豇豆-水稻轮作模式下水稻生长的不均匀性
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摘要
冬季瓜菜之后轮作水稻是海南省一种重要的栽培模式。为了充分利用前作的肥效,一般后作水稻都会减少肥料的使用,这时前作肥料条施所导致的田间肥力不均会较大地影响后作水稻的生产。本研究以豇豆-水稻轮作为对象,以杂交稻品种‘聚两优747’为材料,于分蘖末期、成熟期分别在不同肥力下生长表现强势(T1)和生长表现弱势(T2)的行间取样,分析了豇豆-水稻轮作模式对后作水稻的生长发育、产量构成和稻米品质的影响。研究结果显示,生长在不同肥力行间的植株,在分蘖末期,其生长发育性状上有明显的差异,如株高、分蘖数、地上部干重、倒三叶叶面积、植株含氮量等方面差异显著,其中,T1植株根、茎、叶的含氮量分别比T2植株的高117.1%、368.8%、72.3%,差异都达到极显著水平;在成熟期,与产量构成相关的指标,如有效穗数、实粒数、结实率、千粒重等方面存在显著差异,尤其是T1植株的穗数和结实率分别比T2植株高64.0%和9.3%,差异达极显著水平;在稻米品质方面,虽然在出糙率、精米率、精米的长和宽及长宽比、糊化温度和直链淀粉含量等方面没有显著差异,但在整精米率、胶稠度、蛋白质含量、垩白粒率方面存在显著差异,如T1的垩白粒率比T2低4.5%,而T1的整精米率则比T2高5.5%,差异都达到极显著水平。因此,在豆稻轮作的情况下要获得水稻的高产优质,需要制定合理的栽培技术方案,改进耕作技术、均衡前作的遗留肥力,并注意在水稻当季合理施肥。
Winter vegetable and rice rotation is an important cultivation mode in Hainan. In order to raise the residual fertilizer utilization efficiency of fore-rotating crop, the use of fertilizer will be reduced in rice, the succession crop, in general. At this time, the fertility inequality caused by the row application of fertilization of fore-rotating crop will greatly affect the production of subsequent rice. In this study, the cowpea-rice rotation mode was used as the research object, and ‘Juliangyou 747’, a hybrid rice variety, was used as the material, the effects of growth, yield components and quality of rice were analyzed at late tillering stage and maturity stage by sampling between rows with strong growth performance(T_1) and weak growth performance(T_2), respectively. There were significant differences in plant height,tiller number, shoot dry weight, area of converse third leaves and nitrogen content of plants in late tillering stage.Among them, the nitrogen content of roots, stems and leaves of T_1 plants was 117.1%, 368.8% and 72.3% significantly higher than that of T_2 plants, respectively. There were significant differences in the number of panicles, grains per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. In particular, the number of ears and seed setting rate of T_1 plants was64.0% and 9.3% higher than that of T_2 plants. There were no significant differences in the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, length-width and length-width ratio of milled rice, gelatinization temperature and amylose content, but there were significant differences in head rice rate, gel consistency, protein content and chalky rice rate. The chalky rice rate of T_1 was 4.5% lower, and the head rice rate of T_1 was 5.5% higher than that of T_2, which both reached a very significant level.Therefore, In order to obtain high yield and high quality of rice under cowpea-rice rotation, it is necessary to formulate a plan of reasonable cultivation techniques, improve tillage techniques, balance the residual fertility of fore-rotating crop,and apply fertilizer rationally in current season of rice.
Winter vegetable and rice rotation is an important cultivation mode in Hainan. In order to raise the residual fertilizer utilization efficiency of fore-rotating crop, the use of fertilizer will be reduced in rice, the succession crop, in general. At this time, the fertility inequality caused by the row application of fertilization of fore-rotating crop will greatly affect the production of subsequent rice. In this study, the cowpea-rice rotation mode was used as the research object, and ‘Juliangyou 747’, a hybrid rice variety, was used as the material, the effects of growth, yield components and quality of rice were analyzed at late tillering stage and maturity stage by sampling between rows with strong growth performance(T_1) and weak growth performance(T_2), respectively. There were significant differences in plant height,tiller number, shoot dry weight, area of converse third leaves and nitrogen content of plants in late tillering stage.Among them, the nitrogen content of roots, stems and leaves of T_1 plants was 117.1%, 368.8% and 72.3% significantly higher than that of T_2 plants, respectively. There were significant differences in the number of panicles, grains per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. In particular, the number of ears and seed setting rate of T_1 plants was64.0% and 9.3% higher than that of T_2 plants. There were no significant differences in the brown rice rate, milled rice rate, length-width and length-width ratio of milled rice, gelatinization temperature and amylose content, but there were significant differences in head rice rate, gel consistency, protein content and chalky rice rate. The chalky rice rate of T_1 was 4.5% lower, and the head rice rate of T_1 was 5.5% higher than that of T_2, which both reached a very significant level.Therefore, In order to obtain high yield and high quality of rice under cowpea-rice rotation, it is necessary to formulate a plan of reasonable cultivation techniques, improve tillage techniques, balance the residual fertility of fore-rotating crop,and apply fertilizer rationally in current season of rice.
引文
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[10]何杰,李冰,王昌全,等.不同施氮处理对水稻油菜轮作土壤氮素供应与作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(15):2957-2968
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[16]张献平,赵洪.花生、水稻轮作高效栽培技术[J].上海农业科技,2006(3):115-116.
