新疆天山黄土GDGTs重建的全新世温度逐步升高及其可能意义
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摘要
全新世温度变化是理解现代变暖和预测未来温度变化的重要依据,但目前根据地质记录重建的温度变化趋势与气候模拟重建的温度变化趋势存在显著矛盾。依据已经建立了可靠年代的新疆天山北麓鹿角湾全新世黄土—古土壤序列(LJW10剖面),选取4个重要时段的黄土—古土壤样品,开展支链GDGTs(br-GDGTs)测量,采用国际上新提出的GDGTs分析方法和MBT'5ME指标,重建了该剖面全新世以来年均温度变化的初步框架。结果发现,采用新的MBT'5ME指标重建的表层样品的温度更接近现代气象记录的实际温度,利用国际新的GDGTs分析及计算方法重建的全新世温度自早全新世以来逐步升高,与已有气候模拟重建的全新世温度变化趋势一致。应当指出的是,本文只是使用新GDGTs分析方法和MBT'5ME指标重建全新世温度变化的初步探讨,今后不但需要开展研究方法的进一步探讨,而且需要开展更高时间分辨率和不同区域黄土—古土壤记录的GDGTs温度重建研究。
The study of temperature changes during Holocene plays an important role in understanding current global warming and forecasting temperature changes in the future. However,the temperature change trend during Holocene inferred from proxy index reconstructions are contradicted with those from climate model stimulation. In this study,four samples from a loess-paleosol sequence(LJW10)in Tianshan Mountains,arid Central Asia,were used to reconstruct annual temperature trend during Holocene. The proxy index of MBT ' 5 ME and transfer function derived from GDGTs of those samples using newly proposed analytical approach were used for temperature reconstruction. As a result,we achieved separation of 6-methyl br-GDGTs using improved chromatography,the temperature inferred from MBT ' 5 ME index of the four samples was-6.3 oC,1.9 oC,4.3 oC and 6.6 oC respectively at the corresponding depth of 2.2 m,1.6 m,1.2 m and 0.6 m. The reconstructed temperature at the depth of 0.6 m was in accordance with the modern meteorological record,which indicated our temperature reconstruction is reliable. Importantly,we find the low temperature phenomenon in mid-Holocene and the gradual temperature increasing trend since Holocene,which are consistent with results from the climatic modeling. It helps understand Holocene temperature conundrum induced by the records and the climate model. However,there is a significant difference on temperature trend during Holocene between our results and the results based on brGDGTs using Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP). This may be due to different distribution of seasonal rainfall,which caused the temperature recorded by br-GDGTs was about summer in CLP but annual average temperature in Tianshan Mountains. The seasonal response of br-GDGTs to temperature still can not be ignored. It should be also noted that this study is only a preliminary step in the research of using GDGTs and MBT '5 MEindex to reconstruct the temperature change in Holocene and the next step is to continue with this model using higher temporal resolution.
The study of temperature changes during Holocene plays an important role in understanding current global warming and forecasting temperature changes in the future. However,the temperature change trend during Holocene inferred from proxy index reconstructions are contradicted with those from climate model stimulation. In this study,four samples from a loess-paleosol sequence(LJW10)in Tianshan Mountains,arid Central Asia,were used to reconstruct annual temperature trend during Holocene. The proxy index of MBT ' 5 ME and transfer function derived from GDGTs of those samples using newly proposed analytical approach were used for temperature reconstruction. As a result,we achieved separation of 6-methyl br-GDGTs using improved chromatography,the temperature inferred from MBT ' 5 ME index of the four samples was-6.3 oC,1.9 oC,4.3 oC and 6.6 oC respectively at the corresponding depth of 2.2 m,1.6 m,1.2 m and 0.6 m. The reconstructed temperature at the depth of 0.6 m was in accordance with the modern meteorological record,which indicated our temperature reconstruction is reliable. Importantly,we find the low temperature phenomenon in mid-Holocene and the gradual temperature increasing trend since Holocene,which are consistent with results from the climatic modeling. It helps understand Holocene temperature conundrum induced by the records and the climate model. However,there is a significant difference on temperature trend during Holocene between our results and the results based on brGDGTs using Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP). This may be due to different distribution of seasonal rainfall,which caused the temperature recorded by br-GDGTs was about summer in CLP but annual average temperature in Tianshan Mountains. The seasonal response of br-GDGTs to temperature still can not be ignored. It should be also noted that this study is only a preliminary step in the research of using GDGTs and MBT '5 MEindex to reconstruct the temperature change in Holocene and the next step is to continue with this model using higher temporal resolution.
