拯救传媒业:全球新闻媒介的超本地化转向
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摘要
本文通过梳理2005年以来外国学者关于超本地新闻的研究,对其发展的背景、内容特征、理论等进行了系统概括,希望从中找到其发展研究的基本脉络。首先,传媒产业的衰落和新媒介技术的应用使得新闻媒介向着超本地化转向。其次,超本地新闻是公民新闻和社区新闻在web2.0时代的融合发展,也是传统媒体自救的新尝试。第三,专业记者或者大的媒介集团创办超本地新闻网站,聚焦于较小地理范围的新闻实践,利用公民记者的力量报道邻里间发生的事情,希望能够填补主流媒体报道的空白。超本地新闻网站还自觉承担着监督地方政府的责任,对提高地方民主、社区建设起到了积极的作用。公民记者参与超本地新闻的生产与制作,是信息传播与自我表达的满足。在超本地新闻网站上,普通公众上传新闻并公开参与讨论,形成了超本地化的"公共空间"。虽然超本地新闻在新闻的真实性、专业性等方面备受学者的诟病,但它和网络技术的紧密结合,新的运营模式都让很多学者看到了传媒产业发展的新曙光,他们欢呼超本地新闻是新兴新闻时代的到来,可以拯救已经没落的传媒产业。
Summarizing abroad scholar's research on hyperlocai journalism from 2005 and concluding the background,characters of hyperlocal news content and the theory,I try to find how the hyperlocal journalism and the research develop.First of all,decline of media industry and application of new media technology push journalism to turn to "hyperlocal".Second,hyperlocal Journalism is the hybrid of citizen journalism and community journalism in web 2.0,which is a useful try of its development.Third,professional journalists and big media open hyperlocal news websites,focusing on small geography,reporting news about neighborhoods through citizen journalists and filling perceived gaps in coverage of an issue or region.And hyperlocal news websites handle the responsibility of watchdog on local government,which is helpful to local democracy and community building.Citizen journalists take part in the procedure of news production,which fulfills needs of communication and self-expression.On hyperlocal news websites,citizen can debate freely about public lives about community,which may shape "hyperlocal public sphere".Although,scholars and journalists hesitate about the truth and professionalism of hyperlocal journalism,it may be the hope of media industry according to the new technology and model of business.Some scholars hail for the age of new type of journalism,which can save the declining legacy media.
Summarizing abroad scholar's research on hyperlocai journalism from 2005 and concluding the background,characters of hyperlocal news content and the theory,I try to find how the hyperlocal journalism and the research develop.First of all,decline of media industry and application of new media technology push journalism to turn to "hyperlocal".Second,hyperlocal Journalism is the hybrid of citizen journalism and community journalism in web 2.0,which is a useful try of its development.Third,professional journalists and big media open hyperlocal news websites,focusing on small geography,reporting news about neighborhoods through citizen journalists and filling perceived gaps in coverage of an issue or region.And hyperlocal news websites handle the responsibility of watchdog on local government,which is helpful to local democracy and community building.Citizen journalists take part in the procedure of news production,which fulfills needs of communication and self-expression.On hyperlocal news websites,citizen can debate freely about public lives about community,which may shape "hyperlocal public sphere".Although,scholars and journalists hesitate about the truth and professionalism of hyperlocal journalism,it may be the hope of media industry according to the new technology and model of business.Some scholars hail for the age of new type of journalism,which can save the declining legacy media.
引文
王斌(2010).超本地化新闻的发展理念:服务社区用户导向.《中国报业》,(6):45-48.[Wangbin(2010).Development of hyperiocal journalism:service for community and guidance to users.China Newspaper Industry,(6):45-48.]
Andy Williams,Steven Barnett,Dave Harte,Judith Townend(eds.)(2014).The state of UK hyperiocal community news:findings from a survey of practitioners.AHRC-funded projects.London:University of Westminster.
Bunch,Will(2007).Forgetting why reporters choose the work they do.Nieman Reports Winter2007,(61):28.
Brett Oppegaard(2014).How mobile devices are creating hyperlocalopportunities.Research Gate,Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/274709601.
Christopher Harper,Dianne Garyantes(2012).Urban Journalism:Street by Street.Journal of Literature and Art Studies,Vol.2(6):641-650.
Downie,Schudson(2009).The reconstruction of American journalism.Columbia Journalism Review,2009(12):28.
Damian Radcliffe(2012).Here and now:UK hyperiocal media today.London:Nesta.Retrieved from http://www.nesta.org.uk/areas_of_work/creative_economy/destination_local/assets/features/here_and_now_uk_hyperlocal_media_today.
Damian Radcliffe(2015).Where are we now?UK hyperiocal media and community journalism in 2015.London:Nesta.
David Baines(2012).Hyper-local news:A glue tohold rural communitiestogether?Local Economy,27(2):152-166.
Elizabeth Katherine Viall(2009).Hyperiocal citizen journalism and traditional meoia sites:similarities and contrasts in theme,objectivity,and watchdog function.
