发展权的基本价值及其在《巴黎协定》中的实现
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摘要
发展权融合了诸多的权利内涵,反映了发展权利主体对实现充分自由与广泛发展的追求。发展权能够满足个人和人类对人权、发展和公平的需求,其基本价值也依此而存在。因发展权与气候变化问题辩证相关,从发展权的基本价值探讨气候变化的应对措施显然是最优选择。《气候变化巴黎协定》既是全球气候合作的行动方案,也是国际社会对发展权基本价值的集中实践。
The right to development integrates connotations of several rights and reflects its subjects' pursuit of full freedom and extensive development. The right to development meets the needs of individuals and all human beings for human rights, development and equity, from which the basic values of the right to development are born. Since the right to development is dialectically linked to the issue of climate change, it is clear that exploring the countermeasures to climate change from the basic values of the right to development is the best option. Paris Agreement is not only an action plan for global climate cooperation, but also a concentrated practice of the international community on the basic values of the right to development.
The right to development integrates connotations of several rights and reflects its subjects' pursuit of full freedom and extensive development. The right to development meets the needs of individuals and all human beings for human rights, development and equity, from which the basic values of the right to development are born. Since the right to development is dialectically linked to the issue of climate change, it is clear that exploring the countermeasures to climate change from the basic values of the right to development is the best option. Paris Agreement is not only an action plan for global climate cooperation, but also a concentrated practice of the international community on the basic values of the right to development.
引文
(1)See Philip Alston&Mary Robinson, Human Rights and Development:Towards Mutual Reinforcement 78(Oxford University Press 2005).
(2)See UN, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_a greement.pdf,visited on 11 December 2015.
(3)See H. L. A. Hart, Essays on Bentham:Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory 162-193(Oxford University Press 1982).
(1)See Karen E. Mac Donald, A Right to a Healthful Environment-Humans and Habitats:Re-thinking Rights in an Age of Climate Change, 17 European Energy and Environmental Law Review 213-226(2008).
(2)卓泽渊:《法理学》,法律出版社2016年版,第88页。
(3)See Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom 16-366(Oxford University Press 1999).
(4)UN, A/RES/41/128, Article 1(1), http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm,visited on 10 November 2018.
(5)See Ottavio Quirico&Mouloud Boumghar, Climate Change and Human Rights:An International and Comparative Law Perspective 118(Routledge 2016).
(6)UN, Report of the Economic and Social Council for the Year 1989, http://undocs.org/A/44/3/REV.1(SUPP), visited on 28 October 2018.
(1)See Karin Arts&Atabongawung Tamo, The Right to Development in International Law:New Momentum Thirty Years Down the Line?, 63 Netherlands International Law Review 223-230(2016).
(2)See Arjun Sengupta, Realizing the Right to Development, 31 Development and Change 566(2000).
(3)参见汪习根:《“二战”后发展权的兴起与实现》,《人权》2015年第4期,第7页。
(4)See Serges Djoyou Kamga, Realizing the Right to Development:Some Reflections, 16 History Compass 3-4(2018).
(5)See UN, A/RES/41/128, Preamble, Articles 6&9, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm, visited on 20 December 2018.
(6)参见汪习根:《发展权含义的法哲学分析》,《现代法学》2004年第6期,第6页。
(1)参见汪习根主编:《发展权全球法治机制研究》,中国社会科学出版社2008年版,第207页。
(2)参见龚微:《发展权视角下的气候变化国际法研究》,法律出版社2013年版,第100页。
(3)See Markku Oksanen et al., Environmental Human Rights:A Political Theory Perspective 167-182(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group 2018).
(1)See Mohan Munasinghe, Addressing Sustainable Development and Climate Change Together Using Sustainomics, 2 Climate Change 8-9(2010).
(2)See Harold Brookfield, Environmental Damage:Distinguishing Human from Geophysical Causes, 1 Environmental Hazards 3-11(1999).
