有机无机外源磷素长期协同使用对潮土磷素有效性的影响
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摘要
【目的】施入外源磷素是提升土壤有效磷的重要途径,不同磷源在土壤中的化学行为和存在形态对土壤磷素有效性起决定作用。研究有机无机外源磷素长期配合使用的协同关系及其对潮土磷素有效性的影响,可为合理减少磷肥施用,提高磷肥利用率和科学管理土壤磷素资源提供理论依据。【方法】本研究基于25年肥料定位试验,选取不施磷肥(P0)、单施化肥(FP)、化肥与有机肥配施(FP+M)、化肥与秸秆配施(FP+S)四个处理,分析了化肥、有机肥、秸秆作为主要外源磷素长期协同使用对作物可持续生产能力、磷肥利用效率、施肥后效及潮土磷素形态和有效性的影响。【结果】连续处理25年后,P0、FP、FP+M、FP+S处理小麦产量变异系数分别为49.0%、14.8%、17.2%、15.4%,玉米产量变异系数分别为28.7%、27.1%、24.4%、23.2%,产量的稳定性均比不施磷提升,尤其是小麦产量稳定性显著增加;P0、FP、FP+M、FP+S处理产量的可持续性指数小麦依次为0.23、0.62、0.60、0.64,玉米依次为0.45、0.47、0.53、0.52,施磷对小麦产量的可持续指数影响比玉米更大。FP、FP+M、FP+S处理的磷素累积生理效率分别为188.3、163.2和177.6 kg/kg,平均后效分别为1.30%、0.71%和1.16%,单施化肥磷素的效果高于磷肥配施有机肥、秸秆。长期不施磷肥,土壤无机磷各组分含量均降低,且主要消耗了土壤中无效态的O-P,P0处理减少的O-P占无机磷减少量的41.3%。长期投入化学磷素,降低了无效态磷的比例,但土壤对化学磷素的固定作用仍较强,FP处理Ca_8-P含量由12.0%提升到21.1%,无效态的O-P和Ca_(10)-P由77.7%减少为62.9%(占比仍超过60%),土壤Olsen-P由6.4 mg/kg提升到20.7 mg/kg。化学磷素与有机肥磷素协同使用可促使无效态磷向有效态磷及缓效态磷转化,提升土壤磷素有效性,FP+M处理Ca_2-P占比由2.0%提升到5.4%,缓效态的Al-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P占比增加25.6个百分点,无效态的O-P和Ca_(10)-P占比减少29.0个百分点,土壤Olsen-P含量由6.3 mg/kg提升到51.8 mg/kg。秸秆磷素增加了具有缓冲作用的C_a8-P含量,降低了无效态磷含量,提升了土壤潜在供磷能力,与FP相比,FP+S处理Ca_8-P占比增加7.9个百分点,Ca_(10)-P占比减少6.5个百分点,土壤Olsen-P含量由6.3 mg/kg提升到21.7 mg/kg。【结论】投入外源磷素均可显著提高作物产量、提升产量稳定性和产量可持续性指数。在小麦玉米轮作体系下,磷肥加秸秆最有利于维持土地的可持续生产能力。单施磷肥,磷素的后效和累积生理效率最高,但在土壤中的固定也高;有机无机磷协同使用可快速提升土壤磷素的有效性,对维持磷素组分结构和土壤质量作用显著;无机磷素与秸秆磷素协同使用对土壤磷素具有较强的激发效应,可减弱土壤对磷素的固定作用,提升土壤潜在供磷能力。
【Objectives】Application of exogenous phosphorus is an important way to increase phosphorus availability of soil. The forms and their chemical behaviors of different phosphorus sources in soil play a decisive role in the effectiveness of soil phosphorus. Understanding of the synergistic relationship between long-term combined use of organic and inorganic exogenous phosphorus and its effect on phosphorus availability in fluvoaquic soil can provide a theoretical basis for rationally reducing the application rate of phosphate fertilizers and increasing their utilization rate, and scientifically managing soil phosphorus resources.【Methods】A 25 year in situ fertilization experiment was used. Four fertilization treatments were investigated: no phosphorus fertilizer(P0), chemical fertilizer only(FP), chemical fertilizer plus organic manure(FP+M) and chemical fertilizer plus maize straw(FP+S). The effects of long-term combined use of chemical phosphate, organic manure, and straw as major exogenous phosphorus on sustainable production capacity, phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency(PUE),fertilizer after-effect, soil phosphorus forms and availability were analyzed.【Results】Continuous application of phosphorus for 25 years, the coefficient of variation of P0, FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments for wheat yield were49.0%, 14.8%, 17.2%, 15.4% respectively, and for maize yield were 28.7%, 27.1%, 24.4%, 23.2% respectively,the stability of yield was higher than that of no phosphorus fertilizer treatment, especially the increase in wheat yield stability was significant; sustainable yield index(SYI) of P0, FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments for