毛乌素沙漠区广域适应型保水安全厚度计算及开采影响分区评价
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摘要
毛乌素沙漠区多个近地表含水层支撑着区域生态环境、生产和生活,开展保水采煤研究势在必行。而"保水安全厚度"计算作为保水采煤研究的核心内容,由于各近地含水层的性质以及所处垂向位置的差异,导致了针对毛乌素沙漠区的保水安全厚度计算方法适用范围有限、缺乏统一性。通过分析毛乌素沙漠区内含隔水层在垂向和平面上的展布特征、水文地质性质,结合不同区域内的工程地质条件和开采方法,探讨了保水安全厚度的定义。将煤层之上地层划分为目标保护层、预测导水段(导水裂隙带发育段)和等效保水段(由有效黏土隔水层和基岩层组成的保水段)。利用水均衡法分析了黏土隔水层与基岩层间的保水性能关系,通过"保水比例系数"形成了黏土隔水层与基岩层间统一的等效保水段计算方法。建立了具有能够适用毛乌素沙漠区内"沙-基(岩)型开采区"、"沙-土-基(岩)型开采区"、"沙-土-洛(洛河组含水层)-基型开采区"、"烧变岩型开采区"等主要不同地质条件的保水安全厚度计算模型。根据导水裂隙带的发育高度与黏土隔水层、基岩层间的导通特征以及煤水间距与保水安全厚度的大小关系,制定了煤层开采影响的自然保水区、一般失水区和严重失水区的分区标准。并以榆神矿区小保当煤矿为例,应用建立的统一模型确定了小保当井田内砂-基型和砂-土-基型开采区内的保水安全厚度,并据此评价了煤层开采对潜水含水层的影响。所建立的保水安全开采厚度计算模型以及开采分区评价标准具有良好的适应性,也为保水采煤研究中有关保水安全厚度的计算和煤层开采对上覆含水层的影响评价提供了新思路。
Multiple near-surface aquifers in Mu Us desert are regarded as critical supports of region ecological environment,production and life.It is urgent to study on water-preserved coal mining.However,as the core content of waterpreserved coal mining research,due to the various characteristics and the vertical position of the aquifers,some "waterretention thickness" calculation methods have limited application scope and lack unity.Characteristics and hydrogeological properties of aquifer and aquiclude at horizontal and vertical distribution in Mu Us Desert are analyzed.Combined with the engineering geological conditions of different area and mining methods,the definition of water-retention thickness is discussed.The whole layer above the coal is divided into three parts: target protection aquifer,predicted water diversion section and equivalent water-retention section( consist of active bedrock and clay aquiclude,main water-retention section).Water equilibrium principle is adopted to analyze the water-retention characteristics of bedrock and clay aquiclude."Water retention proportional coefficient"is applied to determine the water-retention thickness calculation method in bedrock and clay aquiclude.Combined with the computing of predicted water diversion section,the model to calculate the water-retention thickness is established which can be applied to the regions of "sand-clay-Luohe aquifer-bedrock","sand-clay-bedrock","sand-bedrock" and "burnt rock".According to the positional relation between the water diversion and bedrock,clay aquiclude,scale relation between the altitude from the target protection aquifer to coal and water-retention thickness,the zoning standards for natural water-retention areas,general water loss areas and severe water loss areas are formulated.Besides,the established model is put into use in Xiao Baodang coal mine of Yulin-shenmu coalfield to calculate the water-retention thickness,where the "sand-clay-bedrock" and "sandbedrock" regions distribute.In addition,the coal mining influence to the unconfined aquifer is evaluated.The calculation model of water-retention thickness and the zoning evaluation standards of mining have a good adaptability.A new idea for the calculation of water-retention thickness and the evaluation about the influence of coal mining on the overlying aquifer is also presented.
