基于一维电子平衡流体模型的平行板离子引出数值模拟
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摘要
离子引出是一个涉及多粒子相互作用、多物理场耦合的复杂物理过程,研究引出过程中不同参数对于引出特性的影响,对于优化离子引出过程的工艺参数具有一定的指导意义。为此基于描述非平衡等离子体输运特性的物理数学模型,推导了描述金属等离子体引出过程中各组分运动规律的一维电子平衡流体模型,并通过与解析解和实验测量结果的对比验证了所发展的物理数学模型和计算机程序代码的正确性。在此基础上,系统研究了不同工况下等离子体鞘层的时空演化特性以及离子引出时间和引出效率。结果表明:等离子体初始密度较高时,引出过程中存在显著的屏蔽效应;引出电压、电子温度的升高或极板间距的减小都将缩短引出时间;考虑共振电荷转移过程得到的离子引出时间与无碰撞条件下的离子引出时间相差不大,但共振电荷转移会导致目标离子损失。
Ion extraction is a complex physical process with multi-particle interactions and multi-field coupling. Studies concerning the effects of different parameters on the ion extraction characteristics are helpful to optimizing the operating parameters of the ion extraction processes. A one-dimension electron-equilibrium fluid model is derived from the physical-mathematical model for the non-equilibrium plasma transport properties to describe the motions of each component in a metal ion extraction process. The reliability of the preceding physical-mathematical model, as well as the computer codes, is verified by comparing with the analytical solutions and experimental data. Based on this model, studies are conducted on the ion extraction characteristics of metal plasmas, including the spatial-temporal evolution of the space charge sheath, the ion extraction time, and efficiency under different operating conditions. The modeling results show that there exists significant shielding effect in the ion extraction process when the initial plasma density is high. The increase in the applied voltage and the electron temperature or the decrease in the electrode gap spacing will shorten the extraction time. Although there are no obvious differences between the ion extraction times with or without consideration of the resonant charge transfer, the resonant charge transfer process will cause the loss of the target ions.
Ion extraction is a complex physical process with multi-particle interactions and multi-field coupling. Studies concerning the effects of different parameters on the ion extraction characteristics are helpful to optimizing the operating parameters of the ion extraction processes. A one-dimension electron-equilibrium fluid model is derived from the physical-mathematical model for the non-equilibrium plasma transport properties to describe the motions of each component in a metal ion extraction process. The reliability of the preceding physical-mathematical model, as well as the computer codes, is verified by comparing with the analytical solutions and experimental data. Based on this model, studies are conducted on the ion extraction characteristics of metal plasmas, including the spatial-temporal evolution of the space charge sheath, the ion extraction time, and efficiency under different operating conditions. The modeling results show that there exists significant shielding effect in the ion extraction process when the initial plasma density is high. The increase in the applied voltage and the electron temperature or the decrease in the electrode gap spacing will shorten the extraction time. Although there are no obvious differences between the ion extraction times with or without consideration of the resonant charge transfer, the resonant charge transfer process will cause the loss of the target ions.
引文
[1]李和平,王鹏,王鑫,等.原子蒸气激光同位素分离研究进展综述—(I):理论研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(9):2825-2836.LI Heping,WANG Peng,WANG Xin,et al.Advances on the atomic vapor laser isotope separation process-(I):theory[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(9):2825-2836.
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[14]熊家贵,王德武.考虑碰撞的二维离子引出过程的数值模拟[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,1999,39(10):48-51.XIONG Jiagui,WANG Dewu.Simulation of 2-D ion extraction with collision[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,1999,39(10):48-51
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[17]荣命哲,仲林林,王小华,等.平衡态与非平衡态电弧等离子体微观特性计算研究综述[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(19):54-65.RONG Mingzhe,ZHONG Linlin,WANG Xiaohua,et al.Review of microscopic property calculation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium arc plasma[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(19):54-65.
[18]荣命哲,刘定新,李美,等.非平衡态等离子体的仿真研究现状与进展[J],电工技术学报,2014,29(6):271-282.RONG Mingzhe,LIU Dingxin,LI Mei,et al.Research status and new progress on the numerical simulation of non-equilibrium plasmas[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(6):271-282.
[19]张晓宁,李和平,MURPHY A B,等.用于非平衡热等离子体数值模拟的物理数学模型[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1640-1648.ZHANG Xiaoning,LI Heping,MURPHY A B,et al.Physical-mathematical model used for simulations of non-equilibrium thermal plasmas[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(7):1640-1648.
[20]ZHANG X N,LI H P,MURPHY A B,et al.A numerical model of non-equilibrium thermal plasma I.transport properties[J].Physics of Plasmas,2013,20(3):033508.
[21]LI H P,ZHANG X N,XIA W D.A numerical model of non-equilibrium thermal plasma II.governing equations[J].Physics of Plasma,2013,20(3):033509.
[22]严敏,王德武,应纯同,等.离子引出过程的实验与数值模拟的比较[J].原子能科学技术,1997,31(1):28-33.YAN Min,WANG Dewu,YING Chuntong,et al.The comparison between experiment and numerical simulation of ion extraction progress[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,1997,31(1):28-33.
