黔西南灰家堡金矿田成矿流体来源及演化:流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据
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摘要
为厘清滇黔桂地区卡林型金矿床成矿流体的特征,本文以灰家堡金矿田为代表,对太平洞、紫木凼、水银洞和簸箕田4个典型矿床中热液矿物的流体包裹体进行了系统研究,并对热液矿物进行了碳、氢、氧、硫同位素的分析测试。结果表明,灰家堡金矿田流体包裹体类型丰富,包括NaCl-H2O溶液包裹体、CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O包裹体、烃-H2O包裹体和烃类包裹体五大类。从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体组分大致经历了从H2O+NaCl→H2O+NaCl+CO2+CH4±N2→H2O+NaCl±CH4±CO2的演化,均一温度和盐度略有降低。流体包裹体及稳定同位素组成特征显示,成矿流体属于富含金属和碳氢化合物的盆地流体;沉积黄铁矿的硫主要来源于封闭海洋盆地中硫酸盐的细菌还原硫;热液硫化物与沉积黄铁矿的硫同位素特征相似,表明成矿流体中的硫来源于成岩黄铁矿的溶解作用,同时有机质热分解和硫酸盐有机质热还原作用亦提供了部分硫。成矿主阶段发生的H2O-NaCl-CO2流体不混溶作用是导致Au沉淀富集的重要机制。
To provide insights into the ore-forming fluids characteristics of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Southwestern Guizhou Province,the systematic fluid inclusion investigations and C,H,O and S stable isotope analyses have been carried out on the hydrothermal minerals in four typical gold deposits from the Huijiabao gold field,including Taipingdong,Zimudang,Shuiyindong and Bojitian gold deposits.Five types of fluid inclusion are recognized,including aqueous inclusion,mono-phase CO2 inclusion,CO2-H2 O inclusion,hydrocarbon-H2 O inclusion and hydrocarbon inclusion.From the early to late stage,the compositions of ore-forming fluids experienced the evolution of H2O+NaCl→H2O+NaCl+CO2+CH4±N2→H2O+NaCl±CH4±CO2with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity.The nature of fluid inclusions and stable isotopes indicate that the ore-forming fluids were composed mainly of ore-and hydrocarbon-bearing basin fluid.The sulfur dynamic fractionation of diagenetic pyrite was controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates.The sulfur isotope compositions of hydrothermal sulfides are very similar to those of diagenetic pyrite in the host rocks,suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from the dissolution of diagenetic pyrite.The immiscibility of H2O-NaCl-CO2 fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and the enrichment of gold.
To provide insights into the ore-forming fluids characteristics of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Southwestern Guizhou Province,the systematic fluid inclusion investigations and C,H,O and S stable isotope analyses have been carried out on the hydrothermal minerals in four typical gold deposits from the Huijiabao gold field,including Taipingdong,Zimudang,Shuiyindong and Bojitian gold deposits.Five types of fluid inclusion are recognized,including aqueous inclusion,mono-phase CO2 inclusion,CO2-H2 O inclusion,hydrocarbon-H2 O inclusion and hydrocarbon inclusion.From the early to late stage,the compositions of ore-forming fluids experienced the evolution of H2O+NaCl→H2O+NaCl+CO2+CH4±N2→H2O+NaCl±CH4±CO2with a slight decrease in homogenization temperature and salinity.The nature of fluid inclusions and stable isotopes indicate that the ore-forming fluids were composed mainly of ore-and hydrocarbon-bearing basin fluid.The sulfur dynamic fractionation of diagenetic pyrite was controlled by bacterial reduction of marine sulfates.The sulfur isotope compositions of hydrothermal sulfides are very similar to those of diagenetic pyrite in the host rocks,suggesting that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids was mainly derived from the dissolution of diagenetic pyrite.The immiscibility of H2O-NaCl-CO2 fluids took place during the main mineralization stage and caused the precipitation and the enrichment of gold.
