基于LP_(01)和LP_(11)模式干涉的少模光纤温度传感器
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摘要
提出了一种基于LP01和LP11模式干涉的少模光纤温度传感器,利用单模光纤(SMF)和少模光纤(FMF)在入射端偏芯熔接、出射端对准熔接制作而成。利用标量法对FMF建立理论模型,通过光场的电磁边界连续条件推导出了FMF的特征方程,并通过对特征方程数值求解详细分析了FMF中的传输模式;通过有限元分析软件对上述理论模型仿真计算,验证了理论计算结果的正确性;利用制作的传感器进行温度传感实验,并对不同温度下的传输光谱进行傅里叶变换,对参与干涉的两种模式进行了分析。根据光纤的热光效应,建立温度传感模型,分析计算该传感器的温度灵敏度,实验结果与理论计算一致。利用上述特性制作的传感器进行温度测量,当温度发生变化时,干涉峰发生漂移,在25.3~77.3℃范围内,传感器长度为16mm时,温度灵敏度为158.06pm/℃。该传感器能广泛应用于工业生产、生物医学等领域的温度测量。
A few-mode fiber(FMF)temperature sensor based on the interference between LP01 and LP11 modes is proposed.The sensor is fabricated with an FMF,of which one end is spliced to a lead-in single-mode fiber(SMF)with small lateral core-offsets and the other is spliced to a lead-out SMF with alignment.Firstly,the theoretical model of FMF is established with the scalar method and the characteristic equation of FMF is derived by the light field of continuous electromagnetic boundary condition.Through the numerical solution of the characteristic equation,the transmission mode of FMF is analyzed in detail.Then,the theoretical results are verified through the finite element analysis.Finally,the sensor is used for temperature sensing experiments.Through the Fourier transform of the transmission spectra at different temperatures,the two modes of interference are analyzed.According to the thermo optic effect,the temperature sensing model is established.The temperature sensitivity of the sensor is analyzed and calculated, which is consistent with the experimental results.The temperature measurement experiment is carried out with the proposed sensor,and the results show that when the temperature changes,the interference peak drifts,and the temperature sensitivity of a 16-mm-long sensor is 158.06 pm/℃at 25.3-77.3 ℃.The temperature sensor can be widely used in industrial production,biomedical and other fields.
A few-mode fiber(FMF)temperature sensor based on the interference between LP01 and LP11 modes is proposed.The sensor is fabricated with an FMF,of which one end is spliced to a lead-in single-mode fiber(SMF)with small lateral core-offsets and the other is spliced to a lead-out SMF with alignment.Firstly,the theoretical model of FMF is established with the scalar method and the characteristic equation of FMF is derived by the light field of continuous electromagnetic boundary condition.Through the numerical solution of the characteristic equation,the transmission mode of FMF is analyzed in detail.Then,the theoretical results are verified through the finite element analysis.Finally,the sensor is used for temperature sensing experiments.Through the Fourier transform of the transmission spectra at different temperatures,the two modes of interference are analyzed.According to the thermo optic effect,the temperature sensing model is established.The temperature sensitivity of the sensor is analyzed and calculated, which is consistent with the experimental results.The temperature measurement experiment is carried out with the proposed sensor,and the results show that when the temperature changes,the interference peak drifts,and the temperature sensitivity of a 16-mm-long sensor is 158.06 pm/℃at 25.3-77.3 ℃.The temperature sensor can be widely used in industrial production,biomedical and other fields.
引文
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[14]Wang X L,Chen D R,Li H T,et al.In-line MachZehnder interferometric sensor based on a seven-core optical fiber[J].IEEE Sensors Journal,2017,17(1):100-104.
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[16]Fu X H,Yang C Q,Wang S W,et al.Refractive index and curvature insensitive Pbs fiber temperature sensor based on inter-modal interference principle[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2016,43(12):1210002.付兴虎,杨传庆,王思文,等.基于模间干涉的折射率/曲率不敏感型Pbs光纤温度传感器[J].中国激光,2016,43(12):1210002.
[17]Li Q,Huang Z J,Xu Y Q,et al.Optical fiber sensing system based on multimode interference ofsingle-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2014,43(5):1630-1636.李强,黄泽铗,徐雅芹,等.基于单模-多模-单模光纤模间干涉的传感系统[J].红外与激光工程,2014,43(5):1630-1636.
[18]Zhao N,Fu H W,Shao M,et al.Research on high sensitivity temperature sensor based on MachZehnder interferometer with waist-enlarged fiber bitapers[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(6):1722-1726.赵娜,傅海威,邵敏,等.基于光纤粗锥型马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的高灵敏度温度传感器的研制[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34(6):1722-1726.