引文
[1]IPCC.Climate change:The physical science basis[M/OL].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[2]施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民,等.中国全新世大暖期的气候波动与重要事件[J].中国科学,1992,(12):1300-1308.[SHIYafeng,KONG Zhaochen,WANG Sumin,et al.Climate fluctuations and important events during Holocene Megathermal in China[J].Science in China,1992,(12):1300-1308.]
[3]SHI Y F,KONG Z Z,WANG S M,et al.Mid-Holocene climates and environments in China[J].Global and Planetary Change,1993,(7):219-234.
[4]AN Z S,PORTER S C,KURZBACH J E,et al.Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2000,(19):743-762.
[5]HUANG X Y,MEYERSP A,JIA C L,et al.Paleotemperature variability in central China during the last 13 ka recorded by a novel microbiallipid proxy in the Dajiuhu peat deposit[J].The Holocene,2013,DOI:10.1177/0959683613483617.
[6]PETERSE F,PRINS M A,BEETS C J,et al.Decoupled warming and monsoon precipitation in East Asia over the last deglaciation[J].earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,301:256-264.
[7]KAUFMAN D S,AGER T A,ANDERSON N J,et al.Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic(0-180°W)[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2004,23:529-560.
[8]MARCOTT A S,SHAKUN J D,CLARK P U,et al.A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300years[J].Science,2013,339:1198-1201.
[9]RENSSEN H,SEPPA H,HEIRI O,et al.The spatial and temporal complexity of the Holocene thermal maximum[J].Nature Geoscience,2009,2:411-414.
[10]LIU Z Y,ZhU J,ROSENTHAL Y,et al.The Holocene temperature conundrum[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2014,111:3501-3505.
[11]JIANG D B,LANG X M,TIAN Z P,et al.Considerable modeldata mismatch in temperature over China during the Mid-Holocene:Results of PMIP simulations[J].Journal of Climate,2012,25:4135-4153.
[12]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.[LIUDongsheng.Loess and environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,1985.]
[13]陈发虎,张维信.甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.[CHEN Fahu,ZHANG Weixin.Loess stratigraphy and quaternary glaciers questions in Gan-Qing district[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.]
[14]SCHOUTEN S,HOPMANS E C,SINNINGHE DamstéJ S,et al.The organic geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids:A review[J].Organic Geochemistry,2013,54:19-61.
[15]SCHOUTEN S,HOPMANS E C,SCHEFU E,et al.Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids:A new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperature?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,204:265-274.
[16]KIM J H,SCHOUTEN S,HOPMANS E C,et al.Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in the ocean[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72:1154-1173.
[17]KIM J H,VAN DER MEER J,SCHOUTEN S,et al.New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal isoprenoid tetraether lipids:Implications for past sea surface temperature reconstructions[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2010,(74):4639-4654.
[18]HUGUET C,MARTRAT B,GRIMALT J O,et al.Coherent millennial scale patterns in U37K’and TEX86H temperature records during the penultimate interglacial-to-glacial cycle in the western Mediterranean[J].Paleoceanography,2011,26,PA2218.
[19]WEIJERS J W H,SCHOUTEN S,VAN DEN DONKER J C,et al.Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2007,(71):703-713.
[20]JIA G D,RAO Z G,ZHANG J,et al.Tetraether biomarker records from a loess-paleosol sequence in the western Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2013,(4):199.
[21]PETERSE F,MARTINEZ-GARCI A,ZHOU B,et al.Molecular records of continental air temperature and monsoon precipitation variability in East Asia spanning the last 130,000 years[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2014,83:76-82.
[22]GAO L,NIE J,CLEMENS S,et al.The importance of solar insolation on the temperature variations for the past 110kyr on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2012,317-318:128-133.
[23]PETERSE F,VAN DER MEER J,SCHOUTEN S,et al.Revised calibration of the MBT-CBT paleotemperature proxy based on branched tetraether membrane lipids in surface soils[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,96:215-229.
[24]YANG H,PANCOST R D,DANG X,et al.Correlations between microbial tetraether lipids and environmental variables in Chinese soils:Optimizing the paleo-reconstructions in semi-arid and arid regions[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2014,126:49-69.
[25]DING S,XU Y,WANG Y,et al.Distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in surface soils of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:Implications of brGDGTs-based proxies in cold and dry regions[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12:3141-3151.