Emily T.Metzgar.David D.Kurpiu,Karen M.Rowley(2011).Defining hyperiocal media:proposing a framework fordiscussion.New media&society,13(5):772-787.
Grieder,A.(1999).Truth.In H.Gordon(Ed.),Dictionary of existentialism.London:Fitzroy Dearborn.
Guy Berger(2009).How the ineternet impacts on international news——Exploring Paradoxes of the Most Global Medium in a Time of'Hyperlocalism.The International Communication Gazette,Vol.71(5):355-371.
Heli V(a|¨)(a|¨)t(a|¨)j(a|¨)(2012).Readers'Motivations to participate in hyperiocal News Content Creation.Conference paper,Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Supporting group work.
Jaspers,K.(1997).Reason and existenz(W.Earle,trans.).Milwaukee,WI:Marquette University Press.
Jarvis,J.(2004).Hyperiocal.BuzzMachine,http://buzzmachine.com/2004/02/page/6.
Jan Schaffer(2007).Citizen Media:Fad or the Future of News?,Baltimore:J-Lab,Retrieved from http://www.j-lab.org/_uploads/publications/citizenmedia.pdf
Jan Schaffer(2008).Quoted in Christopher Harper,Dianne Garyantes(2011),philadelphianeighborhoods.com:Journalism Street by Street.Media in transition 7 massachusetts institute of technology.
Jeff Kaye,Stephen Quinn(2010).Funding journalism in thedigital age:business models,strategies,issues and trends.Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly,87(3-4):662-663.
John Bingham-Hall&Stephen Law(2015).Connected or informed:local twitternetworking in a London neighborhood.Big Data&Society,(7-12):1-17.
Jon Kingsbury(2012).Here and Now:UK Hyperlocal Media Today.London:Nesta.Retrieved from http://www.nesta.org.uk/areas_of_work/creative_economy/destination_local/assets/features/here_and_now_uk_hyperlocal_media_today.
Lorenzo Dalvit and Steve Kromberg(2012).Introducing NikaNOW:a mobile platformfor hyperlocal media in south Africa.In Karl Jonas,Idris A.Rai,Maurice Tchuente(eds.),e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries.4th International ICST Conference,AFRICOMM 2012.
Monica Chadha(2015),THE NEIGHBORHOOD HYPERLOCAL,Digital Journalism,2015(11):1-21.
Mckee Alan(2004).The public sphere:an introduction.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Manuela Farinosi and EmilianoTrere(2014).Challenging mainstream media,documenting real life and sharing with the community:An analysis of the motivations for producing citizen journalism in a post-disaster citycommunity.Global Media and Communicatio,(10):73.
Marco van Kerkhoven,Piet Bakker(2014).The hyperlocal In practice,Digital Journalism,2(3):296-309.
Magdi Abdelhadi(2015).Independent journalism finds its voice in Egypt.Niemanreports,Retrieved from http://niemanreports.org/articles/independent-journalism-finds-its-voice-in-egypt/
OFCOM(2014).Internet Citizens 2014:Use of selected citizen-related online content and services.Retrieved from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/telecoms-research/Internet_Citizens_Report_14.pdf
Pew research center(2014a),Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/what-the-digital-newsboom-means-for-consumers/
Pew research center(2014b).Key indicators in Mmedia&news.Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/state-of-the-news-media-2014-key-indicators-in-media-and-news/.
SETH C.LEWIS(2011).Journalism innovation and participation:an analysis of the knight news challenge.International Journal of Communication,5(5):1623-1648.
Steve Paulussen&Evelien D'heer(2013).Using citizens for community Journalism findings from a hyperlocal media project.Journalism Practice,7(5):588-603.
Steven Barnett,Judith Townend(2014).Plurality,policy and the local.Journalism Practice,9(3):332-349.
1.学者Marco van Kerkhoven和Piet Bakker在《THE HYPERLOCAL IN PRACTICE Innovation,creativity and diversity》一文中对荷兰每个行政区所有的地方网站进行了统计研究,共研究了350个超本地新闻网站。
2.活跃网站是学者Dave Harte在对超本新闻网站研究进行过界定,是指在五个月内发布过至少一条新闻报道或者网站本身以论坛的形式进行运营。
Andy Williams,Steven Barnett,Dave Harte,Judith Townend(eds.)(2014).The state of UK hyperiocal community news:findings from a survey of practitioners.AHRC-funded projects.London:University of Westminster.
Bunch,Will(2007).Forgetting why reporters choose the work they do.Nieman Reports Winter2007,(61):28.
Brett Oppegaard(2014).How mobile devices are creating hyperlocalopportunities.Research Gate,Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/274709601.
Christopher Harper,Dianne Garyantes(2012).Urban Journalism:Street by Street.Journal of Literature and Art Studies,Vol.2(6):641-650.
