莫斯科-喀山高速铁路沿线季节性冻土冻融特征
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摘要
在莫喀高铁沿线770余公里的季节性冻土区内,依据地貌单元、微地貌、地层岩性与水文地质条件等特征设置了14个监测场,对季节性冻土的岩性、密度、含水率、地下水位、地温、近地面气温及雪盖的厚度和密度进行了频率为10天1次,持续时间为7个月(2016年10月1日~2017年4月26日)的监测,依据监测数据分析了莫喀高铁沿线季节性冻土的冻结融化特征。分析结果表明:莫喀高铁沿线季节性冻土区的雪盖主要存在于10月下旬至翌年4月,雪盖厚度为20.2~38.2cm,平均值为27.3cm,最大积雪厚度为25~60cm,平均值为44.4cm,出现在2月上、中旬;莫喀高铁沿线季节性冻土的起始冻结时间为11月中、下旬,全部消融时间在翌年3月上旬~4月中旬之间,存活时间为100~165d,平均时间为122d;季节性冻土的冻结速率为0.27~1.20cm·d~(-1),平均为0.50cm·d~(-1),融化速率为0.27~2.52cm·d~(-1),平均为1.14cm·d~(-1);在土体的冻结期间,雪盖减小了地层的冻结速率,在土体的融化期间,雪盖推迟了季节性冻土自上而下融化的起始时间与融化量,并且会使季节性冻土在无雪条件下的双向融化变为自下而上的单向融化;莫喀高铁沿线土体在自然状态(积雪覆盖)下的季节最大冻深为0.19~0.90m,平均为0.45m,出现在2月上、中旬;雪盖会减小土体的最大冻深,在雪盖平均厚度为26.1~28.6cm时,雪盖可以使季节最大冻深减小22.2%~32.6%;在莫喀高铁沿线的季节性冻土区,雪盖在形成初期和消融末期保温与降温效果并存,但主要以降温效果为主,而在积雪稳定期,主要以保温效果为主;雪盖对季节性冻土热状况的影响深度和程度取决于土体含水率,土体含水率越大,雪盖的影响深度和程度就越小,反之则亦然。
According to the geomorphologic unit,micro-geomorphology,stratigraphic lithology and hydrogeological conditions and other factors,14 monitoring sites were established in seasonal frozen soil areas along the Moscow-Kazan High-Speed Railway,which is 770 km long.FromOctober 1,2016 to April 26,2017,the lithology,density and moisture content of seasonal frozen soil,groundwater level,earth temperature,air temperature near the ground surface,snow thickness,and snow density were continuously measured once every 10 days.Based on the measuring data,the freezing and thawing characteristics of seasonal frozen soil along the railway were studied.Research result shows that in the seasonal frozen soil region along the MoscowKazan High-Speed Railway,snow cover lasts from late October to following April.Snow cover thickness varies from 20.2 to 38.2 cm and the average value is 27.3 cm.The maximum snow cover thickness varies from 25 to 60 cm,occurs in early to middle February,and the average value is 44.4 cm.The soil starts to freeze from middle November to late November,and thaws completely from early March to following middle April.The unfrozen time lasts from 100 to 165 days,and the average time is 122 days.The freezing rate of the soil changes from 0.27 to 1.20 cm·d~(-1),and the average value is 0.50 cm·d~(-1).The thawing rate changes from 0.27 to 2.52 cm·d~(-1),and the average value is 1.14 cm·d~(-1).In the freezing period of the soil,snow cover reduces the freezing rate of the soil.In thawing period of the soil,snow cover delays the thawing beginning time of the soil from the top to the bottom,also reduces the thawing thickness of the soil from the top to the bottom,and changes the double-direction thawing between the top and the bottom into the single-direction thawing from the bottom to the top.Along the Moscow-Kazan HighSpeed Railway,the maximum average freezing depth of the soil is 0.45 m within the range of0.19-0.90 munder natural conditions,which generally occurs in early or middle February.Snow cover can reduce the seasonal freezing depth of the soil,and the reduction is 22.2%-32.6% when the thickness of snow cover is 26.1-28.6 cm.Snow cover has both cooling and insulating effect on the soil in the periods of early snow formation and late snow melting,but the cooling effect is major.However,in the stable period of snow cover,the insulating effect is major.Snow cover has a substantial insulating effect on the soil temperature,and the influencing depth and extent depend on the moisture content of the soil.The higher the moisture content is,the less the influencing depth and extent are,and vice versa.3 tabs,7 figs,28 refs.
