钢铁工业的空气消耗与废气排放
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摘要
基于工业系统与环境之间的物质交换,建立空气是冶金资源的概念,阐述了钢铁工业空气消耗量、废气产生量、污染物排放量三者间的联系及其对区域大气环境质量的影响。调研核查了若干家钢铁企业,统计其烧结、炼焦、炼铁、炼钢和轧钢等各生产工序,以及高炉-转炉流程、全废钢-电炉流程的空气消耗量和废气排放量。以吨钢为计算基准,给出了中国钢铁工业的资源消耗结构和废物排放结构以及空气消耗和废物排放数据,其中吨钢空气消耗量(以质量计)占吨钢资源消耗总量的85%以上,强调了减少空气消耗和废气产生量对降低污染物排放总量、改善区域大气环境质量的重要性。列举了富氧乃至纯氧燃烧、废气循环再利用、烧结矿竖式冷却换热技术的节能减排案例,指明应用这些关键技术、优化钢铁生产流程和发展全废钢电炉短流程等是大幅度减少空气消耗和废气产生量,进而减少颗粒物、SO_2、NO_x排放量的有效途径。
By investigating the material metabolism between industrial system and the environment,the air was regarded as a resource for metallurgy,and the relationship among air consumption,waste gas production,polluted materials emission and the ambient air quality was established. Based on the survey of steel plants,the air consumptions and waste gas emissions of BF-BOF route,including sintering,coking,iron-making,steel-making and steel rolling,were obtained and compared with EAF route. The shares of materials consumption and waste gas emission of Chinese steel industry were calculated on a ton-of-steel basis. It is shown that air consumption contributes more than 85% of the mass of materials consumption. Thus,it is reducing the air consumption and waste gas emission that is of great significance to the reduction of polluted materials and improvement of air quality. The emission-reducing scenarios,such as oxygen-enriched or pure oxygen combustion,waste gas recycle and reuse,and vertical-type sintering ore waste heat recovery were investigated. It is pointed out that these operative technologies,as well as optimizing steel manufacturing process and developing EAF-route,are effective to reduce air consumption and the resulted reduction of particulate matters,SO_2 and NO_x emissions.
By investigating the material metabolism between industrial system and the environment,the air was regarded as a resource for metallurgy,and the relationship among air consumption,waste gas production,polluted materials emission and the ambient air quality was established. Based on the survey of steel plants,the air consumptions and waste gas emissions of BF-BOF route,including sintering,coking,iron-making,steel-making and steel rolling,were obtained and compared with EAF route. The shares of materials consumption and waste gas emission of Chinese steel industry were calculated on a ton-of-steel basis. It is shown that air consumption contributes more than 85% of the mass of materials consumption. Thus,it is reducing the air consumption and waste gas emission that is of great significance to the reduction of polluted materials and improvement of air quality. The emission-reducing scenarios,such as oxygen-enriched or pure oxygen combustion,waste gas recycle and reuse,and vertical-type sintering ore waste heat recovery were investigated. It is pointed out that these operative technologies,as well as optimizing steel manufacturing process and developing EAF-route,are effective to reduce air consumption and the resulted reduction of particulate matters,SO_2 and NO_x emissions.
引文
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[20]张志刚,郑绥旭,丁志伟.烧结烟气循环技术工业化应用概述[J].中国冶金,2016,26(7):54.(ZHANG Zhi-gang,ZHENG Sui-xu,DING Zhi-wei. Overview of industrial application of sintering flue gas recirculation technology[J]. China Metallurgy,2016,26(7):54.)
[21]蔡九菊,董辉.烧结过程余热资源的竖罐式回收与利用方法及其装置:中国,ZL200910187381.8[P]. 2011-01-05.(CAI Jiuju,DONG Hui. Vertical Recovery and Reuse Method for Recycling Waste Heat Resources from Sintering Process:China,ZL200910187381.8[P]. 2011-01-05.)
[22]蔡九菊,董辉,杜涛,等.烧结过程余热资源分级回收与梯级利用研究[J].钢铁,2011,46(4):88.(CAI Jiu-ju,DONG Hui,DU Tao,et al. Study on grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat from sintering-cooling process[J]. Iron and Steel,2011,46(4):88.)