(3)See Rob Buitenweg, The Right to Development as a Human Right?, 22 Peace&Chance 414-455(1997).
(4)参见李红勃:《发展权与环境权的冲突与平衡:基于中国的视角和思考》,《人权》2017年第1期,第42页。
(5)Eric A. Posner&Cass R. Sunstein, Climate Change Justice, 96 Georgetown Law Journal 1603(2008); Bryan A. Green, Lessons from the Montreal Protocol:Guidance for the Next International Climate Change Agreement, 39 Environmental Law 281(2009).
(1)参见韩良《:国际温室气体排放权交易法律问题研究》,中国法制出版社2009年版,第19页。
(2)Natasha Grist, Positioning Climate Change in Sustainable Development Discourse,20 Journal of International Development 787-788(2008).
(3)See UN, A/CONF.151/26/Rev.l(Vol.l), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/836/55/PDF/N9283655.pdf?Open Element, visited on 16 December 2018.
(1)See IPCC, An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/11/SR15_Chapter1_Low_Res.pdf, visited on 28 December 2018.
(2)UN, A/RES/70/1, http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/49%20(Vol.%20I)&referer=/zh/&Lang=E, visited on 23 December 2018.
(3)IPCC, Goal 13:Climate Action, http://www.cn.undp.org./content/china/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-13-climate-action.html, visited on 24 November 2018.
(4)永久冻土融化致使居住地建筑下沉;下层冰面融化,冰上事故的记录开始上升。气候变化海冰撤退,北极熊更接近人类栖息地,引发危险。
(5)See Stephan P. Leher, Dignity and Human Rights:Language Philosophy and Social Realizations 9(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group 2018).
(1)Sumner B. Twiss, Global Ethicsand Human Rights:A Reflection, 39 Journal of Religious Ethics 207-208(2011).
(2)See Allen Buchanan, The Heart of Human Rights 118(Oxford University Press2013).
(3)See UN,UN Climate Change Conference Represents Crossroads, https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/12/243072-un-climate-change-conference-represents-crossroads-secretary-general-says, visited on 21 December 2018.
(4)See Ottavio Quirico&Mouloud Boumghar, Climate Change and Human Rights:An International and Comparative Law Perspective 118(Routledge 2016).
(5)See Karin Arts&Atabongawung Tamo, The Right to Development in International Law:New Momentum Thirty Years Down the Line?, 63 Netherlands International Law Review 231-232(2016).
(6)See Stephan Mergenthaler, Mitigating Climate Change:The European Union, China, and EU Network Diplomacy 143-165(Springer 2015).
(7)截至2018年10月24日,《巴黎协定》获与会的197个缔约方中181个缔约方批准,https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification, 2018年12月24日访问。
(1)参见《改革开放40年中国人权事业的发展进步》,http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-12/12/content_5347961.htm, 2018年12月17日访问。
(2)See Hossain&Kamrul, The Realization of the Right to Development and the Right to Development in Respect to the Arctic Indigenous Peoples, 3 The Yearbook of Polar Law 129(2011).
(3)The Paris Agreement, Article 2(1).
(4)参见吕江:《巴黎协定:新的制度安排、不确定性及中国选择》,《国际观察》2016年第3期,第96页。
(1)See Thomas Hale, All Hands on Deck:The Paris Agreement and Nonstate Climate Action, 16 Global Environmental Politics 13(2016).
(2)See Charlotte Streck et al., The Paris Agreement:A New Beginning, 13 Journal for European Environmental&Planning Law 3-29(2016).
(3)See Lucas Bretschger, Equity and the Convergence of Nationally Determined Climate Policies, 19 Environmental Economic Policy Study 3-4(2017).
(4)See Radoslav S. Dimitrov, The Paris Agreement on Climate Change:Behind Closed Doors, 17 Global Environmental Politics 2(2016).