引文
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Cline J S,Muntean J L,Gu X X,Xia Y.2013.A comparison ofCarlin-type Gold Deposits:Guizhou Province,Golden Triangle,Southwestern China,and Northern Nevada,USA[J].EarthScience Frontiers,20(1):1-18.
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Holser W T,Kaplan I R.1966.Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates[J].Chemical Geology,1:93-135.
Hu R Z,Su W C,Bi X W,Tu G Z,Hofstra A H.2002.Geologyand geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in Chian[J].Mineralium Deposita,37:378-392.
Ohmoto H,Goldhaber M A.1997.Sulfur and carbon isotopes[A].Baenes H L.Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits 3rd ed[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons:517-611.
Ohmoto H,Rye R O.1979.Isotopes of sulfur and carbon[A].Barnes H L,ed.Geochemistry of hydrothermal deposits.2nd Edition[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons:509-611.
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Phillips G N,Evans K A.2004.Role of CO2in the formation ofgold deposits[J].Nature,429:860-863.
Potter R W I,Clynne M A,Brown D L.1978.Freezing point depression of aqueous sodium chloride solutions[J].Economic Geology,73:284-285.
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Su W C,Xia B,Zhang H T,Zhang X C,Hu R Z.2008.Visiblegold in arsenian pyrite at the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit,Guizhou,China:Implications for the environment andprocess of ore formation[J].Ore Geology Review,33:667-679.
Su W C,Heinrich C A,Pettke T,Zhang X C,Hu R Z,Xia B.2009.Sediment-hosted gold deposits in Guizhou,China:Products of wall-rock sulfidation by deep crustal fluids[J].EconomicGeology,104:73-93.
Su W C,Zhang H T,Hu R Z,Ge X,Xia B,Chen Y Y,Zhu C.2012.Mineralogy and geochemistry of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite from the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit,China:Implications for gold depositional processes[J].Mineralium Deposita,47:653-662.
Taylor B E.1986.Magmatic volatiles:Isotope variation of C,Hand S[A].Stable isotopes in high temperature geologicalprocess[C].Mineralogical Society of America.Reviews in Mineralogy,16:185-226.
Veizer J,Holser W T,Wilgus C K.1980.Correlation of 13C/12 Cand 34S/32S secular variation[J].Geochimica et Cosmochica Acta,44:579-588.
Wang G Z,Hu R Z,Su W C,Zhu L M.2003.Fluid flow and mineralization of Youjiang Basin in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxiarea,China[J].Science in Chian(series D),46(supp.):99-109.
Zhang X C,Spiro B,Halls C,Stanley C Yang K Y.2003.Sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in southwest,Guizhou,PRC:Their geological setting and origin in relation to mineralogical,fluid inclusion,and stable isotope characteristics[J].International Geology Review,45:407-470.
陈本金,温春齐,霍艳,曹盛远,宋发治,周玉.2010.黔西南水银洞金矿床流体包裹体研究[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,29(1):45-51.
陈毓川,李兆鼎,毋瑞身,沈保丰,邹光华,李华芹,王全明,林文蔚,李文亢,刘姤群,欧阳宗圻,孟繁义,王登红,张招崇,毛德宝,陈富文,李景春,李俊健.2001.中国金矿床及其成矿规律[M].北京:地质出版社.
付绍洪,顾雪祥,王乾,夏勇,张兴春,陶琰.2004.黔西南水银洞金矿床载金黄铁矿标型特征[J].矿物学报,24(1):88-95.
顾雪祥,李葆华,徐仕海,付绍洪,董树义.2007.右江盆地含油气成矿流体性质及其成油-成矿作用[J].地学前缘,14(5):133-145.
顾雪祥,刘丽,董树义,章永梅,李科,李葆华.2010.山东沂南金铜铁矿床中的液态不混溶作用与成矿:流体包裹体和氢氧同位素证据[J].矿床地质,29(1):43-57.
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