[26]DE JONGE C,HOPMANS E C,ZELL C I,et al.Occurrence and abundance of 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils:Implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2014,141:97-112.
[27]YANG H,LU X,DING W,et al.The 6-methyl branched tetraethers significantly affect the performance of the methylation index(MBT′)in soils from an altitudinal transect at Mount Shennongjia[J].Organic Geochemistry,2015,82:42-53.
[28]CHEN F,YU Z,YANG M,et al.Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27:351-364.
[29]CHEN F H,CHEN J H,HOLMES J A,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in Arid Central Asia:A review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(7-8):1055-1068.
[30]方小敏,史正涛,杨胜利,等.天山黄土和古尔班通古特沙漠发育及北疆干旱化[J].科学通报,2002,(47):540-545.[FANG Xiaomin,SHI Zhengtao,YANG Shengli,et al.Loess sediments in the north piedmont of Tian Shan and its implication for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,(47):540-545.]
[31]宋友桂,史正涛.伊犁盆地黄土分布与组成特征[J].地理科学,2010,30(2):267-272.[SONG Yougui,SHI Zhengtao,Distribution and compositions of loess sediments in Yili Basin,Central Asia[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(2):267-272.]
[32]夏敦胜,陈发虎,马剑英,等.新疆伊犁地区典型黄土磁学特征及其环境意义初探[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):902-911.[XIA Dunsheng,CHEN Fahu,MA Jianying,et al.Magnetic characteristics of loess in the Ili area and their environmental implication[J].Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4):902-911.]
[33]FANG X M,LU L Q,YANG S L,et al.Loess in Kunlun Mountains and its implications on desert development and Tibetan Plateau uplift in west China[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2002,45:289-299.
[34]岳健,穆桂金,杨发相,等.新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):491-501.[YUE Jian,MU Guijin,YANG Faxiang,et al.Remote sensing interpretation of loess landform in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):491-501.]
[35]叶玮,桑长青,赵兴有.新疆黄土分布规律及粉尘来源[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(5):514-520.[YE Wei,SANG Changqing,ZHAO Xingyou.Spatial-temporal distribution of loess and source of dust in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Desert Research.2003,23(5):514-520.]
[36]JIA J,XIA D S,WANG B,et al.Magnetic investigation of late quaternary loess deposition,Ili area,China[J].Quaternary International,2012,250:84-92.
[37]LI G Q,WEN L J,XIA D S,et al.Quartz OSL and K-feldspar p IRIR dating of a loess/paleosol sequence from arid Central Asia,Tianshan Mountains,NW China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2015,28:40-53.
[38]李景林,张山清,普宗朝,等.近50 a新疆气温精细化时空变化分析[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):228-237.[LI Jinglin,ZHANG Shanqing,PU Zongchao,et al.Spatial-temporal variation of seasonal and annual air temperature in Xinjiang during1961-2010[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):228-237.]
[39]CHEN F H,JIA J,CHEN J H,et al.A persistent Holocene wetting trend in arid Central Asia,with wettest conditions in the late Holocene,revealed by multi-proxy analyses of loess-paleosol sequences in Xinjiang,China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2014,(under review)
[40]HUGUET C,HOPMANS E C,FEBO-AYLA W,et al.An improved method to determine the absolute abundance of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids[J].Organic Geochemistry,2006,37:1036-1041.
[41]HUGUET A,WIESENBERG G L B,GOCKE M,et al.Branched tetraether membrane lipids associated with rhizoliths in loess:Rhizomicrobial overprinting of initial biomarker record[J].Organic Geochemistry,2012,43:12-19.
[42]ZECH R,GAO L,TAROZO R,et al.Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences:Three case studies[J].Organic Geochemistry,2012,53:38-44.
[43]MENGES J,HUGUET C,ALCANIZl J M,et al.Water availability determines branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether distributions in soils of the Iberian Peninsula[J].Biogeoscience Discuss,2013,10:9043-9068.
[44]DIRGHANGI S S,PAGANI M,HREN M T,et al.Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils from two environmental transects in the USA[J].Organic Geochemistry,2013,59:49-60.
[45]LEDUC G,SCHNEIDER R,KIM J H,et al.Holocene and Eemian sea surface temperature trends as revealed by alkenone and Mg/Ca paleothermometry[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29:989-1004.
