氯代阻燃剂得克隆对孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)繁殖及早期发育的影响
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摘要
得克隆(Dechlorane Plus,DP)是一种在全世界范围内广泛使用的氯代阻燃剂,具有潜在的毒性效应。但目前已有的生态毒理学数据还十分有限。本文选择分布广泛的大型绿藻孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)作为研究对象,探讨不同浓度DP对孔石莼繁殖细胞转化及早期发育的影响。结果表明,低浓度(10-6~10-8mol·L-1)DP暴露不同程度地影响孔石莼繁殖细胞的形成、释放及附着,在试验浓度范围内呈现一定的剂量效应关系。与空白对照组相比,DP处理(10-6mol·L-1)分别使繁殖细胞的形成率、释放率和附着率显著降低了76.76%、46.26%和85.64%。在丝状幼体阶段,DP处理组(10-8和10-7mol·L-1)幼体体长分别比对照组显著减少了32.74%和38.98%。结果表明,DP暴露抑制了孔石莼的繁殖及早期发育。基于绿藻繁殖特性及早期发育的生物学指标对DP暴露较为敏感,能够为海洋环境的DP生物学效应研究提供数据。
Dechlorane Plus( DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant which is globally ubiquitous. However,limited information is available on its toxicity in aquatic organisms,especially for marine algae. In this study,the common green macroalgae Ulva pertusa was used to evaluate possible eco-toxicological response,including the reproduction and early development with the low-dose DP exposure( 10-6to 10-8mol·L-1). The results showed thatDP inhibited the reproductive cells formation,release and adhesion in dose-effect manner. After exposure to DP in the concentration of 10-6mol·L-1,the rate of formation,release and adhesion were significantly decreased by 76.76%,46.26% and 85.64%,respectively. The length of filaments was decreased by 32.74% and 38.98%,respectively with10-8and 10-7mol·L-1of DP treatments. Our observations firstly indicated that DP disrupted the transformation of reproductive cells of U. pertusa as well as their early development. Reproductive cells formation,release and adhesion in macroalgae were sensitive biomarkers which can be used for assessing the marine ecological risks of DP.
Dechlorane Plus( DP) is a highly chlorinated flame retardant which is globally ubiquitous. However,limited information is available on its toxicity in aquatic organisms,especially for marine algae. In this study,the common green macroalgae Ulva pertusa was used to evaluate possible eco-toxicological response,including the reproduction and early development with the low-dose DP exposure( 10-6to 10-8mol·L-1). The results showed thatDP inhibited the reproductive cells formation,release and adhesion in dose-effect manner. After exposure to DP in the concentration of 10-6mol·L-1,the rate of formation,release and adhesion were significantly decreased by 76.76%,46.26% and 85.64%,respectively. The length of filaments was decreased by 32.74% and 38.98%,respectively with10-8and 10-7mol·L-1of DP treatments. Our observations firstly indicated that DP disrupted the transformation of reproductive cells of U. pertusa as well as their early development. Reproductive cells formation,release and adhesion in macroalgae were sensitive biomarkers which can be used for assessing the marine ecological risks of DP.
