学术劳动力市场运行的独特性及其成因
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摘要
与普通劳动力相比,学术劳动力市场运行的特殊性体现在供需同一体的结构与供求平衡悖论、双重等级结构下的有限竞争及薪酬、声望的双重"价格"机制三方面。学术劳动市场运行机制特殊性的形成原因包括学术劳动力市场在基本假设、内部结构、学术人的学术信仰和职业偏好等方面的独特。这些特性使学术劳动力市场在运行时表现出三对张力:内外张力——学术职业与非学术职业的选择;地域张力——封闭的本土市场和开放的全球市场的联接;等级张力——扁平的学术分工和纵向的身份等级。学术劳动力市场运行的三种张力之间互动影响。
Compared with the general labor force,the particularity of the academic labor market operation is reflected in the paradox of the unified structure of demand and supply and the balance between them,the limited competition under double hierarchy and the dual "price" mechanism of prestige.The reasons for the particularity of the operational mechanism of the academic labor market include the uniqueness of the academic labor market in its basic assumptions,internal structure,scholars' academic beliefs and job preferences.These characteristics make the academic labor market show three pairs of tensions during operation:internal and external tension-the choice between academic and non-academic occupations;geographical tension-the connection between a closed domestic market and an open global market;and grade tensionflat Academic division and vertical level of identity.The three tensions in academic labor market operations Interact with one another.
Compared with the general labor force,the particularity of the academic labor market operation is reflected in the paradox of the unified structure of demand and supply and the balance between them,the limited competition under double hierarchy and the dual "price" mechanism of prestige.The reasons for the particularity of the operational mechanism of the academic labor market include the uniqueness of the academic labor market in its basic assumptions,internal structure,scholars' academic beliefs and job preferences.These characteristics make the academic labor market show three pairs of tensions during operation:internal and external tension-the choice between academic and non-academic occupations;geographical tension-the connection between a closed domestic market and an open global market;and grade tensionflat Academic division and vertical level of identity.The three tensions in academic labor market operations Interact with one another.
引文
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[28]徐志平,沈红.过剩还是不足?我国博士培养规模的适切性分析[J]研究生教育研究,2018,6(48):1-6.
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[30]Teichler,U.Internationalisation of higher education:European experiences[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2009,10(1):93-106.
[31]刘进,沈红.大学教师流动与学术职业发展:基于对二战后的考察[J].清华大学教育研究,2014(2):43-50.
[32](澳)马尔科姆·沃特斯.现代社会学理论[M].杨善华,译.北京:华夏出版社,2000:311.
[2][3][6][12]温海池.劳动经济学[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2000:12.
[4]李湘萍.我国学术劳动力市场分割的实证研究[J].复旦教育论坛,2010,8(2):36-42.
[5]郭建如.我国高校博士教育扩散、博士质量分布与质量保障:制度主义视角[J].北京大学教育评论,2009,7(2):21-46.
[7]宋旭红.学术职业发展的内在逻辑[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2008:103.
[8][9](美)亨利·罗索夫斯基.美国校园文化---学生·教授·管理[M].济南:山东人民出版社.1996:24.
[10][33]张斌.博士毕业生互聘网络中的院系分层与结构化特征---基于部分物理学学者学缘的社会网络分析[J].教育研究,2013(1):84-90.
[11]庄丽君,刘少雪.我国数学学科博士职业发展研究[J].高等工程教育研究,2013,(1):115-121.
[13][16]Freeman,R.B.Demand for labor in a nonprofit market:University faculty.In D.S.Hamermesh(Ed.),Labor in the public and nonprofit sectors[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1975:16.
[14]Moore W J,Newman R J.The Academic Labor Market for New Ph.D.Economists,1960-1974[J].Eastern Economic Journal,1978,4(2):139-151.
[15]Donald E.Lewis,John Mangan.Wage inflexibility and quality adjustment in Australian academic labour markets:a constrained case[J].Applied Economics,1987,19(10):1279-1290.
[17]Hansmann,H.The role of nonprofit enterprise.In S.Rose-Ackerman(Ed.),The economics of nonprofit institutions:Studies in structure and policy[M].New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1986:55.
[18]Rothschild,M.,&White,L.J.The university in the marketplace:Some insights and some puzzles.In C.T.Clotfelter&M.Rothschild(Eds.),Studies of supply and demand in higher education[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1993:11.
[19]James,E.Decision processes and priorities in higher education.In S.Hoenack&E.Collins(Eds.),The economics of American universities[M].Albany:State University of New York Press,1990:77.
[20][21](美)托尼·比彻,保罗·特罗勒尔.学术部落及其领地[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008:90.
[22]中国学位与研究生教育发展报告课题组.中国学位与研究生教育发展报告[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2012:21.
[23]徐志平.我国高校新教师供需状况研究---以历史学科为例[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2013:54.
[24](德)马克斯·韦伯.学术与政治:韦伯的两篇演说[M].冯克利,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013.
[25]陈伟.“从身份到契约”:学术职业的变化趋势及其反思[J].高等教育研究,2012.4:65-71.
[26](美)托马斯·库恩.必要的张力[M].范岱年,纪树立,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2004:233.
[27]沈文钦,王东芳,赵世奎.博士就业的多元化趋势及其政策应对---一个跨国比较的分析[J].教育学术月刊,2015(2):35-45.
[28]徐志平,沈红.过剩还是不足?我国博士培养规模的适切性分析[J]研究生教育研究,2018,6(48):1-6.
[29]Cummings,W.K.,Bain,O.(2009).The Internationalization of the U.S.Academy in Comparative Perspective:A Descriptive Study[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2009,10(1),107-115.
[30]Teichler,U.Internationalisation of higher education:European experiences[J].Asia Pacific Education Review,2009,10(1):93-106.
[31]刘进,沈红.大学教师流动与学术职业发展:基于对二战后的考察[J].清华大学教育研究,2014(2):43-50.
[32](澳)马尔科姆·沃特斯.现代社会学理论[M].杨善华,译.北京:华夏出版社,2000:311.