According to the geomorphologic unit,micro-geomorphology,stratigraphic lithology and hydrogeological conditions and other factors,14 monitoring sites were established in seasonal frozen soil areas along the Moscow-Kazan High-Speed Railway,which is 770 km long.FromOctober 1,2016 to April 26,2017,the lithology,density and moisture content of seasonal frozen soil,groundwater level,earth temperature,air temperature near the ground surface,snow thickness,and snow density were continuously measured once every 10 days.Based on the measuring data,the freezing and thawing characteristics of seasonal frozen soil along the railway were studied.Research result shows that in the seasonal frozen soil region along the MoscowKazan High-Speed Railway,snow cover lasts from late October to following April.Snow cover thickness varies from 20.2 to 38.2 cm and the average value is 27.3 cm.The maximum snow cover thickness varies from 25 to 60 cm,occurs in early to middle February,and the average value is 44.4 cm.The soil starts to freeze from middle November to late November,and thaws completely from early March to following middle April.The unfrozen time lasts from 100 to 165 days,and the average time is 122 days.The freezing rate of the soil changes from 0.27 to 1.20 cm·d~(-1),and the average value is 0.50 cm·d~(-1).The thawing rate changes from 0.27 to 2.52 cm·d~(-1),and the average value is 1.14 cm·d~(-1).In the freezing period of the soil,snow cover reduces the freezing rate of the soil.In thawing period of the soil,snow cover delays the thawing beginning time of the soil from the top to the bottom,also reduces the thawing thickness of the soil from the top to the bottom,and changes the double-direction thawing between the top and the bottom into the single-direction thawing from the bottom to the top.Along the Moscow-Kazan HighSpeed Railway,the maximum average freezing depth of the soil is 0.45 m within the range of0.19-0.90 munder natural conditions,which generally occurs in early or middle February.Snow cover can reduce the seasonal freezing depth of the soil,and the reduction is 22.2%-32.6% when the thickness of snow cover is 26.1-28.6 cm.Snow cover has both cooling and insulating effect on the soil in the periods of early snow formation and late snow melting,but the cooling effect is major.However,in the stable period of snow cover,the insulating effect is major.Snow cover has a substantial insulating effect on the soil temperature,and the influencing depth and extent depend on the moisture content of the soil.The higher the moisture content is,the less the influencing depth and extent are,and vice versa.3 tabs,7 figs,28 refs.
引文
[1]Moscow State University Geophysics Co.,Ltd.Monitoring report of seasonally frozen soil characteristics and its influence on Moscow-Kazan High-Speed Railway[R].Moscow:Moscow State University Geophysics Co.,Ltd.,2017.
[2]WU Qing-bai,ZHANG Ting-jun.Changes in active layer thickness over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1995to 2007[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115:1-12.
[3]赵国堂.严寒地区高速铁路无砟轨道路基冻胀管理标准的研究[J].铁道学报,2016,38(3):1-8.ZHAO Guo-tang.Study on management standard of frost heaving of ballastless track subgrade on high-speed railway in severe cold regions[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2016,38(3):1-8.(in Chinese)
[4]蔡德钩.高速铁路季节性冻土路基冻胀时空分布规律试验[J].中国铁道科学,2016,37(3):16-21.CAI De-gou.Test on frost heaving spatial-temporal distribution of high speed railway subgrade in seasonal frozen soil region[J].China Railway Science,2016,37(3):16-21.(in Chinese)
[5]石刚强,赵世运,李先明,等.严寒地区高速铁路路基冻胀变形监测分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):360-368.SHI Gang-qiang,ZHAO Shi-yun,LI Xian-ming,et al.The frost heaving deformation of high-speed railway subgrades in cold regions:monitoring and analyzing[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):360-368.(in Chinese)
[6]熊治文,金兰,程佳,等.高速铁路改良粗颗粒填料冻胀特性试验研究[J].中国铁道科学,2015,36(5):1-6.XIONG Zhi-wen,JIN Lan,CHENG Jia,et al.Experimental study on frost heaving characteristics of improved coarse grain filling for high speed railway[J].China Railway Science,2015,36(5):1-6.(in Chinese)
[7]SHI Gang-qiang,ZHANG Yu-zhi,ZHAO Shi-yun,et al.Analysis of high-speed railway roadbed settlement in seasonally frozen regions[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,204-208:1740-1743.