[19]Su J,Tong Z R,Cao Y,et al.Double-parameters optical fiber sensor based on spherical structure and multimode fiber[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2015,27(4):427-430.
[20]Wang B,Zhang W G,Bai Z Y,et al.Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on interference of selective highorder core modes[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2016,28(1):71-74.
[21]Deng J,Feng Y H,Gao S C,et al.Torsion sensors with enhanced sensitivity and extend working range based on long period gratings inscribed in few-mode fibers[J].Laser&Optoelectronics Progress,2017,54(10):100602.邓靖,冯元华,高社成,等.基于少模长周期光纤光栅的高灵敏度扭矩传感器[J].激光与光电子学进展,2017,54(10):100602.
[22]Zhang S,Huang Z H,Li G F,et al.Temperatureinsensitive strain sensing based on few mode fiber[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2017,44(2):0210002.张珊,黄战华,李桂芳,等.温度不敏感的少模光纤应变传感[J].中国激光,2017,44(2):0210002.
[23]Ryf R,Randel S,Gnauck A H,et al.Mode-division multiplexing over 96 km of few-mode fiber using coherent 6×6 MIMO processing[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,2012,30(4):521-531.
[24]Liang X.Characteristic analysis and development of novel few mode fiber and related devices[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016:5-22.梁骁,新型少模光纤波导特性分析及其器件的研制[D].北京:北京交通大学,2016:5-22.
[25]Makouei S,Oskouei M S,Rostami A.Study of bending loss and mode field diameter in depressed inner core triple-clad single-mode optical fibers[J].Optics Communications,2007,280(1):58-67.
[26]Yu X J,Bu D,Chen X F,et al.Lateral stress sensor based on an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer and Fourier analysis[J].IEEE Photonics Journal,2016,8(2):6801710.
[27]Choi H Y,Kim M J,Lee B H.All-fiber MachZehnder type interferometers formed in photonic crystal fiber[J].Optics Express,2007,15(9):5711-5720.
[28]Yu B,Pickrell G,Wang A B.Thermally tunable extrinsic Fabry-Perot filter[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2004,16(10):2296-2298.
[29]Shibata N,Shibata S,Edahiro T,Refractive index dispersion of lightguide glasses at high temperature[J].Electronics Letters,1981,17(8):310-311.
[2]Ji Y S,Fu G W,Fu X H,et al.Sensing characteristics of Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on the fused tapered photonic crystal fiber sensor[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2013,33(10):1006005.纪玉申,付广伟,付兴虎,等.熔融拉锥型光子晶体光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪传感特性[J].光学学报,2013,33(10):1006005.
[3]Shen C Y,Wang Y Q,Chu J L,et al.Optical fiber axial micro-displacement sensor based on MachZehnder interferometer[J].Optics Express,2014,22(26):31984-31992.
[4]Sun M M,Jin Y X,Dong X Y.All-fiber MachZehnder interferometer for liquid level measurement[J].IEEE Sensors Journal,2015,15(7):3984-3988.
[5]Sun M M,Wang J F,Jin Y X,et al.All-fiber MachZehnder interferometer based on lateral-offset and peanut shape structure[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2016,36(5):1560-1564.孙明明,王剑锋,金永兴,等.基于错位和花生形结构的全光纤马赫-曾德干涉仪的研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2016,36(5):1560-1564.
[6]Wang F,Zhu H,Li Y P,et al.Combined transmission laser spectrum of core-offset fiber and BP neural network for temperature sensing research[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2016,36(11):3732-3736.王芳,朱晗,李云鹏,等.错位光纤干涉激光谱结合BP神经网络的温度传感研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2016,36(11):3732-3736.
[7]Wang T T,Ge Y X,Chang J H,et al.Refractive index sensing characteristic of a hybrid-Fabry-Perot interferometer based on an in-fiber ellipsoidal cavity[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2014,63(24):240701.王婷婷,葛益娴,常建华,等.基于椭球封闭空气腔的光纤复合法布里-珀罗结构折射率传感特性研究[J].物理学报,2014,63(24):240701.
[8]Xian P,Feng G X,Zhou S H,A compact and stable temperature sensor based on a gourd-shaped microfiber[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2016,28(1):95-98.
[9]Shao M,Qiao X G,Fu H W,et al.Fiber humidity sensor based on fiber Bragg grating sandwiched in sms fiber structure[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2016,36(9):3008-3013.邵敏,乔学光,傅海威,等.光纤布拉格光栅嵌入SMS光纤结构的湿度传感器[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2016,36(9):3008-3013.