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[18]郁进元,何岩,赵忠福,等.长宽法测定作物叶面积的校正系数研究[J].江苏农业科学,2007(2):37-39.
[19]林咸永,倪吾钟.植物营养学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:36-42.
[20]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008(5):915-924.
[21]杨滨娟,孙松,陈洪俊,等.稻田水旱轮作系统的能值分析和可持续性评价[J].生态科学,2017,36(1):123-131.
[22]曹隆恭,咸金山.我国北方旱地用养结合的历史经验[J].中国农史,1985(4):63-77.
[23]陈富英,吴冬梅.毛豆-水稻轮作高产栽培技术[J].福建农业科技,2014(6):60-62.
[24]范明生,江荣风,张福锁,等.水旱轮作系统作物养分管理策略[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):424-432.
[25]周昱磊,陈轩敬,杨敏,等.不同轮作制度减量施肥对水稻群体质量及产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(11):77-82.
[26]洪丽芳,苏帆,胡靖,等.豆一稻轮作体系下土壤养分平衡的系统研究[J].西南农业学报,1994,7(2):54-60.
[27]胡大明,钱益芳,蒋其根,等.应用HSC法评价水稻新品种(系)丰产稳产性[J].上海农业学报,2010,26(4):159-161.
[28]赵洋,郑桂萍,张文秀,等.利用AMMI模型分析寒地水稻产量的基因型与环境互作关系[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(4):84-86.
[29]马群,张洪程,戴其根,等.生育类型与施氮水平对粳稻加工品质的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(7):1282-1289.
[2]周鹏,杨福孙,陈汇林,等.海南岛旱季气候变化对冬季瓜菜生产的影响[J].热带作物学报,2013,34(6):1054-1059.
[3]罗红霞,王玲玲,李玉萍,等.海南冬季瓜菜种植区划分析系统构建探讨[J].热带农业科学,2014,34(8):26-29.
[4]陈先茂,彭春瑞,关贤交,等.红壤旱地不同轮作模式的效益及其对土壤质量的影响[J].江西农业学报,2009,21(6):75-80.
[5]王飞,李清华,林诚,等.冷浸田水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(5):1469-1476.
[6]李清华,王飞,林诚,等.水旱轮作对冷浸田土壤碳、氮、磷养分活化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(6):113-117.
[7]Hamid A,Paulsen G M,Zandstra H G.Performance of rice grown after upland crops and fallow in the humid tropics[J].Tropical Agriculture,1982,61(4):305-310.
[8]黄国勤,熊云明,钱海燕,等.稻田轮作系统的生态学分析[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1159-1164.
[9]卢欣欣,那茂玉,姚陆铭,等.扁豆-水稻轮作对土壤环境影响的比较分析[J].上海农业学报,2016,32(5):92-96.
[10]何杰,李冰,王昌全,等.不同施氮处理对水稻油菜轮作土壤氮素供应与作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(15):2957-2968
[11]瞿云明,杨新琴,赵建阳,等.豇豆连作障碍消减关键技术[J].北方园艺,2017(4):205-207.
[12]沈学年,刘巽浩.多熟种植[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1983:113.
[13]许如意,李劲松,李世龙,等.甜瓜-豇豆-水稻高效栽培技术[J].中国蔬菜,2011(7):55-57.
[14]郭宏波,张跃进,梁宗锁,等.水旱轮作减轻三七连作障碍的潜势分析[J].云南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,32(1):161-169.
[15]邢后银,滕宏飞,王常春.水稻-豇豆水旱轮作栽培效益高[J].科学种养,2009(6):22-23.
[16]张献平,赵洪.花生、水稻轮作高效栽培技术[J].上海农业科技,2006(3):115-116.
[17]许如意,李劲松,李世龙,等.甜瓜-豇豆-水稻高效栽培技术[J].中国蔬菜,2011(7):55-57.
[18]郁进元,何岩,赵忠福,等.长宽法测定作物叶面积的校正系数研究[J].江苏农业科学,2007(2):37-39.
[19]林咸永,倪吾钟.植物营养学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016:36-42.
[20]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008(5):915-924.
[21]杨滨娟,孙松,陈洪俊,等.稻田水旱轮作系统的能值分析和可持续性评价[J].生态科学,2017,36(1):123-131.
[22]曹隆恭,咸金山.我国北方旱地用养结合的历史经验[J].中国农史,1985(4):63-77.
[23]陈富英,吴冬梅.毛豆-水稻轮作高产栽培技术[J].福建农业科技,2014(6):60-62.
[24]范明生,江荣风,张福锁,等.水旱轮作系统作物养分管理策略[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):424-432.
[25]周昱磊,陈轩敬,杨敏,等.不同轮作制度减量施肥对水稻群体质量及产量的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(11):77-82.
[26]洪丽芳,苏帆,胡靖,等.豆一稻轮作体系下土壤养分平衡的系统研究[J].西南农业学报,1994,7(2):54-60.
[27]胡大明,钱益芳,蒋其根,等.应用HSC法评价水稻新品种(系)丰产稳产性[J].上海农业学报,2010,26(4):159-161.
[28]赵洋,郑桂萍,张文秀,等.利用AMMI模型分析寒地水稻产量的基因型与环境互作关系[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(4):84-86.
[29]马群,张洪程,戴其根,等.生育类型与施氮水平对粳稻加工品质的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(7):1282-1289.