[2]李和平,王鑫,王鹏,等.原子蒸气激光同位素分离研究进展综述—(II):实验研究[J].高电压技术,2016,42(3):706-716.LI Heping,WANG Xin,WANG Peng,et al.Advances in atomic vapor laser isotope separation process-(II):experiment[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(3):706-716.
[3]WIDNER M,ALEXEFF I,JONES W D,et al.Ion acoustic wave excitation and ion sheath evolution[J].Physics of Fluids,1970,13(19):2532-2540.
[4]CHEN F F.Decay of a plasma created between negatively biased walls[J].Physics of Fluids,1982,25(12):2385-2387.
[5]OKANO K.Theory of ion-extraction time from a plasma by a static electric field[J].Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology,1992,29(7):601-607.
[6]袁奎训,徐品方,俞沛增,等.激光同位素分离中离子取出过程的研究[J].原子与分子物理学报,1993,10(3):2839-2843.YUAN Kuixun,XU Pinfang,YU Peizeng,et al.Investigation of the ion extraction in laser isotope separation[J].Chinese Journal of Atomic and Molecular Physics,1993,10(3):2839-2843.
[7]严敏,应纯同,王德武,等.二维无碰撞离子引出过程的数值模拟[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,1996,36(6):5-10.YAN Min,YING Chuntong,WANG Dewu,et al.Two-dimension numerical simulation of collisionless ion collection[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,1996,36(6):5-10.
[8]YAMADA K,TETSUKA T,DEGUCHI Y.Ion extraction characteristics by an electric field on laser-produced barium plasma[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1990,67(11):6734-6741.
[9]YAMADA K,TETSUKA T,DEGUCHI Y.Ion extraction characteristics on a barium plasma produced between grounded parallel plate electrodes and a positively biased upper plate electrode[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1991,69(12):8064-8071.
[10]YAMADA K,TETSUKA T.Ion extraction characteristics on a barium plasma produced between alternately biased parallel plate electrodes[J].Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology,1993,31(4):301-307.
[11]KUROSAWA H,HASEGAWA S,SUZUKI A.Ion extraction from a laser-ionized plasma produced between parallel plate cathodes and an anode above them[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2002,91(8):4818-4823.
[12]NISHIO R,YAMADA K,SUZUKI K,et al.Ion transport from laser induced metal plasma to ion extraction electrodes[J].Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology,1995,32(3):180-190.
[13]柯建林,周长庚.脉冲束流引出时的等离子体鞘层变化[J].强激光与粒子束,2015,37(8):085105.KE Jianlin,ZHOU Changgeng.Evolution of plasma sheath in pulsed ion beam extractions[J].High Power Laser and Particle Beams,2015,37(8):085105.
[14]熊家贵,王德武.考虑碰撞的二维离子引出过程的数值模拟[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,1999,39(10):48-51.XIONG Jiagui,WANG Dewu.Simulation of 2-D ion extraction with collision[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,1999,39(10):48-51
[15]林莘,王亮,徐建源,等.非平衡双温度SF6等离子体电弧数学模型研究[J].高压电器,2015,51(3):1-7.LIN Xin,WANG Liang,XU Jianyuan,et al.Non-equilibrium dual temperature SF6 plasma arc mathematical model research[J].High Voltage Apparatus,2015,51(3):1-7.
[16]李辉,李鑫涛,徐建源,等.均匀电场下SF6/CF4流注放电数值模拟[J].高压电器,2016,52(12):122-127.LI Hui,LI Xintao,XU Jianyuan,et al.Streamer discharge simulation of SF6/CF4 in uniform electrical field[J].High Voltage Apparatus,2016,52(12):122-127.
[17]荣命哲,仲林林,王小华,等.平衡态与非平衡态电弧等离子体微观特性计算研究综述[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(19):54-65.RONG Mingzhe,ZHONG Linlin,WANG Xiaohua,et al.Review of microscopic property calculation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium arc plasma[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(19):54-65.
[18]荣命哲,刘定新,李美,等.非平衡态等离子体的仿真研究现状与进展[J],电工技术学报,2014,29(6):271-282.RONG Mingzhe,LIU Dingxin,LI Mei,et al.Research status and new progress on the numerical simulation of non-equilibrium plasmas[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(6):271-282.
[19]张晓宁,李和平,MURPHY A B,等.用于非平衡热等离子体数值模拟的物理数学模型[J].高电压技术,2013,39(7):1640-1648.ZHANG Xiaoning,LI Heping,MURPHY A B,et al.Physical-mathematical model used for simulations of non-equilibrium thermal plasmas[J].High Voltage Engineering,2013,39(7):1640-1648.
[20]ZHANG X N,LI H P,MURPHY A B,et al.A numerical model of non-equilibrium thermal plasma I.transport properties[J].Physics of Plasmas,2013,20(3):033508.
[21]LI H P,ZHANG X N,XIA W D.A numerical model of non-equilibrium thermal plasma II.governing equations[J].Physics of Plasma,2013,20(3):033509.
[22]严敏,王德武,应纯同,等.离子引出过程的实验与数值模拟的比较[J].原子能科学技术,1997,31(1):28-33.YAN Min,WANG Dewu,YING Chuntong,et al.The comparison between experiment and numerical simulation of ion extraction progress[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,1997,31(1):28-33.