳,运向军,丁勇,李西良.荒漠草原不同经济水平牧户草场植被和土壤养分特征比较.中国农学通报,2013,29(8):6-12.
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