西藏多龙矿集区岩浆岩成因与成矿作用关系研究
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摘要
西藏多龙矿集区(包括多不杂、波龙、拿若和铁格隆南(荣那)四个大型-超大型斑岩型-浅成低温热液型铜金矿床)位于班公湖-怒江缝合带西段,目前已探明铜的资源量超过1600万吨,金大于200吨。班公湖-怒江缝合带的找矿勘查工作现在正处于起步阶段,本文以多龙矿集区为例,系统讨论了该矿集区与成矿作用相关的岩浆岩的成因、成岩与成矿作用的相互关系并初步提出了针对该缝合带斑岩铜金矿床的找矿勘查步骤和标志。全岩地球化学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素、造岩矿物化学成分等实验结果表明多龙地区与成矿作用相关的岩浆岩形成于壳幔混合作用并伴有俯冲沉积物的加入,岩浆在演化过程中还经历了一定程度的结晶分异作用和基性岩浆的注入并最终侵位至地壳浅部或喷发出地表。研究表明成矿物质主要来自于地幔源区,随后金属元素在富水(≥4%H_2O)和较高氧逸度(ΔNNO>0.5)的岩浆环境下运移至地壳上部(距地表2.5~7.5km)岩浆房中,由于成矿物质(Cu、Au和H_2O)在中酸性岩浆中的溶解度随温度压力降低而降低,因此侵位较浅的岩浆房更容易发生含矿流体的出溶并最终形成斑岩铜金矿。研究提出班公湖-怒江缝合带斑岩型铜金矿的找矿勘查工作可按以下步骤和找矿标志来进行:(1)通过Nd、Hf同位素填图确认地幔组分相对较多的侵入岩分布区为成矿远景区,该区域岩石学特征可能表现为暗色包体(MMEs)大量发育;(2)通过角闪石、锆石等矿物开展氧逸度填图进一步圈定重点找矿勘查区,岩浆岩中角闪石的发育往往预示着较好的成矿潜力;(3)在重点找矿勘查区内通过岩浆磁铁矿中V、Ti含量对斑岩体的含矿性进行快速判定,具有较低V、Ti含量的斑岩体通常为含矿性较好的斑岩体。此外,富水(角闪石发育)、含矿质(黄铜矿呈他形晶粒状产出)、侵位浅(气相包裹体与多相包裹体共同产出)、并有蚀变矿物(次生黑云母、绿泥石)发育的中酸性岩体也可指示较好的成矿潜力。
The Duolong ore district,comprising four significant deposits(Duobuza,Bolong,Naruo,and Rongna) with a total resource of approximately 16 megatons of copper and 200 tons of gold,is located in the western part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone,central Tibet.This study attempts to investigate the relation between magmatic processes and porphyry copper-gold ore formation in the Duolong district,and to discuss the igneous and geochemical characteristics that might be used as exploration tools for future exploration.Whole rock geochemistry,Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions,as well as geochemistry of igneous minerals collectively indicate that ore-related igneous rocks were sourced from mixing of mantle-derived mafic,and crust-derived felsic melts with the input of oceanic sediments.Magmas also experienced crystallization fraction and recharge of mafic magmas upon subsequent ascending.This study suggests that metal-rich magma was mainly sourced from mantle region,metals were transferred through highly oxidized(ΔNNO>0.5)and water rich(≥4% H_2O) magmatic environment to the shallow level magma chambers(2.5~7.5 km in depth).Since copper,gold and water solubilities in silicate melts decrease with falling temperatures and pressures,ore formation tends to be associated with magma chambers emplaced at shallow levels.We also outline three steps for future exploration of porphyry copper(gold) system along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.The first step is to identify regions with mantle-derived component by Nd-Hf isotopic mapping at regional scale,and regions with well exploration potential might also be characterized by the occurrence of mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs).The second step is to narrow the prospecting area to district scale by magmatic oxidation mapping through igneous minerals(i.e.,zircon and amphibole),meanwhile the presence of igneous amphibole could be considered as an indicator for a potential porphyry system.The third step is to assess the mineral potential of porphyritic intrusion by measuring V,Ti contents of igneous magnetite as magnetite crystals of economically ore-bearing porphyries tend to contain lower V,Ti contents.Additionally,igneous rocks,characterized by presence of amphibole,chalcopyrite,vapor and brine inclusions,and secondary biotite and chlorite,also indicate a well exploration potential for the porphyry copper(gold) system.
The Duolong ore district,comprising four significant deposits(Duobuza,Bolong,Naruo,and Rongna) with a total resource of approximately 16 megatons of copper and 200 tons of gold,is located in the western part of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone,central Tibet.This study attempts to investigate the relation between magmatic processes and porphyry copper-gold ore formation in the Duolong district,and to discuss the igneous and geochemical characteristics that might be used as exploration tools for future exploration.Whole rock geochemistry,Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions,as well as geochemistry of igneous minerals collectively indicate that ore-related igneous rocks were sourced from mixing of mantle-derived mafic,and crust-derived felsic melts with the input of oceanic sediments.Magmas also experienced crystallization fraction and recharge of mafic magmas upon subsequent ascending.This study suggests that metal-rich magma was mainly sourced from mantle region,metals were transferred through highly oxidized(ΔNNO>0.5)and water rich(≥4% H_2O) magmatic environment to the shallow level magma chambers(2.5~7.5 km in depth).Since copper,gold and water solubilities in silicate melts decrease with falling temperatures and pressures,ore formation tends to be associated with magma chambers emplaced at shallow levels.We also outline three steps for future exploration of porphyry copper(gold) system along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.The first step is to identify regions with mantle-derived component by Nd-Hf isotopic mapping at regional scale,and regions with well exploration potential might also be characterized by the occurrence of mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs).The second step is to narrow the prospecting area to district scale by magmatic oxidation mapping through igneous minerals(i.e.,zircon and amphibole),meanwhile the presence of igneous amphibole could be considered as an indicator for a potential porphyry system.The third step is to assess the mineral potential of porphyritic intrusion by measuring V,Ti contents of igneous magnetite as magnetite crystals of economically ore-bearing porphyries tend to contain lower V,Ti contents.Additionally,igneous rocks,characterized by presence of amphibole,chalcopyrite,vapor and brine inclusions,and secondary biotite and chlorite,also indicate a well exploration potential for the porphyry copper(gold) system.
引文
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