wheat were0.23, 0.62, 0.60, 0.64 respectively, and for maize were 0.45, 0.47, 0.53, 0.52 respectively, the effect of phosphorus application on SYI of wheat yield was greater than that of maize. The accumulative phosphorus physiology efficiency(APPE) of FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments were188.3 kg/kg, 163.2 kg/kg and 177.6 kg/kg respectively.Chemical phosphate had the highest APPE, when combined with organic fertilizer or straw, the APPE was reduced. The average after-effects of FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments were 1.30%, 0.71% and 1.16% respectively,application of inorganic phosphate fertilizer alone had the highest after-effect. Long-term no application of phosphorus fertilizer, the content of soil inorganic phosphorus decreased, and mainly consumed invalid O-P, the reduction of O-P in P0 treatment accounted for 41.3% of the inorganic phosphorus reduction. Long-term application of chemical phosphate fertilizer reduced the proportion of invalid phosphorus, but the fixation of chemical phosphorus was still strong, by FP treatment the content of Ca_8-P increased from 12.0% to 21.1%, the content of invalid O-P and Ca_(10)-P decreased from 77.7% to 62.9%(still more than 60%) and the content of OlsenP increased from 6.4 mg/kg to 20.7 mg/kg. The synergistic use of chemical phosphorus and organic phosphorus could promote the conversion of invalid phosphorus into available phosphorus and slow-effective phosphorus,which could improve soil phosphorus efficiency, by FP+M treatment the proportion of Ca_2-P was increased from2.0% to 5.4%, the proportion of slow-effective Al-P, Ca_8-P and Fe-P increased by 25.6 percentage points, the proportion of invalid O-P and Ca_(10)-P decreased by 29.0 percentage points, and the content of Olsen-P increased from 6.3 mg/kg to 51.8 mg/kg. The application of straw phosphorus increased the content of slow-effective Ca_8-P,reduced the content of invalid phosphorus, and increased the potential phosphorus supply capacity of soil.Compared with FP the proportion of Ca_8-P by FP+S treatment increased by 7.9 percentage points, the proportion of Ca_(10)-P decreased by 6.5 percentage points, and the content of Olsen-P increased from 6.3 mg/kg to 21.7 mg/kg.【Conclusions】The input of exogenous phosphorus significantly increased crop yield, yield stability and sustainable yield index. FP+S treatment maintained the best sustainable production capacity in the wheat-maize rotation system. Using inorganic phosphorus alone had the highest fertilizer after-effect and accumulative phosphorus physiology efficiency, but the fixation of chemical phosphorus in soil was high. The synergistic use of inorganic phosphorus and organic fertilizer could rapidly improve the efficiency of soil phosphorus, and had a significant effect on maintaining the composition of phosphorus fractions and soil quality. The synergistic use of inorganic phosphorus and straw phosphorus has a strong excitation effect on soil phosphorus, and weakens the fixation of phosphorus in soil, and enhances the potential phosphorus supply capacity of soil.
