不同脂肪源人工饲料对蠋蝽生长发育及生殖力的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究不同脂肪源人工饲料对蠋蝽生长发育及生殖力的影响,为天敌昆虫人工饲料开发提供依据。【方法】分别用含有棕榈酸油(饱和脂肪酸)的人工饲料1和亚麻酸油(不饱和脂肪酸)的人工饲料2连续饲养蠋蝽12代,并测定F1、F4、F8及F12蠋蝽各龄级若虫的发育历期和死亡率、性比(♀∶♂)、成虫体质量和产卵期、产卵量、卵孵化率及种群内禀增长率等生长发育和生殖力指标。【结果】2种人工饲料对蠋蝽生长发育及生殖力的影响效应与繁育世代数、生长发育阶段等相关。用2种饲料饲喂的蠋蝽2、3龄若虫的发育历期各代间均存在显著差异,而4、5龄蠋蝽若虫发育历期在饲养多代后(4龄至F8、5龄至F4)才开始表现出显著差异。随着饲养代数的增加,至F8时2种饲料对蠋蝽各龄期发育历期的影响效应才趋于稳定。一般地,饲料1对蠋蝽若虫早期发育更为有利即饲喂饲料1的蠋蝽2、3龄若虫发育历期显著低于饲喂饲料2的蠋蝽。而饲料2更适合蠋蝽若虫后期发育即饲喂饲料2的蠋蝽4、5龄若虫发育历期显著低于饲喂饲料1的蠋蝽。其他指标即卵、1龄若虫、总发育历期(仅F1存在显著差异)及成虫寿命,2种饲料间均无显著差异。与发育历期相似,F1蠋蝽2龄至5龄若虫死亡率及成虫获得率在2种处理间均无显著差异。随着饲养代数的增加,2种不同脂肪源饲料对蠋蝽各龄级死亡率及成虫获得率的影响开始增强即从F4开始均表现为饲料1处理的2龄和3龄若虫死亡率、成虫获得率都比饲料2处理的低,而4龄和5龄若虫死亡率都比饲料2处理的高。卵孵化率、1龄若虫死亡率,2种饲料间各代均无显著差异。饲养初期2种人工饲料处理的蠋蝽雌雄成虫体质量及雌成虫相对日均体质量增长率均无显著差异,随着饲养代数增加,至F8饲喂饲料1的蠋蝽雌雄成虫体质量、雌虫相对日均体质量增长率都显著低于饲料2。可育率在蠋蝽饲养开始时2种饲料间并未表现出差异显著性,但从F4开始饲料1饲养的蠋蝽可育率一直显著高于饲料2,而饲料1饲养的F1至F8蠋蝽种群内禀增长率以及种群倍增时间均优于饲料2。但这种差异随着饲养代数的增加,逐渐减少,至F12时的结果正好相反即饲料2饲养的蠋蝽种群内禀增长率以及种群倍增时间均优于饲料1。其他生殖力指标(成虫性比仅在F1存在显著差异)在2种人工饲料间均无显著差异。【结论】含有饱和脂肪酸的人工饲料(饲料1)可显著缩短蠋蝽低龄若虫发育历期、降低死亡率以及提高蠋蝽雌虫可育率,而含有不饱和脂肪酸的人工饲料(饲料2)更适合蠋蝽高龄若虫生长发育,提高成虫获得率和种群增长率。因此在以后的研究生产中可以通过在昆虫不同发育阶段添加或降低人工饲料中的某些关键营养物质,配制适合饲养对象特定生长阶段的人工饲料,从而使蠋蝽继代饲养达到最优效果。
【Objective】In this paper,the effects of different fatty acids in artificial diets on growth,development and fecundity of the predator Arma chinensis( Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied to provide a basis for the development of artificial diets of natural enemy insects. 【Method】Two insect-free artificial diets were used to raising A. chinensis for continuous 12 generations. The diet 1 contained palm oil( a saturated fatty acid) and the diet 2 contained flax oil( anunsaturated fatty acid). The developmental time,stage-specific survival rate,sex ratio( ♀: ♂),adult body mass,oviposition period,number of eggs,percent hatch as well as intrinsic rate of increase were measured by the generations of F1,F4,F8 and F12. 【Result】The results showed that the effects of two types of artificial diets on developmental time and reproduction of A. chinensis varied with generations and developmental stages. The developmental time of 2 ndand 3 rd instar nymphs of A. chinensis was significantly different between the two artificial diets from F1 to F12. However,the developmental time of 4 thand 5 thinstar nymphs of A. chinensis showed significant difference until to F4( 5 thinstar) and F8( 4 thinstar). The effects of the two diets on the developmental duration at each age stage of A. chinensis tended to be stable from F8. The developmental duration of 2 ndand 3 rdinstar nymphs fed on diet 1 was shorter than that of those on diet 2,but the developmental time of 4 thand 5 thinstar nymphs fed on diet 1 was longer than those on diet 2. Thus,diet 1 was more beneficial to the early development of nymphs,while diet 2 was better for the later development of nymphs. The egg,1 stnymph,total development( only significant difference in F1) and life span were not significantly different between two types of artificial diets. Similar to the development,the effect of the diet on mortality of 2 ndinstar to 5 thinstar nymphs and emergency rate were not significant in F1. Until to F4,the mortality of 2 ndand 3 rdinstar nymphs and emergency rate fed on diet 1 were lower than those on diet 2,while the mortality of 4 thand 5 thinstar nymphs fed on diet 1 were higher than that on diet 2. There were no significant differences in mortality of 1 stinstar nymphs and eggs hatchability in each generation between the two diets. The adult body mass of male and female,and female MRGR( mean relative growth rate)fed on diet 1 were significantly lower than those on diet 2 