H13热作模具钢中液析碳化物的研究进展
|
摘要
从凝固偏析理论、凝固方法、生产工艺及合金设计等方面,综述了H13钢中液析碳化物的研究进展,阐明了H13钢的生产工艺对液析碳化物析出的影响.H13钢中的液析碳化物是由于凝固偏析而在枝晶间区域产生的,根据形貌的不同可分为多边形、长条形、块状及共晶的层片状;根据结构不同可分为MC型、M_6C型、M_7C_3或M_(23)C_6型;根据成分的不同可分为富Mo型、富V型和富Ti、Nb型.H13钢在服役过程中,受外力作用时会在液析碳化物处形成裂纹,严重降低材料的韧性,控制液析碳化物的数量和尺寸可以减小其危害.工业生产条件下控制H13钢中液析碳化物的主要手段有凝固控制、变质处理、铸锭高温扩散和合金成分优化等.其中凝固过程控制及变质处理可以控制液析碳化物的尺寸、数量及在凝固过程中的生成时机,但无法完全避免液析碳化物的产生.对H13钢进行合金成分优化可以改变液析碳化物的稳定性.铸锭高温扩散是控制H13钢中液析碳化物的最主要手段,但工业生产中采用的具体加热温度和保温时间有待进一步研究.
This paper reviewed the recent development of primary carbides in H13 steel from the aspects of solidification segregation theory,solidification method,production process,and alloy design.The relationship between the production process of H13 steel and the characteristics of primary carbides was clarified.During the solidification of H13 steel,primary carbides can be easily generated by dendritic segregation.The primary carbides in H13 steel can be divided into polygonal,stripy,blocky,and eutectic structures according to the different shapes and can be divided into MC,M_2C,M_7C_3,and M_(23)C_6according to the different structures.The primary carbides can also be classified as Mo-rich,V-rich,and Ti/Nb-rich carbides according to the different compositions.Primary carbides are detrimental to the performance of H13 steel because cracks can easily form around primary carbides during service of the materials.The widely used methods of controlling the primary carbides in H13 steel under industrial production conditions,including solidification control,modification treatment,high-temperature diffusion of the ingot,and alloy composition optimization,were introduced.Modification treatment and solidification control are able to control the size and quantity of primary carbides but are unable to avoid the precipitation of primary carbides entirely.The stability of primary carbides can be relieved by composition optimization.Hightemperature homogenization treatment of ingot is the most important means of controlling primary carbides in H13 steel.However,the heating temperature and holding time need further investigation.
This paper reviewed the recent development of primary carbides in H13 steel from the aspects of solidification segregation theory,solidification method,production process,and alloy design.The relationship between the production process of H13 steel and the characteristics of primary carbides was clarified.During the solidification of H13 steel,primary carbides can be easily generated by dendritic segregation.The primary carbides in H13 steel can be divided into polygonal,stripy,blocky,and eutectic structures according to the different shapes and can be divided into MC,M_2C,M_7C_3,and M_(23)C_6according to the different structures.The primary carbides can also be classified as Mo-rich,V-rich,and Ti/Nb-rich carbides according to the different compositions.Primary carbides are detrimental to the performance of H13 steel because cracks can easily form around primary carbides during service of the materials.The widely used methods of controlling the primary carbides in H13 steel under industrial production conditions,including solidification control,modification treatment,high-temperature diffusion of the ingot,and alloy composition optimization,were introduced.Modification treatment and solidification control are able to control the size and quantity of primary carbides but are unable to avoid the precipitation of primary carbides entirely.The stability of primary carbides can be relieved by composition optimization.Hightemperature homogenization treatment of ingot is the most important means of controlling primary carbides in H13 steel.However,the heating temperature and holding time need further investigation.