[23]蔡九菊.钢铁制造流程的节能减排[C]//第九届全国能源与热工学术年会.西安:中国金属学会能源与热工分会,东北大学,2017.(CAI Jiu-ju. Energy conservation and emission reduction of steel manufacturing process[C]//The 9thNational Conference on Energy and Thermal Engineering. Xi'an:Energy and Thermal Engineering Branch of the Chinese Society for Metals,Northeastern University,2017.)
[24]过增元.场协同原理与强化传热新技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004.(GUO Zeng-yuan. Field Synergy Principle and New Enhanced Heat Transfer Technology[M]. Beijing:China Electrical Press,2004)
[25]毕传光,孙俊杰.竖式冷却回收烧结矿显热工艺在梅钢的应用[J].烧结球团,2018,43(4):69.(BI Chuan-guang,SUN Junjie. Application of process to recycle sensible heat of sinter using vertical cooling furnace in Meisteel[J]. Sintering and Pelletizing,2018,43(4):69.)
[26]贾秀凤,喻波.宁钢烧结烟气循环系统的节能减排效果[J].烧结球团,2015,40(4):51.(JIA Xiu-feng,YU Bo. Energy saving and emission reduction effect of Ningsteel sintering flue gas recirculation system[J]. Sintering and Pelletizing,2015,40(4):51.)
[27]胡长庆,师学峰,张玉柱,等.烧结余热回收发电关键技术[J].钢铁,2011,46(1):86.(HU Chang-qing,SHI Xue-feng,ZHANG Yu-zhu,et al. Key technologies of sintering residual heat recovery for power generation[J]. Iron and Steel,2011,46(1):86.)
[2]陶光远.治霾,中国须制定全球最严格标准[EB/OL].财新网,http://opinion.caixin.com/2017-01-22/101047867.html.(TAO Guang-yuan. Haze Treatment:China Should Execute the Strictest Standard[EB/OL]. Caixin,http://opinion.caixin.com/2017-01-22/101047867.html.)
[3]陶在朴.生态包袱与生态足迹[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003.(TAO Zai-pu. Ecological Rucksacks and Footprint[M].Beijing:Economical Science Press,2003.)
[4] YIN Rui-yu. Theory and Methods of Metallurgical Process Integration[M]. San Diego:Elsevier Inc,2016.
[5] LI Xiao-ling,SUN Wen-qiang,ZHAO Liang,et al. Material metabolism and environmental emissions of BF-BOF and EAF steel production routes[J]. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review,2018,39(1):50.
[6]蔡九菊.节能潜力寓于不平衡之中[N].中国冶金报,2012-06-26.(CAI Jiu-ju. Energy conservation potential lies in the unbalance[N]. China Metallurgical News,2012-06-26)
[7]王永忠,宋七棣.电炉炼钢除尘[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2003.(WANG Yong-zhong,SONG Qi-di. Dedusting of Electrical Arc Furnace Steelmaking[M]. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2003.)
[8]陆钟武.工业生态学基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.(LU Zhong-wu. Foundations of Industrial Ecology[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2010.)
[9]陆钟武,蔡九菊.系统节能基础[M]. 2版.沈阳:东北大学出版社,2010.(LU Zhong-wu,CAI Jiu-ju. Foundations of Systems Energy Conservation[M]. 2nd ed. Shenyang:Northeastern University Press,2010.)
[10]蔡九菊,孙文强.中国钢铁工业的系统节能和科学用能[J].钢铁,2012,47(5):1.(CAI Jiu-ju,SUN Wen-qiang. Systems energy conservation and scientific energy utilization of iron and steel industry in China[J]. Iron and Steel,2012,47(5):1.)
[11] SUN Wen-qiang,WANG Yan-hui,ZHANG Feng-yuan,et al.Dynamic allocation of surplus byproduct gas in steel plant by dynamic programming with reduced state space algorithm[J].Engineering Optimization,2018,50(9):1578.
[12] SUN Wen-qiang,YUE Xiao-yu,WANG Yan-hui,et al. Energy and exergy recovery from exhaust hot water using ORC(organic Rankine cycle)and a retrofitted configuration[J]. Journal of Central South University,2018,25(6):1464.