引文
[1]Hoh E A,Zhu L Y,Hites R A.Dechlorane Plus,a chlorinated flame retardant,in the Great Lakes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(4):1184-1189
[2]Luo X,Wu J,Chen S,et al.Species-specific bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers,hexabromocyclododecan and Dechlorane Plus in biota:A review[J].Scientia Sinica Chimica,2013,43(3):291-304
[3]Wang D G,Qi H,Yang M,et al.An Asia-specific source of Dechlorane Plus:Concentration,isomer pro-files,and other related compounds[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(17):6608-6613
[4]Sverko E,Tomy G T,Reiner E J,et al.Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in the environment:A review[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(12):5088-5098
[5]Feo M L,Bar'on E,Eljarrat E,et al.Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in aquatic and terrestrial biota:A review[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2012,404(9):2625-2637
[6]Qiu X,Hites R A.Dechlorane Plus and other flame retardants in tree bark from the Northeastern United States[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(1):31-36
[7]Von E A,Pijuan L,Marti R,et al.Determination of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds(Dechlorane602,603 and 604)in fish and vegetable oils[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:1256-1263
[8]Vorkamp K,Bossi R,Riget F F,et al.Novel brominated flame retardants and Dechlorane Plus in Greenland air and biota[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,196:284-291
[9]Fang M,Kim J C,Chang Y S,et al.Investigating Dechlorane Plus(DP)distribution and isomer specific adsorption behavior in size fractionated marine sediments[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,481(1):114-120
[10]Zheng J,Wang J,Luo X J,et al.Dechlorane Plus in human hair from an e-waste recycling area in South China:Comparison with dust[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(24):9298-9303
[11]Wang B,Lino F,Huang J,et al.Dechlorane Plus pollution and inventory in soil of Huai'an City,China[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(11):1285-1290
[12]Yu Z,Lu S,Gao S,et al.Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(9):2920-2925
[13]Tao W,Zhou Z,Shen L,et al.Determination of Dechlorane flame retardants in soil and fish at Guiyu,an electronic waste recycling site in South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206(1):361-368
[14]Sun H,Li Y,Wang P,et al.Atmospheric levels and distribution of Dechlorane Plus in an e-waste dismantling region of East China[J].Science China-Chemistry,2016(1):1-6
[15]张鸿雁,李硕,陈胜文.得克隆生物累积及毒性效应[J].上海第二工业大学学报,2015,32(4):290-297Zhang H Y,Li S,Chen S W.Accumulation in biota and toxicological effect of Dechlorane Plus[J].Journal of Shanghai Second Polytechnic University,2015,32(4):290-297(in Chinese)
[16]Zhao Z,Zhong G,M9ller A,et al.Levels and distribution of Dechlorane Plus in coastal sediments of the Yellow Sea,North China[J].Chemosphere,2011,83(7):984-990
[17]Jia H L,Sun Y Q,Liu X J,et al.Concentration and bioaccumulation of Dechlorane compounds in coastal environment of northern China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(7):2613-2618
[18]巩宁,邵魁双,贾宏亮,等.氯代阻燃剂得克隆在大连黄海海域潮间带不同环境介质中的含量及生物富集[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(5):674-678Gong N,Shao K S,Jia H L,et al.Concentration and bioaccumulation of chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus in intertidal zone of Yellow Sea,Dalian[J].Marine Environmental Science,2013,32(5):674-678(in Chinese)
[19]Wang G,Peng J,Hao T,et al.Distribution and regionspecific sources of Dechlorane Plus in marine sediments from the coastal East China Sea[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,573:389-396
[20]Brock W J,Schroeder R E,Mc Knight C A,et al.Oral repeat dose and reproductive toxicity of the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus[J].International Journal of Toxicology,2010,29(6):582-593
[21]Crump D,Chiu S,Gauthier L T,et al.The effects of Dechlorane Plus on toxicity and mRNA expression in chicken embryos:A comparison of in vitro and in ovo approaches[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part C Toxicology&Pharmacology,2011,154(2):129-134