引文
[1] Shi C B,Chen X C,Guo H J,et al. Control of Mg O·Al2O3spinel inclusions during protective gas electroslag remelting of die steel. Metall Mater Trans B,2013,44(2):378
[2] Wang F,Chen X C,Shi C B,et al. Experimental study on deep deoxidization during argon protection electroslag remelting. J Mater Metall,2012,11(4):258(王飞,陈希春,史成斌,等.氩气氛保护电渣重熔深脱氧实验研究.材料与冶金学报,2012,11(4):258)
[3] Chen X C,Shi C B,Wang F,et al. Cleanliness control of electroslag ingot during protective gas electroslag remelting process. J Mater Metall,2013,12(1):27(陈希春,史成斌,王飞,等.气体保护电渣重熔过程中电渣锭的洁净化控制.材料与冶金学报,2013,12(1):27)
[4] Deng D W,Liu H Y,Zhang L,et al. Effect of deep carburization on microstructure and hardness of H13 steel. Trans Mater Heat Treat,2017,38(3):186(邓德伟,刘海英,张林,等.深层渗碳对H13钢显微组织和硬度的影响.材料热处理学报,2017,38(3):186)
[5] Shi L C,Wu X C,Yao J,et al. Study on kinetic of double-stage packing boriding and wear resistance at elevated temperature for H13 steel. Shanghai Met,2017,39(4):25(施良才,吴晓春,姚杰,等. H13钢两段固体渗硼动力学及其高温耐磨损性能的研究.上海金属,2017,39(4):25)
[6] Wang M,Ma D S,Liu Z T,et al. Effect of Nb on segregation,primary carbides and toughness of H13 steel. Acta Metall Sinica,2014,50(3):285(王明,马党参,刘振天,等. Nb对芯棒用H13钢偏析、液析碳化物及力学性能的影响.金属学报,2014,50(3):285)
[7] Xie Y,Cheng G G,Meng X L,et al. Precipitation behavior of primary precipitates in Ti-microalloyed H13 tool steel. ISIJ Int,2016,56(11):1996
[8] Meng Y,Sugiyama S,Soltanpour M,et al. Effects of predeformation and semi-solid processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-V-Mo steel. J Mater Process Technol,2013,213(3):426
[9] Zhang J X,Huang J F,Wang H B,et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of spray formed H13 tool steel. Acta Metall Sinica,2014,50(7):787(张金祥,黄进峰,王和斌,等.喷射成形H13钢的组织与力学性能.金属学报,2014,50(7):787)
[10] Song W W,Min Y A,Wu X C. Study on carbides and their evolution in H13 hot work steel. Trans Mater Heat Treat,2009,30(5):122(宋雯雯,闵永安,吴晓春. H13钢中的碳化物分析及其演变规律研究.材料热处理学报,2009,30(5):122)
[11] Sun X L,Wang F,Chen X C,et al. Study on primary carbonitrides in H13 steel based on the two-sublattice model. Chin J Eng,2017,39(1):61(孙晓林,王飞,陈希春,等.基于双亚点阵模型对H13钢中初生碳氮化物的研究.工程科学学报,2017,39(1):61)
[12] Ma D S,Zhou J,Zhang Z K,et al. Effect of the melting rate of ESR on the microstructure and impact properties of H13 steel.Iron Steel,2010,45(8):80(马党参,周健,张忠侃,等.电渣重熔速度对H13钢组织和冲击性能的影响.钢铁,2010,45(8):80)
[13] Xue S,Zhou J,Zhang Y W,et al. Analysis of carbides in spheroidized H13 steel. Trans Mater Heat Treat,2012,33(2):100(薛松,周杰,张艳伟,等. H13钢退火态中的碳化物分析.材料热处理学报,2012,33(2):100)
[14] Li J,Li J,Wang L L,et al. Study on carbide in forged and annealed H13 hot work die steel. High Temp Mater Processes,2015,34(6):593
[15] Pei Y K,Ma D S,Liu B S,et al. Effect of forging ratio on microstructure and mechanical property of H13 steel. Iron Steel,2012,47(2):81(裴悦凯,马党参,刘宝石,等.锻造比对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响.钢铁,2012,47(2):81)
[16] Ning A G,Mao W W,Guo H J,et al. Precipitation behaviors and strengthening of carbides in H13 steel during quenching.Chin J Process Eng,2014,14(6):1041(宁安刚,毛文文,郭汉杰,等. H13钢淬火态碳化物的析出行为及沉淀强化.过程工程学报,2014,14(6):1041)
[17] Zhang C,Huang J F,Dou M Y,et al. Transformation rule of microstructure and carbides of H13 steel during tempering. Heat Treat Met,2016,41(5):1(张程,黄进峰,窦梦阳,等. H13钢回火组织及碳化物转变规律.金属热处理,2016,41(5):1)