until to F8. The fertility of A. chinensis fed on diet 1 was significantly higher than that on diet 2 from F4 to F12. The intrinsic growth rate and population doubling time of A.chinensis fed on diet 1 were better than diet 2 from F1 to F8,however,the difference in intrinsic growth rate and population doubling time between the two diets decreased with the increase of generations. Diet2 was better than diet1 in F12. The other fecundity indexes of A. chinensis( except for sex ratio of F1) fed on diet 1 and diet 2 were not significantly different. 【Conclusion 】The artificial diet containing saturated fatty acids( diet 1) can significantly shorten the developmental time,reduce mortality of young nymphs,and increase the female fertility rate of Arma chinensis,but the unsaturated fatty acid in the artificial diet( diet 2) is more suitable for the growth and development of old nymphs,improving the adult rate and the population growth rate of A. chinensis. Therefore,those results suggest that we should prepare the artificial feed according to the specific growth stage of feeding insects by adding or reducing the key nutrients at different stages of insect development,to achieve the best effect during the continuous rearing of natural enemy insects in future research and reproduction.
【Objective】In this paper,the effects of different fatty acids in artificial diets on growth,development and fecundity of the predator Arma chinensis( Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were studied to provide a basis for the development of artificial diets of natural enemy insects. 【Method】Two insect-free artificial diets were used to raising A. chinensis for continuous 12 generations. The diet 1 contained palm oil( a saturated fatty acid) and the diet 2 contained flax oil( anunsaturated fatty acid). The developmental time,stage-specific survival rate,sex ratio( ♀: ♂),adult body mass,oviposition period,number of eggs,percent hatch as well as intrinsic rate of increase were measured by the generations of F1,F4,F8 and F12. 【Result】The results showed that the effects of two types of artificial diets on developmental time and reproduction of A. chinensis varied with generations and developmental stages. The developmental time of 2 ndand 3 rd instar nymphs of A. chinensis was significantly different between the two artificial diets from F1 to F12. However,the developmental time of 4 thand 5 thinstar nymphs of A. chinensis showed significant difference until to F4( 5 thinstar) and F8( 4 thinstar). The effects of the two diets on the developmental duration at each age stage of A. chinensis tended to be stable from F8. The developmental duration of 2 ndand 3 rdinstar nymphs fed on diet 1 was shorter than that of those on diet 2,but the developmental time of 4 thand 5 thinstar nymphs fed on diet 1 was longer than those on diet 2. Thus,diet 1 was more beneficial to the early development of nymphs,while diet 2 was better for the later development of nymphs. The egg,1 stnymph,total development( only significant difference in F1) and life span were not significantly different between two types of artificial diets. Similar to the development,the effect of the diet on mortality of 2 ndinstar to 5 thinstar nymphs and emergency rate were not significant in F1. Until to F4,the mortality of 2 ndand 3 rdinstar nymphs and emergency rate fed on diet 1 were lower than those on diet 2,while the mortality of 4 thand 5 thinstar nymphs fed on diet 1 were higher than that on diet 2. There were no significant differences in mortality of 1 stinstar nymphs and eggs hatchability in each generation between the two diets. The adult body mass of