[22]Wu B,Liu S,Guo X,et al.Responses of mouse liver to Dechlorane Plus exposure by integrative transcriptomic and metabonomic studies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(19):10758-10764
[23]Yang Y,Ji F,Cui Y,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of earthworm following long-term Dechlorane Plus exposure[J].Chemosphere,2015,144:2476-2481
[24]Zhang L,Ji F,Li M,et al.Short-term effects of Dechlorane Plus on the earthworm Eisenia fetida determined by a systems biology approach[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,273C(6):239-246
[25]Dou J,Jin Y,Li Y,et al.Potential genotoxicity and risk assessment of a chlorinated flame retardant,Dechlorane Plus[J].Chemosphere,2015,135:462-466
[26]Kang H,Moon H B,Choi K.Toxicological responses following short-term exposure through gavage feeding or water-borne exposure to Dechlorane Plus in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,2015,146:226-232
[27]Liang X,Li W,Martyniuk C J,et al.Effects of Dechlorane Plus on the hepatic proteome of juvenile Chinese sturgeon(Acipenser sinensis)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2014,148(3):83-91
[28]Occidental Chemical Corporation(Oxy Chem).Oxy Chem expands fire retardant plant[J].Additives for Polymers,1996(3):8
[29]Barón E,Dissanayake A,Vilà-Cano J,et al.Evaluation of the genotoxic and physiological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209)and Dechlorane Plus(DP)flame retardants in marine mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(5):2700-2708
[30]曾呈奎,张德瑞,等.中国经济海藻志[M].北京:科学出版社,1962:55-56
[31]王珊,刘瑀,张松.石油烃对孔石莼生长及光合作用的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2011,26(5):432-436Wang S,Liu Y,Zhang S.Effects of petroleum hydrocarbon on growth and photosynthesis in sea weed macroalga Ulva pertusa[J].Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2011,26(5):432-436(in Chinese)
[32]M9ller A,Xie Z,Sturm R,et al.Large-scale distribution of Dechlorane Plus in air and seawater from the Arctic to Antarctica[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(23):8977-8982
[33]Mac Arthur R H,Wilson E O.The Theory of Island Biogeography[M].Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1967:152-153
[34]Janzen D H.Why do bamboos wait so long to flower?[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1976,7(7):347-391
[35]Vadas Sr R L,Johnson S,Norton T A.Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae[J].European Journal of Phycology,1992,27(3):331-351
[36]李钧,于仁诚,李正炎,等.三苯基氯化锡(TPTC)对孔石莼光合作用及生长的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2000,31(4):404-407Li J,Yu R C,Li Z Y,et al.Effects of TPTC on photosynthesis and growth of macroalgae,Ulva pertusa[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2000,31(4):404-407(in Chinese)
[37]Babu M Y,Palanikumar L,Nagarani N,et al.Cadmium and copper toxicity in three marine macroalgae:Evaluation of the biochemical responses and DNA damage[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(16):9604-9616
[38]Han Y S,Brown M T,Park G S.Evaluating aquatic toxicity by visual inspection of thallus color in the green macroalga Ulva:Testing a novel bioassay[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(10):3667-3671
[39]Han Tand Choi G W.A novel marine algal toxicity bioassay based on sporulation inhibition in the green macroalga Ulva pertusa(Chlorophyta)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2005,75(3):202-212
[40]Han T,Han Y S,Chin Y P,et al.Spore release by the green alga Ulva:A quantitative assay to evaluate aquatic toxicants[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,153(3):699-705
[41]Girling J A,Thomas K V,Brooks S J,et al.A macroalgal germling bioassay to assess biocide concentrations in marine waters[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,91(1):82-86
[42]嵇嘉民,马家海,李宇航,等.孔石莼的同形世代交替[J].渔业现代化,2008,35(2):32-35Ji J M,Ma J H,Li Y H,et al.Isomorphic alternation of generations of Ulva pertusa[J].Fishery Modernization,2008,35(2):32-35(in Chinese)
[43]邵魁双,王金霞,周百成.孔石莼外植体再生及发育途径的研究[J].海洋科学,2004,28(6):46-50Shao K S,Wang J X,Zhou B C.Study on the regeneration and development pattern of explants of Ulva pertusa Kjellm(Ulvales,Chlorophyta)[J].Marine Sciences,2004,28(6):46-50(in Chinese)