[18] He B,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Effect of cooling intensity on carbides in Mg-containing H13 steel during the electroslag remelting process. Chin J Eng,2016,38(12):1720(贺宝,李晶,史成斌,等.电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响.工程科学学报,2016,38(12):1720)
[19] Xie Y,Cheng G G,Chen L,et al. Characteristics and generating mechanism of large precipitates in Nb-Ti-microalloyed H13 tool steel. ISIJ Int,2016,56(6):995
[20] Li J,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Effect of trace magnesium on carbide improvement in H13 steel. Can Metall Q,2016,55(3):321
[21] Xie Y,Cheng G G,Chen L,et al. Generating mechanism of large heterogeneous carbonitrides with multiple layers in H13+Nb bar. Steel Res Int,2017,88(1):1600119
[22] Sun X L. Formation Mechanism and Evolution Laws at High Temperature of Carbonitrides in H13 Steel[Dissertation]. Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2017(孙晓林. H13钢中碳氮化物生成机理及高温演变规律[学位论文].北京:北京科技大学,2017)
[23] Wang H,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Evolution of carbides in H13 steel in heat treatment process. Mater Trans,2017,58(2):152
[24] Wieczerzak K,Baa P,StepieńM,et al. The characterization of cast Fe-Cr-C alloy. Arch Metall Mater,2015,60(2):779
[25] Hillert M,Qiu C. A reassessment of the Fe--Cr--Mo--C system. J Phase Equilib,1992,13(5):512
[26] Kroupa A,HavránkováJ,Svoboda M,et al. Phase diagram in the iron-rich corner of the Fe--Cr--Mo--V--C system below 1000K. J Phase Equilib,2001,22(3):312
[27] DoangN,Hawk J A,Laird G. Solidification structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium white irons. Metall Mater Trans A,1997,28(6):1315
[28] Tabrett C P,Sare I R,Ghomashchi M R. Microstructure-property relationships in high chromium white iron alloys. Metall Rev,1996,41(2):59
[29] Inoue A,Harakawa Y,Oguchi M,et al. Metastable MC phase in melt-quenched Fe-C-V and Fe--C--V--(Cr or Mo)alloys-mechanical properties and powder-forming tendency by comminution. J Mater Sci,1986,21(4):1310
[30] Sun X L,Wang F,Mao M T,et al. Analysis and research on the oxide and nitride in H13 steel. Steelmaking,2016,32(5):30(孙晓林,王飞,毛明涛,等. H13模具钢中氧化物和氮化物生成的机理研究.炼钢. 2016,32(5):30)
[31] Zhou J,Ma D S,Chi H X,et al. Microstructure and properties of hot working die steel H13MOD. J Iron Steel Res Int,2013,20(9):117
[32] Malinochka Y N,Olikhova M A,Makogonova T I. Carbide eutectic in vanadium steels. Met Sci Heat Treat,1979,21(3):171
[33] Liu J H,Yang Y,Zhuang C L,et al. Inclusion distribution in H13 ingots. J Univ Sci Technol Beijing,2011,33(Suppl 1):179(刘建华,阳燕,庄昌凌,等. H13模铸钢锭中夹杂物的分布解剖.北京科技大学学报,2011,33(增刊1):179)
[34] Zhao G W,Shi Z M,Ye X C,et al. Research progress in microsegregation modelling of alloy solidification. Mater Rev,2014,28(2):118(赵光伟,石增敏,叶喜葱,等.合金凝固微观偏析模型化研究进展.材料导报,2014,28(2):118)
[35] Chen J X. Databook of Steelmaking. 2nd Ed. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2010(陈家祥.炼钢常用图表数据手册.第2版.北京:冶金工业出版社,2010)
[36] Yong Q L. Secondary Phases in Steels. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2006(雍岐龙.钢铁材料中的第二相.北京:冶金工业出版社,2006)
[37] Mishnaevsky L L,Lippmann N,Schmauder S. Micromechanisms and modelling of crack initiation and growth in tool steels:role of primary carbides. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde,2003,94(6):676