[8]李金平,张娟,陈建兵,等.高寒冻土区路基变形演化规律与破坏特征[J].交通运输工程学报,2016,16(4):78-87.LI Jin-ping,ZHANG Juan,CHEN Jian-bing,et al.Evolution laws and failure characteristics of subgrade deformation in alpine permafrost region[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2016,16(4):78-87.(in Chinese)
[9]YUE Zu-run,WANG ian-liang,T MA Chao,et al.Frost heave control of fine round gravel fillings in deep seasonal frozen regions[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2013,5(4):425-432.
[10]KONRAD J M,LEMIEUX N.Influence of fines on frost heave characteristics of a well-graded base-course material[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2005,42(2):515-527.
[11]KONRAD J M.Freezing-induced water migration in compacted base-course materials[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2008,45(7):895-909.
[12]张玉芝,杜彦良,孙宝臣,等.季节性冻土地区高速铁路路基冻融变形规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2546-2553.ZHANG Yu-zhi,DU Yan-liang,SUN Bao-chen,et al.Roadbed deformation of high-speed railway due to freezingthawing process in seasonally frozen regions[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2546-2553.(in Chinese)
[13]MU Shen,LADANYI B.Modeling of coupled heat,moisture and stress field in freezing soil[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,1987,14(3):237-246.
[14]邰博文,刘建坤,李旭,等.寒区高速铁路路基冻胀数值模型及防冻胀措施[J].中国铁道科学,2017,38(3):1-9.TAI Bo-wen,LIU Jian-kun,LI Xu,et al.Numerical model of frost heaving and anti-frost heave measures of high speed railway subgrade in cold region[J].China Railway Science,2017,38(3):1-9.(in Chinese)
[15]YUE Zu-run,TAI Bo-wen,SUN Tie-cheng.Analysis of temperature field characteristics based on subgrade site measurements of Harbin-Qiqihar High-Speed Railway in a deep seasonal frozen soil region[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2015,7(5):547-553.
[16]金铭,李毅,刘贤德,等.祁连山黑河中上游季节性冻土年际变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(5):1068-1073.JIN Ming,LI Yi,LIU Xian-de,et al.Interannual variation characteristics of seasonal frozen soil in upper-middle reaches of Heihe River in Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(5):1068-1073.(in Chinese)
[17]彭小清,张廷军,潘小多,等.祁连山区黑河流域季节性冻土时空变化研究[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(4):497-508.PENG Xiao-qing,ZHANG Ting-jun,PAN Xiao-duo,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of seasonally frozen ground over the Heihe River basin of Qilian Mountain in Western China[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(4):497-508.(in Chinese)
[18]李林,王振宇,汪青春,等.青海季节性冻土退化的成因及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理研究,2008,27(1):162-170.LI Lin,WANG Zhen-yu,WANG Qing-chun,et al.Cause of seasonal frozen soil degeneration and its response to climate change in Qinghai[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(1):162-170.(in Chinese)
[19]原国红.季节性冻土水分迁移的机理及数值模拟[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.YUAN Guo-hong.The mechanism and numerical simulation of water transfer in seasonal freezing soil[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006.(in Chinese)
[20]李杨.季节性冻土水分迁移模型研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2008.LI Yang.A study on the moisture content migration model of seasonal frozen Soil[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2008.(in Chinese)
[21]吴道勇,赖远明,马勤国,等.季节性冻土区水盐迁移及土体变形特性模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(2):465-476.WU Dao-yong,LAI Yuan-ming,MA Qin-guo,et al.Model test study of water and salt migration and deformation characteristics in seasonally frozen soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(2):465-476.(in Chinese)
[22]张莲海,马巍,杨成松,等.土在冻结及融化过程中的热力学研究现状与展望[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1505-1518.ZHANG Lian-hai,MA Wei,YANG Cheng-song,et al.A review and prospect of the thermodynamics of soils subjected to freezing and thawing[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1505-1518.(in Chinese)
[23]ZHANG Ting-jun.Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime:An overview[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2005,43:1-23.