[2]Luo X,Wu J,Chen S,et al.Species-specific bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers,hexabromocyclododecan and Dechlorane Plus in biota:A review[J].Scientia Sinica Chimica,2013,43(3):291-304
[3]Wang D G,Qi H,Yang M,et al.An Asia-specific source of Dechlorane Plus:Concentration,isomer pro-files,and other related compounds[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(17):6608-6613
[4]Sverko E,Tomy G T,Reiner E J,et al.Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in the environment:A review[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(12):5088-5098
[5]Feo M L,Bar'on E,Eljarrat E,et al.Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in aquatic and terrestrial biota:A review[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2012,404(9):2625-2637
[6]Qiu X,Hites R A.Dechlorane Plus and other flame retardants in tree bark from the Northeastern United States[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(1):31-36
[7]Von E A,Pijuan L,Marti R,et al.Determination of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds(Dechlorane602,603 and 604)in fish and vegetable oils[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:1256-1263
[8]Vorkamp K,Bossi R,Riget F F,et al.Novel brominated flame retardants and Dechlorane Plus in Greenland air and biota[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,196:284-291
[9]Fang M,Kim J C,Chang Y S,et al.Investigating Dechlorane Plus(DP)distribution and isomer specific adsorption behavior in size fractionated marine sediments[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,481(1):114-120
[10]Zheng J,Wang J,Luo X J,et al.Dechlorane Plus in human hair from an e-waste recycling area in South China:Comparison with dust[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(24):9298-9303
[11]Wang B,Lino F,Huang J,et al.Dechlorane Plus pollution and inventory in soil of Huai'an City,China[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(11):1285-1290
[12]Yu Z,Lu S,Gao S,et al.Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in the surface soils from e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(9):2920-2925
[13]Tao W,Zhou Z,Shen L,et al.Determination of Dechlorane flame retardants in soil and fish at Guiyu,an electronic waste recycling site in South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206(1):361-368
[14]Sun H,Li Y,Wang P,et al.Atmospheric levels and distribution of Dechlorane Plus in an e-waste dismantling region of East China[J].Science China-Chemistry,2016(1):1-6
[15]张鸿雁,李硕,陈胜文.得克隆生物累积及毒性效应[J].上海第二工业大学学报,2015,32(4):290-297Zhang H Y,Li S,Chen S W.Accumulation in biota and toxicological effect of Dechlorane Plus[J].Journal of Shanghai Second Polytechnic University,2015,32(4):290-297(in Chinese)
[16]Zhao Z,Zhong G,M9ller A,et al.Levels and distribution of Dechlorane Plus in coastal sediments of the Yellow Sea,North China[J].Chemosphere,2011,83(7):984-990
[17]Jia H L,Sun Y Q,Liu X J,et al.Concentration and bioaccumulation of Dechlorane compounds in coastal environment of northern China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(7):2613-2618
[18]巩宁,邵魁双,贾宏亮,等.氯代阻燃剂得克隆在大连黄海海域潮间带不同环境介质中的含量及生物富集[J].海洋环境科学,2013,32(5):674-678Gong N,Shao K S,Jia H L,et al.Concentration and bioaccumulation of chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus in intertidal zone of Yellow Sea,Dalian[J].Marine Environmental Science,2013,32(5):674-678(in Chinese)
[19]Wang G,Peng J,Hao T,et al.Distribution and regionspecific sources of Dechlorane Plus in marine sediments from the coastal East China Sea[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,573:389-396
[20]Brock W J,Schroeder R E,Mc Knight C A,et al.Oral repeat dose and reproductive toxicity of the chlorinated flame retardant Dechlorane Plus[J].International Journal of Toxicology,2010,29(6):582-593
[21]Crump D,Chiu S,Gauthier L T,et al.The effects of Dechlorane Plus on toxicity and mRNA expression in chicken embryos:A comparison of in vitro and in ovo approaches[J].Comparative Biochemistry&Physiology Part C Toxicology&Pharmacology,2011,154(2):129-134