(5)参见秦天宝:《论巴黎协定中“自下而上”机制及启示》,《国际法研究》2016年第3期,第70页。
(1)See Zahoor Khan, Disputed Subjects of Paris Climate Agreement, 11 Frontier Women University Journal of Social Sciences 233(2017).
(2)See Michele Stua, From the Paris Agreement to a Low-Carbon Bretton Woods:Rationale for the Establishment of a Mitigation Alliance 70(Springer 2017).
(1)See S. Niggol Seo,Beyond the Paris Agreement:Climate Change Policy Negotiations and Future Directions, 9 Regional Science Policy&Practice 132-134(2017).
(2)See W. P. Pauw et al., Beyond Headline Mitigation Numbers:We Need More Transparent and Comparable NDCs to Achieve the Paris Agreement on Climate Change,147 Climatic Change 28(2018).
(3)See Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, One Swallow Does Not a Summer Make,but Might the Paris Agreement on Climate Change a Better Future Create, 27 The European Journal of International Law 254(2016).
(4)See Per Peter Uvin, Human Rights and Development 2(Kumarian Press 2004).
(5)See Thomas Hale, All Hands on Deck:The Paris Agreement and Nonstate Climate Action, 16 Global Environmental Politics 12(2016).
(6)The Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, Articles 6&8.
(7)The Paris Agreement, Article 6(9).
(1)The Paris Agreement, Article 3.
(2)The Paris Agreement, Articles 4, 6, 9, 11&13.
(1)See Felicity Deane&Evan Hamman, The Paris Agreement:Development, the North-South Divide and Human Rights, in Matthew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Clean Energy:The Paris Agreement and Climate Justice 69-70(Springer 2018).
(2)参见薄燕:《〈巴黎协定〉坚持的“共区原则”与国际气候治理机制的变迁》,《气候变化研究进展》2016年第3期,第245-247页。
(3)The Paris Agreement, Articles 6&7.
(4)The Paris Agreement, Articles 9&10.
(5)The Paris Agreement, Article 11.
(6)参见李静云:《走向气候文明:后京都时代气候保护国际法律新秩序的构建》,中国环境科学出版社2010年版,第76页。
(7)《巴黎协定》序言规定,“认识到在发达国家缔约方带头下的可持续生活方式以及可持续的消费和生产模式,对处理气候变化所发挥的重要作用”。
(8)See Markku Oksanen et al., Environmental Human Rights:A Political Theory Perspective 4(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group 2018).
(1)See Gregor Schmieg et al., Modeling Normativity in Sustainability:A Comparison of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and the Papal Encyclical,13 Sustainability Science 788(2018).
(2)See Ottavio Quirico&Mouloud Boumghar, Climate Change and Human Rights:An International and Comparative Law Perspective 37(Routledge 2016).
(2)See UN, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_a greement.pdf,visited on 11 December 2015.
(3)See H. L. A. Hart, Essays on Bentham:Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory 162-193(Oxford University Press 1982).
(1)See Karen E. Mac Donald, A Right to a Healthful Environment-Humans and Habitats:Re-thinking Rights in an Age of Climate Change, 17 European Energy and Environmental Law Review 213-226(2008).
(2)卓泽渊:《法理学》,法律出版社2016年版,第88页。
(3)See Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom 16-366(Oxford University Press 1999).
(4)UN, A/RES/41/128, Article 1(1), http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm,visited on 10 November 2018.
(5)See Ottavio Quirico&Mouloud Boumghar, Climate Change and Human Rights:An International and Comparative Law Perspective 118(Routledge 2016).
(6)UN, Report of the Economic and Social Council for the Year 1989, http://undocs.org/A/44/3/REV.1(SUPP), visited on 28 October 2018.
(1)See Karin Arts&Atabongawung Tamo, The Right to Development in International Law:New Momentum Thirty Years Down the Line?, 63 Netherlands International Law Review 223-230(2016).
(2)See Arjun Sengupta, Realizing the Right to Development, 31 Development and Change 566(2000).