【Objectives】Application of exogenous phosphorus is an important way to increase phosphorus availability of soil. The forms and their chemical behaviors of different phosphorus sources in soil play a decisive role in the effectiveness of soil phosphorus. Understanding of the synergistic relationship between long-term combined use of organic and inorganic exogenous phosphorus and its effect on phosphorus availability in fluvoaquic soil can provide a theoretical basis for rationally reducing the application rate of phosphate fertilizers and increasing their utilization rate, and scientifically managing soil phosphorus resources.【Methods】A 25 year in situ fertilization experiment was used. Four fertilization treatments were investigated: no phosphorus fertilizer(P0), chemical fertilizer only(FP), chemical fertilizer plus organic manure(FP+M) and chemical fertilizer plus maize straw(FP+S). The effects of long-term combined use of chemical phosphate, organic manure, and straw as major exogenous phosphorus on sustainable production capacity, phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency(PUE),fertilizer after-effect, soil phosphorus forms and availability were analyzed.【Results】Continuous application of phosphorus for 25 years, the coefficient of variation of P0, FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments for wheat yield were49.0%, 14.8%, 17.2%, 15.4% respectively, and for maize yield were 28.7%, 27.1%, 24.4%, 23.2% respectively,the stability of yield was higher than that of no phosphorus fertilizer treatment, especially the increase in wheat yield stability was significant; sustainable yield index(SYI) of P0, FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments for wheat were0.23, 0.62, 0.60, 0.64 respectively, and for maize were 0.45, 0.47, 0.53, 0.52 respectively, the effect of phosphorus application on SYI of wheat yield was greater than that of maize. The accumulative phosphorus physiology efficiency(APPE) of FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments were188.3 kg/kg, 163.2 kg/kg and 177.6 kg/kg respectively.Chemical phosphate had the highest APPE, when combined with organic fertilizer or straw, the APPE was reduced. The average after-effects of FP, FP+M and FP+S treatments were 1.30%, 0.71% and 1.16% respectively,application of inorganic phosphate fertilizer alone had the highest after-effect. Long-term no application of phosphorus fertilizer, the content of soil inorganic phosphorus decreased, and mainly consumed invalid O-P, the reduction of O-P in P0 treatment accounted for 41.3% of the inorganic phosphorus reduction. Long-term application of chemical phosphate fertilizer reduced the proportion of invalid phosphorus, but the fixation of chemical phosphorus was still strong, by FP treatment the content of Ca_8-P increased from 12.0% to 21.1%, the content of invalid O-P and Ca_(10)-P decreased from 77.7% to 62.9%(still more than 60%) and the content of OlsenP increased from 6.4 mg/kg to 20.7 mg/kg. The synergistic use of chemical phosphorus and organic phosphorus could promote the conversion of invalid phosphorus into available phosphorus and slow-effective phosphorus,which could improve soil phosphorus efficiency, by FP+M treatment the proportion of Ca_2-P was increased from2.0% to 5.4%, the proportion of slow-effective Al-P, Ca_8-P and Fe-P increased by 25.6 percentage points, the proportion of invalid O-P and Ca_(10)-P decreased by 29.0 percentage points, and the content of Olsen-P increased from 6.3 mg/kg to 51.8 mg/kg. The application of straw phosphorus increased the content of slow-effective Ca_8-P,reduced the content of invalid phosphorus, and increased the potential phosphorus supply capacity of soil.Compared with FP the proportion of Ca_8-P by FP+S treatment increased by 7.9 percentage points, the proportion of Ca_(10)-P decreased by 6.5 percentage points, and the content of Olsen-P increased from 6.3 mg/kg to 21.7 mg/kg.【Conclusions】The input of exogenous phosphorus significantly increased crop yield, yield stability and sustainable yield index. FP+S treatment maintained the best sustainable production capacity in the wheat-maize rotation system. Using inorganic phosphorus alone had the highest fertilizer after-effect and accumulative phosphorus physiology efficiency, but the fixation of chemical phosphorus in soil was high. The synergistic use of inorganic phosphorus and organic fertilizer could rapidly improve the efficiency of soil phosphorus, and had a significant effect on maintaining the composition of phosphorus fractions and soil quality. The synergistic use of inorganic phosphorus and straw phosphorus has a strong excitation effect on soil phosphorus, and weakens the fixation of phosphorus in soil, and enhances the potential phosphorus supply capacity of soil.