[10]Cao Y,Pei Y W,Tong Z R.Simultaneous measurement of temperature and bending-curvature using a single local micro-structured long period fiber grating[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2014,63(2):024206.曹晔,裴庸惟,童峥嵘.仅用一根局部微结构长周期光纤光栅实现温度与弯曲曲率的同时测量[J].物理学报,2014,63(2):024206.
[11]Ranjan R,Esposito F,Iadicicco A,et al.Comparative study of long-period gratings written in standard and fluorine-doped fibers by electric arc discharge[J].IEEE Sensors Journal,2016,16(11):4265-4273.
[12]Gonzalez-reyna M A,Alvarado-mendez E,Estudilloayala J M,et al.Laser temperature sensor based on a fiber Bragg grating[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2015,27(11):1141-1144.
[13]Wang B,Zhang W G,Li J L,et al.Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on S-tapered all-solid photonic bandgap fiber[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2015,27(17):1849-1852.
[14]Wang X L,Chen D R,Li H T,et al.In-line MachZehnder interferometric sensor based on a seven-core optical fiber[J].IEEE Sensors Journal,2017,17(1):100-104.
[15]Castellani C,Ximenes H,Silva R L,et al.Multiparameter interferometric sensor based on a reduced diameter core axial offseted fiber[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2017,29(2):239-242.
[16]Fu X H,Yang C Q,Wang S W,et al.Refractive index and curvature insensitive Pbs fiber temperature sensor based on inter-modal interference principle[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2016,43(12):1210002.付兴虎,杨传庆,王思文,等.基于模间干涉的折射率/曲率不敏感型Pbs光纤温度传感器[J].中国激光,2016,43(12):1210002.
[17]Li Q,Huang Z J,Xu Y Q,et al.Optical fiber sensing system based on multimode interference ofsingle-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2014,43(5):1630-1636.李强,黄泽铗,徐雅芹,等.基于单模-多模-单模光纤模间干涉的传感系统[J].红外与激光工程,2014,43(5):1630-1636.
[18]Zhao N,Fu H W,Shao M,et al.Research on high sensitivity temperature sensor based on MachZehnder interferometer with waist-enlarged fiber bitapers[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2014,34(6):1722-1726.赵娜,傅海威,邵敏,等.基于光纤粗锥型马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的高灵敏度温度传感器的研制[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2014,34(6):1722-1726.
[19]Su J,Tong Z R,Cao Y,et al.Double-parameters optical fiber sensor based on spherical structure and multimode fiber[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2015,27(4):427-430.
[20]Wang B,Zhang W G,Bai Z Y,et al.Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on interference of selective highorder core modes[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2016,28(1):71-74.
[21]Deng J,Feng Y H,Gao S C,et al.Torsion sensors with enhanced sensitivity and extend working range based on long period gratings inscribed in few-mode fibers[J].Laser&Optoelectronics Progress,2017,54(10):100602.邓靖,冯元华,高社成,等.基于少模长周期光纤光栅的高灵敏度扭矩传感器[J].激光与光电子学进展,2017,54(10):100602.
[22]Zhang S,Huang Z H,Li G F,et al.Temperatureinsensitive strain sensing based on few mode fiber[J].Chinese Journal of Lasers,2017,44(2):0210002.张珊,黄战华,李桂芳,等.温度不敏感的少模光纤应变传感[J].中国激光,2017,44(2):0210002.
[23]Ryf R,Randel S,Gnauck A H,et al.Mode-division multiplexing over 96 km of few-mode fiber using coherent 6×6 MIMO processing[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology,2012,30(4):521-531.
[24]Liang X.Characteristic analysis and development of novel few mode fiber and related devices[D].Beijing:Beijing Jiaotong University,2016:5-22.梁骁,新型少模光纤波导特性分析及其器件的研制[D].北京:北京交通大学,2016:5-22.
[25]Makouei S,Oskouei M S,Rostami A.Study of bending loss and mode field diameter in depressed inner core triple-clad single-mode optical fibers[J].Optics Communications,2007,280(1):58-67.
[26]Yu X J,Bu D,Chen X F,et al.Lateral stress sensor based on an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer and Fourier analysis[J].IEEE Photonics Journal,2016,8(2):6801710.
[27]Choi H Y,Kim M J,Lee B H.All-fiber MachZehnder type interferometers formed in photonic crystal fiber[J].Optics Express,2007,15(9):5711-5720.
[28]Yu B,Pickrell G,Wang A B.Thermally tunable extrinsic Fabry-Perot filter[J].IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2004,16(10):2296-2298.
[29]Shibata N,Shibata S,Edahiro T,Refractive index dispersion of lightguide glasses at high temperature[J].Electronics Letters,1981,17(8):310-311.