[13]陆钟武.火焰炉[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1995.(LU Zhong-wu. Flame Furnace[M]. Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,1995.)
[14] Deusch C. Group Overall Energy Bill[D]. Luxembourg:Arcelormittal University,2016.
[15] Adolfi J B,Ekman T,Von Schéele J,et al. Scale formation and surface quality of carbon steel at oxyfuel heating[C]//9th International Steel Rolling Conference and 4th European Steel Rolling Conference. Paris:The French Steel Technical Association,2006.
[16]李杨.钢铁企业提升能源效率的分析与对策[J].工程研究,2017,9(1):6.(LI Yang. Energy efficiency analysis and promotion countermeasure in iron and steel enterprises[J]. Journal of Engineering Studies,2017,9(1):6.)
[17] Werz H J,Otto J,Rengersem J. Pollution control at iron ore sintering plants through vaster gas recycling[J]. Stahl und Eisen,1995,115(11):37.
[18]刘文全.烧结烟气循环技术创新与应用[J].山东冶金,2014,36(3):5.(LIU Wen-quan. Innovation and application of sintering waste gas recycle technology[J]. Shandong Metallurgy,2014,36(3):5.)
[19]苏步新,张标,邵久刚.我国烧结烟气循环技术应用现状及分析[J].冶金设备,2016,26(6):55.(SU Bu-xin,ZHANG Biao,SHAO Jiu-gang. Analysis of domestic sintering flue gas technology and its application[J]. Metallurgical Equipment,2016,26(6):55.)
[20]张志刚,郑绥旭,丁志伟.烧结烟气循环技术工业化应用概述[J].中国冶金,2016,26(7):54.(ZHANG Zhi-gang,ZHENG Sui-xu,DING Zhi-wei. Overview of industrial application of sintering flue gas recirculation technology[J]. China Metallurgy,2016,26(7):54.)
[21]蔡九菊,董辉.烧结过程余热资源的竖罐式回收与利用方法及其装置:中国,ZL200910187381.8[P]. 2011-01-05.(CAI Jiuju,DONG Hui. Vertical Recovery and Reuse Method for Recycling Waste Heat Resources from Sintering Process:China,ZL200910187381.8[P]. 2011-01-05.)
[22]蔡九菊,董辉,杜涛,等.烧结过程余热资源分级回收与梯级利用研究[J].钢铁,2011,46(4):88.(CAI Jiu-ju,DONG Hui,DU Tao,et al. Study on grade recovery and cascade utilization of waste heat from sintering-cooling process[J]. Iron and Steel,2011,46(4):88.)
[23]蔡九菊.钢铁制造流程的节能减排[C]//第九届全国能源与热工学术年会.西安:中国金属学会能源与热工分会,东北大学,2017.(CAI Jiu-ju. Energy conservation and emission reduction of steel manufacturing process[C]//The 9thNational Conference on Energy and Thermal Engineering. Xi'an:Energy and Thermal Engineering Branch of the Chinese Society for Metals,Northeastern University,2017.)
[24]过增元.场协同原理与强化传热新技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004.(GUO Zeng-yuan. Field Synergy Principle and New Enhanced Heat Transfer Technology[M]. Beijing:China Electrical Press,2004)
[25]毕传光,孙俊杰.竖式冷却回收烧结矿显热工艺在梅钢的应用[J].烧结球团,2018,43(4):69.(BI Chuan-guang,SUN Junjie. Application of process to recycle sensible heat of sinter using vertical cooling furnace in Meisteel[J]. Sintering and Pelletizing,2018,43(4):69.)
[26]贾秀凤,喻波.宁钢烧结烟气循环系统的节能减排效果[J].烧结球团,2015,40(4):51.(JIA Xiu-feng,YU Bo. Energy saving and emission reduction effect of Ningsteel sintering flue gas recirculation system[J]. Sintering and Pelletizing,2015,40(4):51.)
[27]胡长庆,师学峰,张玉柱,等.烧结余热回收发电关键技术[J].钢铁,2011,46(1):86.(HU Chang-qing,SHI Xue-feng,ZHANG Yu-zhu,et al. Key technologies of sintering residual heat recovery for power generation[J]. Iron and Steel,2011,46(1):86.)
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