[2]施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民,等.中国全新世大暖期的气候波动与重要事件[J].中国科学,1992,(12):1300-1308.[SHIYafeng,KONG Zhaochen,WANG Sumin,et al.Climate fluctuations and important events during Holocene Megathermal in China[J].Science in China,1992,(12):1300-1308.]
[3]SHI Y F,KONG Z Z,WANG S M,et al.Mid-Holocene climates and environments in China[J].Global and Planetary Change,1993,(7):219-234.
[4]AN Z S,PORTER S C,KURZBACH J E,et al.Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2000,(19):743-762.
[5]HUANG X Y,MEYERSP A,JIA C L,et al.Paleotemperature variability in central China during the last 13 ka recorded by a novel microbiallipid proxy in the Dajiuhu peat deposit[J].The Holocene,2013,DOI:10.1177/0959683613483617.
[6]PETERSE F,PRINS M A,BEETS C J,et al.Decoupled warming and monsoon precipitation in East Asia over the last deglaciation[J].earth and Planetary Science Letters,2011,301:256-264.
[7]KAUFMAN D S,AGER T A,ANDERSON N J,et al.Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic(0-180°W)[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2004,23:529-560.
[8]MARCOTT A S,SHAKUN J D,CLARK P U,et al.A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300years[J].Science,2013,339:1198-1201.
[9]RENSSEN H,SEPPA H,HEIRI O,et al.The spatial and temporal complexity of the Holocene thermal maximum[J].Nature Geoscience,2009,2:411-414.
[10]LIU Z Y,ZhU J,ROSENTHAL Y,et al.The Holocene temperature conundrum[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2014,111:3501-3505.
[11]JIANG D B,LANG X M,TIAN Z P,et al.Considerable modeldata mismatch in temperature over China during the Mid-Holocene:Results of PMIP simulations[J].Journal of Climate,2012,25:4135-4153.
[12]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.[LIUDongsheng.Loess and environment[M].Beijing:Science Press,1985.]
[13]陈发虎,张维信.甘青地区的黄土地层学与第四纪冰川问题[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.[CHEN Fahu,ZHANG Weixin.Loess stratigraphy and quaternary glaciers questions in Gan-Qing district[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.]
[14]SCHOUTEN S,HOPMANS E C,SINNINGHE DamstéJ S,et al.The organic geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids:A review[J].Organic Geochemistry,2013,54:19-61.
[15]SCHOUTEN S,HOPMANS E C,SCHEFU E,et al.Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids:A new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperature?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,204:265-274.
[16]KIM J H,SCHOUTEN S,HOPMANS E C,et al.Global sediment core-top calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in the ocean[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72:1154-1173.
[17]KIM J H,VAN DER MEER J,SCHOUTEN S,et al.New indices and calibrations derived from the distribution of crenarchaeal isoprenoid tetraether lipids:Implications for past sea surface temperature reconstructions[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2010,(74):4639-4654.
[18]HUGUET C,MARTRAT B,GRIMALT J O,et al.Coherent millennial scale patterns in U37K’and TEX86H temperature records during the penultimate interglacial-to-glacial cycle in the western Mediterranean[J].Paleoceanography,2011,26,PA2218.
[19]WEIJERS J W H,SCHOUTEN S,VAN DEN DONKER J C,et al.Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2007,(71):703-713.
[20]JIA G D,RAO Z G,ZHANG J,et al.Tetraether biomarker records from a loess-paleosol sequence in the western Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Frontiers in Microbiology,2013,(4):199.
[21]PETERSE F,MARTINEZ-GARCI A,ZHOU B,et al.Molecular records of continental air temperature and monsoon precipitation variability in East Asia spanning the last 130,000 years[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2014,83:76-82.
[22]GAO L,NIE J,CLEMENS S,et al.The importance of solar insolation on the temperature variations for the past 110kyr on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2012,317-318:128-133.
[23]PETERSE F,VAN DER MEER J,SCHOUTEN S,et al.Revised calibration of the MBT-CBT paleotemperature proxy based on branched tetraether membrane lipids in surface soils[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2012,96:215-229.
[24]YANG H,PANCOST R D,DANG X,et al.Correlations between microbial tetraether lipids and environmental variables in Chinese soils:Optimizing the paleo-reconstructions in semi-arid and arid regions[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2014,126:49-69.
[25]DING S,XU Y,WANG Y,et al.Distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in surface soils of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:Implications of brGDGTs-based proxies in cold and dry regions[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12:3141-3151.