Downie,Schudson(2009).The reconstruction of American journalism.Columbia Journalism Review,2009(12):28.
Damian Radcliffe(2012).Here and now:UK hyperiocal media today.London:Nesta.Retrieved from http://www.nesta.org.uk/areas_of_work/creative_economy/destination_local/assets/features/here_and_now_uk_hyperlocal_media_today.
Damian Radcliffe(2015).Where are we now?UK hyperiocal media and community journalism in 2015.London:Nesta.
David Baines(2012).Hyper-local news:A glue tohold rural communitiestogether?Local Economy,27(2):152-166.
Elizabeth Katherine Viall(2009).Hyperiocal citizen journalism and traditional meoia sites:similarities and contrasts in theme,objectivity,and watchdog function.
Emily T.Metzgar.David D.Kurpiu,Karen M.Rowley(2011).Defining hyperiocal media:proposing a framework fordiscussion.New media&society,13(5):772-787.
Grieder,A.(1999).Truth.In H.Gordon(Ed.),Dictionary of existentialism.London:Fitzroy Dearborn.
Guy Berger(2009).How the ineternet impacts on international news——Exploring Paradoxes of the Most Global Medium in a Time of'Hyperlocalism.The International Communication Gazette,Vol.71(5):355-371.
Heli V(a|¨)(a|¨)t(a|¨)j(a|¨)(2012).Readers'Motivations to participate in hyperiocal News Content Creation.Conference paper,Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Supporting group work.
Jaspers,K.(1997).Reason and existenz(W.Earle,trans.).Milwaukee,WI:Marquette University Press.
Jarvis,J.(2004).Hyperiocal.BuzzMachine,http://buzzmachine.com/2004/02/page/6.
Jan Schaffer(2007).Citizen Media:Fad or the Future of News?,Baltimore:J-Lab,Retrieved from http://www.j-lab.org/_uploads/publications/citizenmedia.pdf
Jan Schaffer(2008).Quoted in Christopher Harper,Dianne Garyantes(2011),philadelphianeighborhoods.com:Journalism Street by Street.Media in transition 7 massachusetts institute of technology.
Jeff Kaye,Stephen Quinn(2010).Funding journalism in thedigital age:business models,strategies,issues and trends.Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly,87(3-4):662-663.
John Bingham-Hall&Stephen Law(2015).Connected or informed:local twitternetworking in a London neighborhood.Big Data&Society,(7-12):1-17.
Jon Kingsbury(2012).Here and Now:UK Hyperlocal Media Today.London:Nesta.Retrieved from http://www.nesta.org.uk/areas_of_work/creative_economy/destination_local/assets/features/here_and_now_uk_hyperlocal_media_today.
Lorenzo Dalvit and Steve Kromberg(2012).Introducing NikaNOW:a mobile platformfor hyperlocal media in south Africa.In Karl Jonas,Idris A.Rai,Maurice Tchuente(eds.),e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries.4th International ICST Conference,AFRICOMM 2012.
Monica Chadha(2015),THE NEIGHBORHOOD HYPERLOCAL,Digital Journalism,2015(11):1-21.
Mckee Alan(2004).The public sphere:an introduction.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Manuela Farinosi and EmilianoTrere(2014).Challenging mainstream media,documenting real life and sharing with the community:An analysis of the motivations for producing citizen journalism in a post-disaster citycommunity.Global Media and Communicatio,(10):73.
Marco van Kerkhoven,Piet Bakker(2014).The hyperlocal In practice,Digital Journalism,2(3):296-309.
Magdi Abdelhadi(2015).Independent journalism finds its voice in Egypt.Niemanreports,Retrieved from http://niemanreports.org/articles/independent-journalism-finds-its-voice-in-egypt/
OFCOM(2014).Internet Citizens 2014:Use of selected citizen-related online content and services.Retrieved from http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/telecoms-research/Internet_Citizens_Report_14.pdf
Pew research center(2014a),Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/what-the-digital-newsboom-means-for-consumers/
Pew research center(2014b).Key indicators in Mmedia&news.Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/state-of-the-news-media-2014-key-indicators-in-media-and-news/.
SETH C.LEWIS(2011).Journalism innovation and participation:an analysis of the knight news challenge.International Journal of Communication,5(5):1623-1648.
Steve Paulussen&Evelien D'heer(2013).Using citizens for community Journalism findings from a hyperlocal media project.Journalism Practice,7(5):588-603.
Steven Barnett,Judith Townend(2014).Plurality,policy and the local.Journalism Practice,9(3):332-349.
1.学者Marco van Kerkhoven和Piet Bakker在《THE HYPERLOCAL IN PRACTICE Innovation,creativity and diversity》一文中对荷兰每个行政区所有的地方网站进行了统计研究,共研究了350个超本地新闻网站。
2.活跃网站是学者Dave Harte在对超本新闻网站研究进行过界定,是指在五个月内发布过至少一条新闻报道或者网站本身以论坛的形式进行运营。
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