(3)参见汪习根:《“二战”后发展权的兴起与实现》,《人权》2015年第4期,第7页。
(4)See Serges Djoyou Kamga, Realizing the Right to Development:Some Reflections, 16 History Compass 3-4(2018).
(5)See UN, A/RES/41/128, Preamble, Articles 6&9, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm, visited on 20 December 2018.
(6)参见汪习根:《发展权含义的法哲学分析》,《现代法学》2004年第6期,第6页。
(1)参见汪习根主编:《发展权全球法治机制研究》,中国社会科学出版社2008年版,第207页。
(2)参见龚微:《发展权视角下的气候变化国际法研究》,法律出版社2013年版,第100页。
(3)See Markku Oksanen et al., Environmental Human Rights:A Political Theory Perspective 167-182(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group 2018).
(1)See Mohan Munasinghe, Addressing Sustainable Development and Climate Change Together Using Sustainomics, 2 Climate Change 8-9(2010).
(2)See Harold Brookfield, Environmental Damage:Distinguishing Human from Geophysical Causes, 1 Environmental Hazards 3-11(1999).
(3)See Rob Buitenweg, The Right to Development as a Human Right?, 22 Peace&Chance 414-455(1997).
(4)参见李红勃:《发展权与环境权的冲突与平衡:基于中国的视角和思考》,《人权》2017年第1期,第42页。
(5)Eric A. Posner&Cass R. Sunstein, Climate Change Justice, 96 Georgetown Law Journal 1603(2008); Bryan A. Green, Lessons from the Montreal Protocol:Guidance for the Next International Climate Change Agreement, 39 Environmental Law 281(2009).
(1)参见韩良《:国际温室气体排放权交易法律问题研究》,中国法制出版社2009年版,第19页。
(2)Natasha Grist, Positioning Climate Change in Sustainable Development Discourse,20 Journal of International Development 787-788(2008).
(3)See UN, A/CONF.151/26/Rev.l(Vol.l), https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N92/836/55/PDF/N9283655.pdf?Open Element, visited on 16 December 2018.
(1)See IPCC, An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2018/11/SR15_Chapter1_Low_Res.pdf, visited on 28 December 2018.
(2)UN, A/RES/70/1, http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/70/49%20(Vol.%20I)&referer=/zh/&Lang=E, visited on 23 December 2018.
(3)IPCC, Goal 13:Climate Action, http://www.cn.undp.org./content/china/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-13-climate-action.html, visited on 24 November 2018.
(4)永久冻土融化致使居住地建筑下沉;下层冰面融化,冰上事故的记录开始上升。气候变化海冰撤退,北极熊更接近人类栖息地,引发危险。
(5)See Stephan P. Leher, Dignity and Human Rights:Language Philosophy and Social Realizations 9(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group 2018).
(1)Sumner B. Twiss, Global Ethicsand Human Rights:A Reflection, 39 Journal of Religious Ethics 207-208(2011).
(2)See Allen Buchanan, The Heart of Human Rights 118(Oxford University Press2013).
(3)See UN,UN Climate Change Conference Represents Crossroads, https://news.un.org/en/story/2007/12/243072-un-climate-change-conference-represents-crossroads-secretary-general-says, visited on 21 December 2018.
(4)See Ottavio Quirico&Mouloud Boumghar, Climate Change and Human Rights:An International and Comparative Law Perspective 118(Routledge 2016).
(5)See Karin Arts&Atabongawung Tamo, The Right to Development in International Law:New Momentum Thirty Years Down the Line?, 63 Netherlands International Law Review 231-232(2016).
(6)See Stephan Mergenthaler, Mitigating Climate Change:The European Union, China, and EU Network Diplomacy 143-165(Springer 2015).