[38] Song L,Zhang X D,Sun D L,et al. Effects of carbides distribution in matrix on thermal fatigue and wear properties of high speed steel rolls. Heat Treat Met,2006,31(9):1(宋亮,张晓丹,孙大乐,等.不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响.金属热处理,2006,31(9):1)
[39] Wang H,Xu K,Lu S D,et al. Effect mechanism of eutectoid carbide on mechanical properties of H13 hot die steel//Proceedings of the 10th CSM Steel Congress&the 6th Baosteel Biennial Academic Conference. Shanghai,2015(王辉,徐锟,卢守栋,等.液析碳化物对H13热模具钢力学性能的影响机理//第十届中国钢铁年会暨第六届宝钢学术年会论文集.上海,2015)
[40] Huo X Y. Factors affecting isotropy of H13 hot die steel. J Iron Steel Res,2008,20(11):47(霍晓阳.影响H13热作模具钢等向性的因素.钢铁研究学报,2008,20(11):47)
[41] Clyne T W,Kurz W. Solute redistribution during solidification with rapid solid state diffusion. Metall Trans A,1981,12(6):965
[42] Gao Y M. Metal Solidification Principle. Xi'an:Xi'an Jiaotong University Press,2010(高义民.金属凝固原理.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2010)
[43] Liu Z T,Zhou J,Ma D S,et al. Effect of smelting process on microstructure and mechanical property of H13 steel. Iron Steel,2013,48(4):59(刘振天,周健,马党参,等.冶炼工艺对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响.钢铁,2013,48(4):59)
[44] Mao W M,Zhen Z S,Chen H T. Effect of electromagnetic stirring parameters on the microstructures of semi-solid AZ91D alloy.Special Casting Nonferrous Alloys,2005,19(Suppl 1):221(毛卫民,甄子胜,陈洪涛.电磁搅拌参数对半固态AZ91D镁合金组织的影响.特种铸造及有色合金,2005,19(增刊1):221)
[45] Zhang H W. Study on the Fabrication and the Solidification Behavior of SiCp/Al-Mg Composites Prepared by Mechanical Stirring[Dissertation]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011(张宏伟.机械搅拌制备SiCp/Al-Mg复合材料及其凝固行为的研究[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011)
[46] Yurko J A,Martinez R A,Flemings M C. Commercial development of the semi-solid rheocasting(SSRTM)process. Metall Sci Technol,2003,21(1):10
[47] Haga T,Kapranos P. Simple rheocasting processes. J Mater Process Technol,2002,130-131:594
[48] Deng K G,Li C R,Yang Y M. Study on Effect of cerium element on isotropic properties of H13 die steel. J Chin Soc Rare Earths,2016,34(4):439(邓开国,李长荣,杨远梅.铈元素对H13模具钢等向性能影响的研究.中国稀土学报,2016,34(4):439)
[49] Lan J,He J J,Ding W J,et al. Influence of RE on solidification structure and impact toughness of cast H13 steel. Iron Steel,2000,35(10):48(兰杰,贺俊杰,丁文江,等. RE对铸造H13钢凝固组织及冲击韧性的影响.钢铁,2000,35(10):48)
[50] Lan J,He J J,Ding W J,et al. Effect of rare earth metals on the microstructure and impact toughness of a cast 0. 4C--5Cr-1. 2Mo--1. 0V steel. ISIJ Int,2000,40(12):1275
[51] Huang Y,Xie Y,Cheng G G,et al. Effect of rare earth on large size heterogeneous nucleation carbide in H13 steel. J Chin Soc Rare Earths,2017,35(6):782(黄宇,谢有,成国光,等.稀土对于H13钢中大尺寸非均质形核碳化物的影响.中国稀土学报,2017,35(6):782)
[52] Wei D. Effect of Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of H13 Steel[Dissertation]. Huhehaote:Inner Mongolia University of Technology,2015(魏东.稀土Ce对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古工业大学,2015)
[53] Kheirandish S,Noorian A. Effect of niobium on microstructure of cast AISI H13 hot work tool steel. J Iron Steel Res Int,2008,15(4):61
[54] Hao Y F,Cheng G G,Xie Y. Formation mechanism and thermal stability of primary carbonitrides in Nb-containing H13 tool steel.Trans Mater Heat Treat,2017,38(4):132(郝勇飞,成国光,谢有.含铌H13钢中一次碳氮化物生成机理及热稳定性.材料热处理学报,2017,38(4):132)