[24]RODDER T,KNEISEL C.Influence of snow cover and grain size on the ground thermal regime in the discontinuous permafrost zone,Swiss Alps[J].Geomorphology,2012,175-176:176-189.
[25]MACKIEWICZ M C.A new approach to quantifying soil temperature responses to changing air temperature and snow cover[J].Polar Science,2012,6:226-236.
[26]蔡汉成,李勇,杨永鹏,等.青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区气温和多年冻土变化特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(7):1434-1444.CAI Han-cheng,LI Yong,YANG Yong-peng,et al.Variation of temperature and permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(7):1434-1444.(in Chinese)
[27]金会军,孙立平,王绍令,等.青藏高原中、东部局地因素对地温的双重影响(Ⅰ):植被和雪盖[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):535-545.JIN Hui-jun,SUN Li-ping,WANG Shao-ling,et al.Dual influences of local environmental variables on ground temperatures on the Interior-Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Ⅰ):vegetation and snow cover[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):535-545.(in Chinese)
[28]马虹,胡汝骥.积雪对冻土热状况的影响[J].干旱区地理,1995,18(4):23-27.MA Hong,HU Ru-ji.Effect of snow cover on thermal regime of frozen soil[J].Arid Land Geography,1995,18(4):23-27.(in Chinese)
[2]WU Qing-bai,ZHANG Ting-jun.Changes in active layer thickness over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1995to 2007[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115:1-12.
[3]赵国堂.严寒地区高速铁路无砟轨道路基冻胀管理标准的研究[J].铁道学报,2016,38(3):1-8.ZHAO Guo-tang.Study on management standard of frost heaving of ballastless track subgrade on high-speed railway in severe cold regions[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2016,38(3):1-8.(in Chinese)
[4]蔡德钩.高速铁路季节性冻土路基冻胀时空分布规律试验[J].中国铁道科学,2016,37(3):16-21.CAI De-gou.Test on frost heaving spatial-temporal distribution of high speed railway subgrade in seasonal frozen soil region[J].China Railway Science,2016,37(3):16-21.(in Chinese)
[5]石刚强,赵世运,李先明,等.严寒地区高速铁路路基冻胀变形监测分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):360-368.SHI Gang-qiang,ZHAO Shi-yun,LI Xian-ming,et al.The frost heaving deformation of high-speed railway subgrades in cold regions:monitoring and analyzing[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):360-368.(in Chinese)
[6]熊治文,金兰,程佳,等.高速铁路改良粗颗粒填料冻胀特性试验研究[J].中国铁道科学,2015,36(5):1-6.XIONG Zhi-wen,JIN Lan,CHENG Jia,et al.Experimental study on frost heaving characteristics of improved coarse grain filling for high speed railway[J].China Railway Science,2015,36(5):1-6.(in Chinese)
[7]SHI Gang-qiang,ZHANG Yu-zhi,ZHAO Shi-yun,et al.Analysis of high-speed railway roadbed settlement in seasonally frozen regions[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2012,204-208:1740-1743.
[8]李金平,张娟,陈建兵,等.高寒冻土区路基变形演化规律与破坏特征[J].交通运输工程学报,2016,16(4):78-87.LI Jin-ping,ZHANG Juan,CHEN Jian-bing,et al.Evolution laws and failure characteristics of subgrade deformation in alpine permafrost region[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2016,16(4):78-87.(in Chinese)
[9]YUE Zu-run,WANG ian-liang,T MA Chao,et al.Frost heave control of fine round gravel fillings in deep seasonal frozen regions[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2013,5(4):425-432.
[10]KONRAD J M,LEMIEUX N.Influence of fines on frost heave characteristics of a well-graded base-course material[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2005,42(2):515-527.
[11]KONRAD J M.Freezing-induced water migration in compacted base-course materials[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2008,45(7):895-909.
[12]张玉芝,杜彦良,孙宝臣,等.季节性冻土地区高速铁路路基冻融变形规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(12):2546-2553.ZHANG Yu-zhi,DU Yan-liang,SUN Bao-chen,et al.Roadbed deformation of high-speed railway due to freezingthawing process in seasonally frozen regions[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(12):2546-2553.(in Chinese)
[13]MU Shen,LADANYI B.Modeling of coupled heat,moisture and stress field in freezing soil[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,1987,14(3):237-246.