[22]Wu B,Liu S,Guo X,et al.Responses of mouse liver to Dechlorane Plus exposure by integrative transcriptomic and metabonomic studies[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(19):10758-10764
[23]Yang Y,Ji F,Cui Y,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of earthworm following long-term Dechlorane Plus exposure[J].Chemosphere,2015,144:2476-2481
[24]Zhang L,Ji F,Li M,et al.Short-term effects of Dechlorane Plus on the earthworm Eisenia fetida determined by a systems biology approach[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,273C(6):239-246
[25]Dou J,Jin Y,Li Y,et al.Potential genotoxicity and risk assessment of a chlorinated flame retardant,Dechlorane Plus[J].Chemosphere,2015,135:462-466
[26]Kang H,Moon H B,Choi K.Toxicological responses following short-term exposure through gavage feeding or water-borne exposure to Dechlorane Plus in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,2015,146:226-232
[27]Liang X,Li W,Martyniuk C J,et al.Effects of Dechlorane Plus on the hepatic proteome of juvenile Chinese sturgeon(Acipenser sinensis)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2014,148(3):83-91
[28]Occidental Chemical Corporation(Oxy Chem).Oxy Chem expands fire retardant plant[J].Additives for Polymers,1996(3):8
[29]Barón E,Dissanayake A,Vilà-Cano J,et al.Evaluation of the genotoxic and physiological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209)and Dechlorane Plus(DP)flame retardants in marine mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis)[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(5):2700-2708
[30]曾呈奎,张德瑞,等.中国经济海藻志[M].北京:科学出版社,1962:55-56
[31]王珊,刘瑀,张松.石油烃对孔石莼生长及光合作用的影响[J].大连海洋大学学报,2011,26(5):432-436Wang S,Liu Y,Zhang S.Effects of petroleum hydrocarbon on growth and photosynthesis in sea weed macroalga Ulva pertusa[J].Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2011,26(5):432-436(in Chinese)
[32]M9ller A,Xie Z,Sturm R,et al.Large-scale distribution of Dechlorane Plus in air and seawater from the Arctic to Antarctica[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(23):8977-8982
[33]Mac Arthur R H,Wilson E O.The Theory of Island Biogeography[M].Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1967:152-153
[34]Janzen D H.Why do bamboos wait so long to flower?[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1976,7(7):347-391
[35]Vadas Sr R L,Johnson S,Norton T A.Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae[J].European Journal of Phycology,1992,27(3):331-351
[36]李钧,于仁诚,李正炎,等.三苯基氯化锡(TPTC)对孔石莼光合作用及生长的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2000,31(4):404-407Li J,Yu R C,Li Z Y,et al.Effects of TPTC on photosynthesis and growth of macroalgae,Ulva pertusa[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2000,31(4):404-407(in Chinese)
[37]Babu M Y,Palanikumar L,Nagarani N,et al.Cadmium and copper toxicity in three marine macroalgae:Evaluation of the biochemical responses and DNA damage[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(16):9604-9616
[38]Han Y S,Brown M T,Park G S.Evaluating aquatic toxicity by visual inspection of thallus color in the green macroalga Ulva:Testing a novel bioassay[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(10):3667-3671
[39]Han Tand Choi G W.A novel marine algal toxicity bioassay based on sporulation inhibition in the green macroalga Ulva pertusa(Chlorophyta)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2005,75(3):202-212
[40]Han T,Han Y S,Chin Y P,et al.Spore release by the green alga Ulva:A quantitative assay to evaluate aquatic toxicants[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,153(3):699-705
[41]Girling J A,Thomas K V,Brooks S J,et al.A macroalgal germling bioassay to assess biocide concentrations in marine waters[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,91(1):82-86
[42]嵇嘉民,马家海,李宇航,等.孔石莼的同形世代交替[J].渔业现代化,2008,35(2):32-35Ji J M,Ma J H,Li Y H,et al.Isomorphic alternation of generations of Ulva pertusa[J].Fishery Modernization,2008,35(2):32-35(in Chinese)
[43]邵魁双,王金霞,周百成.孔石莼外植体再生及发育途径的研究[J].海洋科学,2004,28(6):46-50Shao K S,Wang J X,Zhou B C.Study on the regeneration and development pattern of explants of Ulva pertusa Kjellm(Ulvales,Chlorophyta)[J].Marine Sciences,2004,28(6):46-50(in Chinese)