[55] Wang L L. Study on Effect of Magnesium on Inclusion and Properties of H13 Hot Work Die Steel[Dissertation]. Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2015(王亮亮.镁对H13热作模具钢夹杂物及性能影响的研究[学位论文].北京:北京科技大学,2015)
[56] Wu Z,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Effect of magnesium addition on inclusions in H13 die steel. Int J Miner Metall Mater,2014,21(11):1062
[57] Chen Z Z,Lan D N. Die Steel Manual. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2002(陈再枝,蓝德年.模具钢手册.北京:冶金工业出版社,2002)
[58] Sun X L,Wang F,Chen X C,et al. Study on decomposition of primary carbonitrides in H13 steel under high temperature. Chin J Eng,2017,39(5):721(孙晓林,王飞,陈希春,等.高温时H13钢中初生碳氮化物的分解研究.工程科学学报,2017,39(5):721)
[59] Lu M H,Tian Y X,Cai H Y,et al. Effect of high-temperature homogenization on banded segregation and impact toughness of H13 steel mandrel. Heat Treat Met,2010,35(8):9(陆明和,田玉新,蔡海燕,等.高温均匀化退火对H13钢芯棒带状偏析和冲击性能的影响.金属热处理,2010,35(8):9)
[60] Tang W J,Wu X C Min Y A,et al. Influence of homogenization on the strength and impact toughness of H13 steel. Shanghai Met,2002,24(2):14(唐文军,吴晓春,闵永安,等.高温均匀化对H13钢强韧性的影响.上海金属,2002,24(2):14)
[61] Chen J L,Tian P F. Study on heat treatment techniques for homogenizing the annealed structure of H13 steel. Shanxi Metall,2009(3):8(陈建礼,田培凤. H13模块退火组织均匀化热处理工艺试验研究.山西冶金,2009(3):8)
[62] Mao M T,Guo H J,Sun X L,et al. In-situ research of hightemperature behavior of primary carbide in H13 steel. Chin J Eng,2017,39(8):1174(毛明涛,郭汉杰,孙晓林,等.基于原位观察的H13钢中液析碳化物高温行为研究.工程科学学报,2017,39(8):1174)
[63] Flemings M C. Behavior of metal alloys in the semisolid state.Metall Trans A,1991,22(5):957
[64] Song W W,Min Y A,Wu X C. Comparative studies on strength and toughness of SDH8 and H13 hot work steel. Heat Treat Met,2008,33(9):59(宋雯雯,闵永安,吴晓春.热作模具钢SDH8与H13的强韧性对比研究.金属热处理,2008,33(9):59)
[2] Wang F,Chen X C,Shi C B,et al. Experimental study on deep deoxidization during argon protection electroslag remelting. J Mater Metall,2012,11(4):258(王飞,陈希春,史成斌,等.氩气氛保护电渣重熔深脱氧实验研究.材料与冶金学报,2012,11(4):258)
[3] Chen X C,Shi C B,Wang F,et al. Cleanliness control of electroslag ingot during protective gas electroslag remelting process. J Mater Metall,2013,12(1):27(陈希春,史成斌,王飞,等.气体保护电渣重熔过程中电渣锭的洁净化控制.材料与冶金学报,2013,12(1):27)
[4] Deng D W,Liu H Y,Zhang L,et al. Effect of deep carburization on microstructure and hardness of H13 steel. Trans Mater Heat Treat,2017,38(3):186(邓德伟,刘海英,张林,等.深层渗碳对H13钢显微组织和硬度的影响.材料热处理学报,2017,38(3):186)
[5] Shi L C,Wu X C,Yao J,et al. Study on kinetic of double-stage packing boriding and wear resistance at elevated temperature for H13 steel. Shanghai Met,2017,39(4):25(施良才,吴晓春,姚杰,等. H13钢两段固体渗硼动力学及其高温耐磨损性能的研究.上海金属,2017,39(4):25)
[6] Wang M,Ma D S,Liu Z T,et al. Effect of Nb on segregation,primary carbides and toughness of H13 steel. Acta Metall Sinica,2014,50(3):285(王明,马党参,刘振天,等. Nb对芯棒用H13钢偏析、液析碳化物及力学性能的影响.金属学报,2014,50(3):285)
[7] Xie Y,Cheng G G,Meng X L,et al. Precipitation behavior of primary precipitates in Ti-microalloyed H13 tool steel. ISIJ Int,2016,56(11):1996
[8] Meng Y,Sugiyama S,Soltanpour M,et al. Effects of predeformation and semi-solid processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr-V-Mo steel. J Mater Process Technol,2013,213(3):426
[9] Zhang J X,Huang J F,Wang H B,et al. Microstructures and mechanical properties of spray formed H13 tool steel. Acta Metall Sinica,2014,50(7):787(张金祥,黄进峰,王和斌,等.喷射成形H13钢的组织与力学性能.金属学报,2014,50(7):787)