[14]邰博文,刘建坤,李旭,等.寒区高速铁路路基冻胀数值模型及防冻胀措施[J].中国铁道科学,2017,38(3):1-9.TAI Bo-wen,LIU Jian-kun,LI Xu,et al.Numerical model of frost heaving and anti-frost heave measures of high speed railway subgrade in cold region[J].China Railway Science,2017,38(3):1-9.(in Chinese)
[15]YUE Zu-run,TAI Bo-wen,SUN Tie-cheng.Analysis of temperature field characteristics based on subgrade site measurements of Harbin-Qiqihar High-Speed Railway in a deep seasonal frozen soil region[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2015,7(5):547-553.
[16]金铭,李毅,刘贤德,等.祁连山黑河中上游季节性冻土年际变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(5):1068-1073.JIN Ming,LI Yi,LIU Xian-de,et al.Interannual variation characteristics of seasonal frozen soil in upper-middle reaches of Heihe River in Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(5):1068-1073.(in Chinese)
[17]彭小清,张廷军,潘小多,等.祁连山区黑河流域季节性冻土时空变化研究[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(4):497-508.PENG Xiao-qing,ZHANG Ting-jun,PAN Xiao-duo,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of seasonally frozen ground over the Heihe River basin of Qilian Mountain in Western China[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(4):497-508.(in Chinese)
[18]李林,王振宇,汪青春,等.青海季节性冻土退化的成因及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理研究,2008,27(1):162-170.LI Lin,WANG Zhen-yu,WANG Qing-chun,et al.Cause of seasonal frozen soil degeneration and its response to climate change in Qinghai[J].Geographical Research,2008,27(1):162-170.(in Chinese)
[19]原国红.季节性冻土水分迁移的机理及数值模拟[D].长春:吉林大学,2006.YUAN Guo-hong.The mechanism and numerical simulation of water transfer in seasonal freezing soil[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2006.(in Chinese)
[20]李杨.季节性冻土水分迁移模型研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2008.LI Yang.A study on the moisture content migration model of seasonal frozen Soil[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2008.(in Chinese)
[21]吴道勇,赖远明,马勤国,等.季节性冻土区水盐迁移及土体变形特性模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(2):465-476.WU Dao-yong,LAI Yuan-ming,MA Qin-guo,et al.Model test study of water and salt migration and deformation characteristics in seasonally frozen soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(2):465-476.(in Chinese)
[22]张莲海,马巍,杨成松,等.土在冻结及融化过程中的热力学研究现状与展望[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1505-1518.ZHANG Lian-hai,MA Wei,YANG Cheng-song,et al.A review and prospect of the thermodynamics of soils subjected to freezing and thawing[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1505-1518.(in Chinese)
[23]ZHANG Ting-jun.Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime:An overview[J].Reviews of Geophysics,2005,43:1-23.
[24]RODDER T,KNEISEL C.Influence of snow cover and grain size on the ground thermal regime in the discontinuous permafrost zone,Swiss Alps[J].Geomorphology,2012,175-176:176-189.
[25]MACKIEWICZ M C.A new approach to quantifying soil temperature responses to changing air temperature and snow cover[J].Polar Science,2012,6:226-236.
[26]蔡汉成,李勇,杨永鹏,等.青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区气温和多年冻土变化特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(7):1434-1444.CAI Han-cheng,LI Yong,YANG Yong-peng,et al.Variation of temperature and permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(7):1434-1444.(in Chinese)
[27]金会军,孙立平,王绍令,等.青藏高原中、东部局地因素对地温的双重影响(Ⅰ):植被和雪盖[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):535-545.JIN Hui-jun,SUN Li-ping,WANG Shao-ling,et al.Dual influences of local environmental variables on ground temperatures on the Interior-Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Ⅰ):vegetation and snow cover[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):535-545.(in Chinese)
[28]马虹,胡汝骥.积雪对冻土热状况的影响[J].干旱区地理,1995,18(4):23-27.MA Hong,HU Ru-ji.Effect of snow cover on thermal regime of frozen soil[J].Arid Land Geography,1995,18(4):23-27.(in Chinese)