引文
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[3]李书田,金继运.中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(20):4207-4229.Li S T, Jin J Y. Characteristics of nutrient input/output and nutrient balance in different regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(20):4207-4229.
[4]Singh B R, Krogstad T K, Shinvay Y S,et al. Phosphorus fractionand sorption in P-enriched soils of Norway[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosysetms, 2005, 73(2/3):245-256.
[5]赵金花,张丛志,张佳宝.激发式秸秆深还对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响[J].土壤学报,2016, 53(2):438-449.Zhao J H, Zhang C Z, Zhang J B. Effect of straw returning via deep burial coupled with application of fertilizer as primer on soil nutrients and winter wheat yield[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(2):438-449.
[6]赵士诚,曹彩云,李科江,等.长期秸秆还田对华北潮土肥力、氮库组分及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014, 20(6):1441-1449.Zhao S C, Cao C Y, Li K J, et al. Effects of long-term straw return on soil fertility, nitrogen pool fractions and crop yields on a fluvo-aquic soil in North China[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2014,20(6):1441-1449.
[7]Li Y F, Luo A C, Wei X H, et al. Changes in phosphorus fractions,pH and phosphatase activity in rhizosphere of two rice genotypes[J].Pedosphere,2008, 18:785-794.
[8]Wang Y, Marschner P, Zhang F S. Phosphorus pools and other soil properties in the rhizosphere of wheat and legumes growing in three soils in monoculture or as a mixture of wheat and legume[J]. Plant and Soil, 2012, 354:283-298.
[9]Lourenzi C R, Ceretta C A, Cerini J B, et al. Available content,surface runoff and leaching of phosphorus forms in a typichapludalf treated with organic and mineral nutrient sources[J]. Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo, 2014, 38(2):544-556.
[10] Sharpley A N, Mcdowell R W, Kleinman P. Amounts, forms and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004, 68(6):2048-2057.
[11] Niu L A, Hao J M, Zhang B Z, et al. Influences of long-term fertilizer and tillage management on soil fertility of the north China plain[J].Pedosphere,2011,21(6):813-820.
[12]刘盼盼,周毅,付光玺,等.基于秸秆还田的小麦-玉米轮作体系施肥效应及其对土壤磷素有效性的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2014, 37(5):27-33.Liu P P, Zhou Y, Fu G X, et al. Effects of fertilization on crop yield and soil phosphorus availability based on the returning straw[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2014, 37(5):27-33.
[13] Terry J R, Bingah H, Zed R. Wheat canola and grain legume access to soil phosphorus fractions differs in soils with contrasting phosphorus dynamics[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 326:159-170.
[14]顾益初,蒋柏藩.石灰性土壤无机磷分级的测定方法[J].土壤,1990, 22(2):101-102.Gu Y C, Jiang B F. Methods of determination of inorganic phosphorus fractionation in calcareous soil[J]. Soils, 1990, 22(2):101-102.
[15] Yadav R L, Dwivedi B S, Pandey P K. Rice-wheat cropping systems:assessment of sustainability under green manuring and chemical fertilizer inputs[J]. Field Crops Res earch, 2000, 65:15-30.
[16] Yadav R L, Dwivedi B S, Prasad K, et al. Yield trends and changes in soil organic-C and available NPK in a long-term rice-wheat system under integrated use of manure sand fertilizers[J]. Field Crops Res earch, 2000, 68:219-246.
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