[10] Song W W,Min Y A,Wu X C. Study on carbides and their evolution in H13 hot work steel. Trans Mater Heat Treat,2009,30(5):122(宋雯雯,闵永安,吴晓春. H13钢中的碳化物分析及其演变规律研究.材料热处理学报,2009,30(5):122)
[11] Sun X L,Wang F,Chen X C,et al. Study on primary carbonitrides in H13 steel based on the two-sublattice model. Chin J Eng,2017,39(1):61(孙晓林,王飞,陈希春,等.基于双亚点阵模型对H13钢中初生碳氮化物的研究.工程科学学报,2017,39(1):61)
[12] Ma D S,Zhou J,Zhang Z K,et al. Effect of the melting rate of ESR on the microstructure and impact properties of H13 steel.Iron Steel,2010,45(8):80(马党参,周健,张忠侃,等.电渣重熔速度对H13钢组织和冲击性能的影响.钢铁,2010,45(8):80)
[13] Xue S,Zhou J,Zhang Y W,et al. Analysis of carbides in spheroidized H13 steel. Trans Mater Heat Treat,2012,33(2):100(薛松,周杰,张艳伟,等. H13钢退火态中的碳化物分析.材料热处理学报,2012,33(2):100)
[14] Li J,Li J,Wang L L,et al. Study on carbide in forged and annealed H13 hot work die steel. High Temp Mater Processes,2015,34(6):593
[15] Pei Y K,Ma D S,Liu B S,et al. Effect of forging ratio on microstructure and mechanical property of H13 steel. Iron Steel,2012,47(2):81(裴悦凯,马党参,刘宝石,等.锻造比对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响.钢铁,2012,47(2):81)
[16] Ning A G,Mao W W,Guo H J,et al. Precipitation behaviors and strengthening of carbides in H13 steel during quenching.Chin J Process Eng,2014,14(6):1041(宁安刚,毛文文,郭汉杰,等. H13钢淬火态碳化物的析出行为及沉淀强化.过程工程学报,2014,14(6):1041)
[17] Zhang C,Huang J F,Dou M Y,et al. Transformation rule of microstructure and carbides of H13 steel during tempering. Heat Treat Met,2016,41(5):1(张程,黄进峰,窦梦阳,等. H13钢回火组织及碳化物转变规律.金属热处理,2016,41(5):1)
[18] He B,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Effect of cooling intensity on carbides in Mg-containing H13 steel during the electroslag remelting process. Chin J Eng,2016,38(12):1720(贺宝,李晶,史成斌,等.电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响.工程科学学报,2016,38(12):1720)
[19] Xie Y,Cheng G G,Chen L,et al. Characteristics and generating mechanism of large precipitates in Nb-Ti-microalloyed H13 tool steel. ISIJ Int,2016,56(6):995
[20] Li J,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Effect of trace magnesium on carbide improvement in H13 steel. Can Metall Q,2016,55(3):321
[21] Xie Y,Cheng G G,Chen L,et al. Generating mechanism of large heterogeneous carbonitrides with multiple layers in H13+Nb bar. Steel Res Int,2017,88(1):1600119
[22] Sun X L. Formation Mechanism and Evolution Laws at High Temperature of Carbonitrides in H13 Steel[Dissertation]. Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2017(孙晓林. H13钢中碳氮化物生成机理及高温演变规律[学位论文].北京:北京科技大学,2017)
[23] Wang H,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Evolution of carbides in H13 steel in heat treatment process. Mater Trans,2017,58(2):152
[24] Wieczerzak K,Baa P,StepieńM,et al. The characterization of cast Fe-Cr-C alloy. Arch Metall Mater,2015,60(2):779
[25] Hillert M,Qiu C. A reassessment of the Fe--Cr--Mo--C system. J Phase Equilib,1992,13(5):512
[26] Kroupa A,HavránkováJ,Svoboda M,et al. Phase diagram in the iron-rich corner of the Fe--Cr--Mo--V--C system below 1000K. J Phase Equilib,2001,22(3):312
[27] DoangN,Hawk J A,Laird G. Solidification structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium white irons. Metall Mater Trans A,1997,28(6):1315