(7)截至2018年10月24日,《巴黎协定》获与会的197个缔约方中181个缔约方批准,https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification, 2018年12月24日访问。
(1)参见《改革开放40年中国人权事业的发展进步》,http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-12/12/content_5347961.htm, 2018年12月17日访问。
(2)See Hossain&Kamrul, The Realization of the Right to Development and the Right to Development in Respect to the Arctic Indigenous Peoples, 3 The Yearbook of Polar Law 129(2011).
(3)The Paris Agreement, Article 2(1).
(4)参见吕江:《巴黎协定:新的制度安排、不确定性及中国选择》,《国际观察》2016年第3期,第96页。
(1)See Thomas Hale, All Hands on Deck:The Paris Agreement and Nonstate Climate Action, 16 Global Environmental Politics 13(2016).
(2)See Charlotte Streck et al., The Paris Agreement:A New Beginning, 13 Journal for European Environmental&Planning Law 3-29(2016).
(3)See Lucas Bretschger, Equity and the Convergence of Nationally Determined Climate Policies, 19 Environmental Economic Policy Study 3-4(2017).
(4)See Radoslav S. Dimitrov, The Paris Agreement on Climate Change:Behind Closed Doors, 17 Global Environmental Politics 2(2016).
(5)参见秦天宝:《论巴黎协定中“自下而上”机制及启示》,《国际法研究》2016年第3期,第70页。
(1)See Zahoor Khan, Disputed Subjects of Paris Climate Agreement, 11 Frontier Women University Journal of Social Sciences 233(2017).
(2)See Michele Stua, From the Paris Agreement to a Low-Carbon Bretton Woods:Rationale for the Establishment of a Mitigation Alliance 70(Springer 2017).
(1)See S. Niggol Seo,Beyond the Paris Agreement:Climate Change Policy Negotiations and Future Directions, 9 Regional Science Policy&Practice 132-134(2017).
(2)See W. P. Pauw et al., Beyond Headline Mitigation Numbers:We Need More Transparent and Comparable NDCs to Achieve the Paris Agreement on Climate Change,147 Climatic Change 28(2018).
(3)See Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, One Swallow Does Not a Summer Make,but Might the Paris Agreement on Climate Change a Better Future Create, 27 The European Journal of International Law 254(2016).
(4)See Per Peter Uvin, Human Rights and Development 2(Kumarian Press 2004).
(5)See Thomas Hale, All Hands on Deck:The Paris Agreement and Nonstate Climate Action, 16 Global Environmental Politics 12(2016).
(6)The Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, Articles 6&8.
(7)The Paris Agreement, Article 6(9).
(1)The Paris Agreement, Article 3.
(2)The Paris Agreement, Articles 4, 6, 9, 11&13.
(1)See Felicity Deane&Evan Hamman, The Paris Agreement:Development, the North-South Divide and Human Rights, in Matthew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Clean Energy:The Paris Agreement and Climate Justice 69-70(Springer 2018).
(2)参见薄燕:《〈巴黎协定〉坚持的“共区原则”与国际气候治理机制的变迁》,《气候变化研究进展》2016年第3期,第245-247页。
(3)The Paris Agreement, Articles 6&7.
(4)The Paris Agreement, Articles 9&10.
(5)The Paris Agreement, Article 11.
(6)参见李静云:《走向气候文明:后京都时代气候保护国际法律新秩序的构建》,中国环境科学出版社2010年版,第76页。
(7)《巴黎协定》序言规定,“认识到在发达国家缔约方带头下的可持续生活方式以及可持续的消费和生产模式,对处理气候变化所发挥的重要作用”。
(8)See Markku Oksanen et al., Environmental Human Rights:A Political Theory Perspective 4(Routledge Taylor&Francis Group 2018).
(1)See Gregor Schmieg et al., Modeling Normativity in Sustainability:A Comparison of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and the Papal Encyclical,13 Sustainability Science 788(2018).
(2)See Ottavio Quirico&Mouloud Boumghar, Climate Change and Human Rights:An International and Comparative Law Perspective 37(Routledge 2016).