male and female,and female MRGR( mean relative growth rate)fed on diet 1 were significantly lower than those on diet 2 until to F8. The fertility of A. chinensis fed on diet 1 was significantly higher than that on diet 2 from F4 to F12. The intrinsic growth rate and population doubling time of A.chinensis fed on diet 1 were better than diet 2 from F1 to F8,however,the difference in intrinsic growth rate and population doubling time between the two diets decreased with the increase of generations. Diet2 was better than diet1 in F12. The other fecundity indexes of A. chinensis( except for sex ratio of F1) fed on diet 1 and diet 2 were not significantly different. 【Conclusion 】The artificial diet containing saturated fatty acids( diet 1) can significantly shorten the developmental time,reduce mortality of young nymphs,and increase the female fertility rate of Arma chinensis,but the unsaturated fatty acid in the artificial diet( diet 2) is more suitable for the growth and development of old nymphs,improving the adult rate and the population growth rate of A. chinensis. Therefore,those results suggest that we should prepare the artificial feed according to the specific growth stage of feeding insects by adding or reducing the key nutrients at different stages of insect development,to achieve the best effect during the continuous rearing of natural enemy insects in future research and reproduction.
引文
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李广宏,陈其津,庞义.1998.甜菜夜蛾人工饲料的研究.中山大学学报自然科学版,37(4):1-5.(Li G H,Chen Q J,Pang Y.1998.Study of artificial diets for the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,37(4):1-5.[in Chinese])
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Adams T S.2000b.Effect of diet and mating on Oviposition in the twospotted stink bug,Perillus bioculatus(F.)(Heteroptera:Pentatomidae).Annals of the Entomological Society of America,93(6):1288-1293.
Beck M A,Hand J,Levander O A.2004.Host nutritional status:the neglected virulence factor.Trends in Microbiology,12(9):417-423.
Beck M A,Matthews C C.2000.Micronutrients and host resistance to viral infection.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,59(4):581-585.
Carpenter J E,Greany P D.1998.Comparative development and performance of artificially reared versus host-reared Diapetimorpha introita(Cresson)(Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae)Wasps.Biological Control,11(3):203-208.
Chang C L,Vargas R.2007.Wheat germ oil and its effects on a liquid larval rearing diet for oriental fruit flies(Diptera:Tephritidae).Journal of Economic Entomology,100(2):322-326.
Chang C L,Coudron T A,et al.2010.Wheat germ oil in larval diet influences gene expression in adult oriental fruit fly.Journal of Insect Physiology,56(4):356-365.
Coskun M,zalp P,Emre.2005.Effects of Vitamin E Concentrations on Sex Ratio of Pimpla turionellae(Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae)Adults.Annals of the Entomological Society of America,98(3):336-339.
Coudron T A,Kim Y.2004.Life history and cost analysis for continuous rearing of Perillus bioculatus(Heteroptera:Pentatomidae)on a zoophytogenous artificial diet.Journal of Economic Entomology,97(3):807-812.
Coudron T A,Shelby K S,Ellersieck M R,et al.2009.Developmental response of Euplectrus comstockii to ascorbic acid in the diet of the larval host,Heliothis virescens.Biocontrol,54(2):175-182.
Coudron T A,Wittmeyer J,Kim Y.2002.Life history and cost analysis for continuous rearing of Podisus maculiventris(Heteroptera:Pentatomidea)on a zoophytophagous artificial diet.Journal Economic Entomology,95(6):1159-1168.
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