[28] Tabrett C P,Sare I R,Ghomashchi M R. Microstructure-property relationships in high chromium white iron alloys. Metall Rev,1996,41(2):59
[29] Inoue A,Harakawa Y,Oguchi M,et al. Metastable MC phase in melt-quenched Fe-C-V and Fe--C--V--(Cr or Mo)alloys-mechanical properties and powder-forming tendency by comminution. J Mater Sci,1986,21(4):1310
[30] Sun X L,Wang F,Mao M T,et al. Analysis and research on the oxide and nitride in H13 steel. Steelmaking,2016,32(5):30(孙晓林,王飞,毛明涛,等. H13模具钢中氧化物和氮化物生成的机理研究.炼钢. 2016,32(5):30)
[31] Zhou J,Ma D S,Chi H X,et al. Microstructure and properties of hot working die steel H13MOD. J Iron Steel Res Int,2013,20(9):117
[32] Malinochka Y N,Olikhova M A,Makogonova T I. Carbide eutectic in vanadium steels. Met Sci Heat Treat,1979,21(3):171
[33] Liu J H,Yang Y,Zhuang C L,et al. Inclusion distribution in H13 ingots. J Univ Sci Technol Beijing,2011,33(Suppl 1):179(刘建华,阳燕,庄昌凌,等. H13模铸钢锭中夹杂物的分布解剖.北京科技大学学报,2011,33(增刊1):179)
[34] Zhao G W,Shi Z M,Ye X C,et al. Research progress in microsegregation modelling of alloy solidification. Mater Rev,2014,28(2):118(赵光伟,石增敏,叶喜葱,等.合金凝固微观偏析模型化研究进展.材料导报,2014,28(2):118)
[35] Chen J X. Databook of Steelmaking. 2nd Ed. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2010(陈家祥.炼钢常用图表数据手册.第2版.北京:冶金工业出版社,2010)
[36] Yong Q L. Secondary Phases in Steels. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2006(雍岐龙.钢铁材料中的第二相.北京:冶金工业出版社,2006)
[37] Mishnaevsky L L,Lippmann N,Schmauder S. Micromechanisms and modelling of crack initiation and growth in tool steels:role of primary carbides. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde,2003,94(6):676
[38] Song L,Zhang X D,Sun D L,et al. Effects of carbides distribution in matrix on thermal fatigue and wear properties of high speed steel rolls. Heat Treat Met,2006,31(9):1(宋亮,张晓丹,孙大乐,等.不同类型碳化物在基体中的分布对高速钢轧辊性能的影响.金属热处理,2006,31(9):1)
[39] Wang H,Xu K,Lu S D,et al. Effect mechanism of eutectoid carbide on mechanical properties of H13 hot die steel//Proceedings of the 10th CSM Steel Congress&the 6th Baosteel Biennial Academic Conference. Shanghai,2015(王辉,徐锟,卢守栋,等.液析碳化物对H13热模具钢力学性能的影响机理//第十届中国钢铁年会暨第六届宝钢学术年会论文集.上海,2015)
[40] Huo X Y. Factors affecting isotropy of H13 hot die steel. J Iron Steel Res,2008,20(11):47(霍晓阳.影响H13热作模具钢等向性的因素.钢铁研究学报,2008,20(11):47)
[41] Clyne T W,Kurz W. Solute redistribution during solidification with rapid solid state diffusion. Metall Trans A,1981,12(6):965
[42] Gao Y M. Metal Solidification Principle. Xi'an:Xi'an Jiaotong University Press,2010(高义民.金属凝固原理.西安:西安交通大学出版社,2010)
[43] Liu Z T,Zhou J,Ma D S,et al. Effect of smelting process on microstructure and mechanical property of H13 steel. Iron Steel,2013,48(4):59(刘振天,周健,马党参,等.冶炼工艺对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响.钢铁,2013,48(4):59)
[44] Mao W M,Zhen Z S,Chen H T. Effect of electromagnetic stirring parameters on the microstructures of semi-solid AZ91D alloy.Special Casting Nonferrous Alloys,2005,19(Suppl 1):221(毛卫民,甄子胜,陈洪涛.电磁搅拌参数对半固态AZ91D镁合金组织的影响.特种铸造及有色合金,2005,19(增刊1):221)
[45] Zhang H W. Study on the Fabrication and the Solidification Behavior of SiCp/Al-Mg Composites Prepared by Mechanical Stirring[Dissertation]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011(张宏伟.机械搅拌制备SiCp/Al-Mg复合材料及其凝固行为的研究[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011)