[26]DE JONGE C,HOPMANS E C,ZELL C I,et al.Occurrence and abundance of 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils:Implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction[J].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,2014,141:97-112.
[27]YANG H,LU X,DING W,et al.The 6-methyl branched tetraethers significantly affect the performance of the methylation index(MBT′)in soils from an altitudinal transect at Mount Shennongjia[J].Organic Geochemistry,2015,82:42-53.
[28]CHEN F,YU Z,YANG M,et al.Holocene moisture evolution in arid central Asia and its out-of-phase relationship with Asian monsoon history[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2008,27:351-364.
[29]CHEN F H,CHEN J H,HOLMES J A,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in Arid Central Asia:A review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(7-8):1055-1068.
[30]方小敏,史正涛,杨胜利,等.天山黄土和古尔班通古特沙漠发育及北疆干旱化[J].科学通报,2002,(47):540-545.[FANG Xiaomin,SHI Zhengtao,YANG Shengli,et al.Loess sediments in the north piedmont of Tian Shan and its implication for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,(47):540-545.]
[31]宋友桂,史正涛.伊犁盆地黄土分布与组成特征[J].地理科学,2010,30(2):267-272.[SONG Yougui,SHI Zhengtao,Distribution and compositions of loess sediments in Yili Basin,Central Asia[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(2):267-272.]
[32]夏敦胜,陈发虎,马剑英,等.新疆伊犁地区典型黄土磁学特征及其环境意义初探[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(4):902-911.[XIA Dunsheng,CHEN Fahu,MA Jianying,et al.Magnetic characteristics of loess in the Ili area and their environmental implication[J].Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(4):902-911.]
[33]FANG X M,LU L Q,YANG S L,et al.Loess in Kunlun Mountains and its implications on desert development and Tibetan Plateau uplift in west China[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2002,45:289-299.
[34]岳健,穆桂金,杨发相,等.新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(3):491-501.[YUE Jian,MU Guijin,YANG Faxiang,et al.Remote sensing interpretation of loess landform in Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):491-501.]
[35]叶玮,桑长青,赵兴有.新疆黄土分布规律及粉尘来源[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(5):514-520.[YE Wei,SANG Changqing,ZHAO Xingyou.Spatial-temporal distribution of loess and source of dust in Xinjiang[J].Journal of Desert Research.2003,23(5):514-520.]
[36]JIA J,XIA D S,WANG B,et al.Magnetic investigation of late quaternary loess deposition,Ili area,China[J].Quaternary International,2012,250:84-92.
[37]LI G Q,WEN L J,XIA D S,et al.Quartz OSL and K-feldspar p IRIR dating of a loess/paleosol sequence from arid Central Asia,Tianshan Mountains,NW China[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2015,28:40-53.
[38]李景林,张山清,普宗朝,等.近50 a新疆气温精细化时空变化分析[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):228-237.[LI Jinglin,ZHANG Shanqing,PU Zongchao,et al.Spatial-temporal variation of seasonal and annual air temperature in Xinjiang during1961-2010[J].Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):228-237.]
[39]CHEN F H,JIA J,CHEN J H,et al.A persistent Holocene wetting trend in arid Central Asia,with wettest conditions in the late Holocene,revealed by multi-proxy analyses of loess-paleosol sequences in Xinjiang,China[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2014,(under review)
[40]HUGUET C,HOPMANS E C,FEBO-AYLA W,et al.An improved method to determine the absolute abundance of glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids[J].Organic Geochemistry,2006,37:1036-1041.
[41]HUGUET A,WIESENBERG G L B,GOCKE M,et al.Branched tetraether membrane lipids associated with rhizoliths in loess:Rhizomicrobial overprinting of initial biomarker record[J].Organic Geochemistry,2012,43:12-19.
[42]ZECH R,GAO L,TAROZO R,et al.Branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences:Three case studies[J].Organic Geochemistry,2012,53:38-44.
[43]MENGES J,HUGUET C,ALCANIZl J M,et al.Water availability determines branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether distributions in soils of the Iberian Peninsula[J].Biogeoscience Discuss,2013,10:9043-9068.
[44]DIRGHANGI S S,PAGANI M,HREN M T,et al.Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils from two environmental transects in the USA[J].Organic Geochemistry,2013,59:49-60.
[45]LEDUC G,SCHNEIDER R,KIM J H,et al.Holocene and Eemian sea surface temperature trends as revealed by alkenone and Mg/Ca paleothermometry[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29:989-1004.