[46] Yurko J A,Martinez R A,Flemings M C. Commercial development of the semi-solid rheocasting(SSRTM)process. Metall Sci Technol,2003,21(1):10
[47] Haga T,Kapranos P. Simple rheocasting processes. J Mater Process Technol,2002,130-131:594
[48] Deng K G,Li C R,Yang Y M. Study on Effect of cerium element on isotropic properties of H13 die steel. J Chin Soc Rare Earths,2016,34(4):439(邓开国,李长荣,杨远梅.铈元素对H13模具钢等向性能影响的研究.中国稀土学报,2016,34(4):439)
[49] Lan J,He J J,Ding W J,et al. Influence of RE on solidification structure and impact toughness of cast H13 steel. Iron Steel,2000,35(10):48(兰杰,贺俊杰,丁文江,等. RE对铸造H13钢凝固组织及冲击韧性的影响.钢铁,2000,35(10):48)
[50] Lan J,He J J,Ding W J,et al. Effect of rare earth metals on the microstructure and impact toughness of a cast 0. 4C--5Cr-1. 2Mo--1. 0V steel. ISIJ Int,2000,40(12):1275
[51] Huang Y,Xie Y,Cheng G G,et al. Effect of rare earth on large size heterogeneous nucleation carbide in H13 steel. J Chin Soc Rare Earths,2017,35(6):782(黄宇,谢有,成国光,等.稀土对于H13钢中大尺寸非均质形核碳化物的影响.中国稀土学报,2017,35(6):782)
[52] Wei D. Effect of Ce on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of H13 Steel[Dissertation]. Huhehaote:Inner Mongolia University of Technology,2015(魏东.稀土Ce对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古工业大学,2015)
[53] Kheirandish S,Noorian A. Effect of niobium on microstructure of cast AISI H13 hot work tool steel. J Iron Steel Res Int,2008,15(4):61
[54] Hao Y F,Cheng G G,Xie Y. Formation mechanism and thermal stability of primary carbonitrides in Nb-containing H13 tool steel.Trans Mater Heat Treat,2017,38(4):132(郝勇飞,成国光,谢有.含铌H13钢中一次碳氮化物生成机理及热稳定性.材料热处理学报,2017,38(4):132)
[55] Wang L L. Study on Effect of Magnesium on Inclusion and Properties of H13 Hot Work Die Steel[Dissertation]. Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2015(王亮亮.镁对H13热作模具钢夹杂物及性能影响的研究[学位论文].北京:北京科技大学,2015)
[56] Wu Z,Li J,Shi C B,et al. Effect of magnesium addition on inclusions in H13 die steel. Int J Miner Metall Mater,2014,21(11):1062
[57] Chen Z Z,Lan D N. Die Steel Manual. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2002(陈再枝,蓝德年.模具钢手册.北京:冶金工业出版社,2002)
[58] Sun X L,Wang F,Chen X C,et al. Study on decomposition of primary carbonitrides in H13 steel under high temperature. Chin J Eng,2017,39(5):721(孙晓林,王飞,陈希春,等.高温时H13钢中初生碳氮化物的分解研究.工程科学学报,2017,39(5):721)
[59] Lu M H,Tian Y X,Cai H Y,et al. Effect of high-temperature homogenization on banded segregation and impact toughness of H13 steel mandrel. Heat Treat Met,2010,35(8):9(陆明和,田玉新,蔡海燕,等.高温均匀化退火对H13钢芯棒带状偏析和冲击性能的影响.金属热处理,2010,35(8):9)
[60] Tang W J,Wu X C Min Y A,et al. Influence of homogenization on the strength and impact toughness of H13 steel. Shanghai Met,2002,24(2):14(唐文军,吴晓春,闵永安,等.高温均匀化对H13钢强韧性的影响.上海金属,2002,24(2):14)
[61] Chen J L,Tian P F. Study on heat treatment techniques for homogenizing the annealed structure of H13 steel. Shanxi Metall,2009(3):8(陈建礼,田培凤. H13模块退火组织均匀化热处理工艺试验研究.山西冶金,2009(3):8)
[62] Mao M T,Guo H J,Sun X L,et al. In-situ research of hightemperature behavior of primary carbide in H13 steel. Chin J Eng,2017,39(8):1174(毛明涛,郭汉杰,孙晓林,等.基于原位观察的H13钢中液析碳化物高温行为研究.工程科学学报,2017,39(8):1174)
[63] Flemings M C. Behavior of metal alloys in the semisolid state.Metall Trans A,1991,22(5):957
[64] Song W W,Min Y A,Wu X C. Comparative studies on strength and toughness of SDH8 and H13 hot work steel. Heat Treat Met,2008,33(9):59(宋雯雯,闵永安,吴晓春.热作模具钢SDH8与H13的强韧性对比研究.金属热处理,2008,33(9):59)