Multiple near-surface aquifers in Mu Us desert are regarded as critical supports of region ecological environment,production and life.It is urgent to study on water-preserved coal mining.However,as the core content of waterpreserved coal mining research,due to the various characteristics and the vertical position of the aquifers,some "waterretention thickness" calculation methods have limited application scope and lack unity.Characteristics and hydrogeological properties of aquifer and aquiclude at horizontal and vertical distribution in Mu Us Desert are analyzed.Combined with the engineering geological conditions of different area and mining methods,the definition of water-retention thickness is discussed.The whole layer above the coal is divided into three parts: target protection aquifer,predicted water diversion section and equivalent water-retention section( consist of active bedrock and clay aquiclude,main water-retention section).Water equilibrium principle is adopted to analyze the water-retention characteristics of bedrock and clay aquiclude."Water retention proportional coefficient"is applied to determine the water-retention thickness calculation method in bedrock and clay aquiclude.Combined with the computing of predicted water diversion section,the model to calculate the water-retention thickness is established which can be applied to the regions of "sand-clay-Luohe aquifer-bedrock","sand-clay-bedrock","sand-bedrock" and "burnt rock".According to the positional relation between the water diversion and bedrock,clay aquiclude,scale relation between the altitude from the target protection aquifer to coal and water-retention thickness,the zoning standards for natural water-retention areas,general water loss areas and severe water loss areas are formulated.Besides,the established model is put into use in Xiao Baodang coal mine of Yulin-shenmu coalfield to calculate the water-retention thickness,where the "sand-clay-bedrock" and "sandbedrock" regions distribute.In addition,the coal mining influence to the unconfined aquifer is evaluated.The calculation model of water-retention thickness and the zoning evaluation standards of mining have a good adaptability.A new idea for the calculation of water-retention thickness and the evaluation about the influence of coal mining on the overlying aquifer is also presented.
引文
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[22]侯恩科,童仁剑,冯洁,等.烧变岩富水特征与采动水量损失预计[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):175-182.HOU Enke,TONG Renjian,FENG Jie,et al.Water enrichment characteristics of burnt rock and prediction on water loss caused by coal mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):175-182.
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[25]李文平,叶贵钧,张莱,等.陕北榆神府矿区保水采煤工程地质条件研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(5):449-454.LI Wenping,YE Guijun,ZHANG Lai,et al.Study on the engineering geological conditions of protected water resources during coal mining action in Yushenfu Mine Area in the North Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2000,25(5):449-454.
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[2]范立民,马雄德,冀瑞君.西部生态脆弱矿区保水采煤研究与实践进展[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(8):1711-1717.FAN Limin,MA Xiongde,JI Ruijun.Progress in engineering practice of water-preserved coal mining in western eco-environment frangible area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(8):1711-1717.
[3]国家安全生产监督总局制定.建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规范[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2017.
[4]蒋泽泉,孟庆超,王宏科.陕西神南矿区煤炭开采保水煤柱留设分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22(2):87-91.JIANG Zequan,MENG Qingchao,WANG Hongke.Analysis of coal pillar for water preserved mining in Shennan mining area[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2011,22(2):87-91.
[5]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区含(隔)水层特征及保水开采分区研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(1):7-14.WANG Shuangming,HUANG Qingxiang,FAN Limin,et al.Study on overburden aquclude and water protection mining regionazation in the ecological fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(1):7-14.
[6]FAN Limin,MA Xiongde.A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China[J].International Journal of Coal Science and Technology,2018,5(4):411-416.
[7]FAN Limin,MA Liqiang,YU Yihe,et al.Water-conserving mining influencing factors identification and weight determination in northwest China[J].International Journal of Coal Science and Technology,2019,6(1):95-101.
[8]黄庆享.浅埋煤层保水开采岩层控制研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):50-55.HUANG Qingxiang.Research on roof control of water conservation mining in shallow seam[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):50-55.
[9]黄庆享,蔚保宁,张文忠.浅埋煤层黏土隔水层下行裂隙弥合研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2010,27(1):39-43.HUANG Qingxiang,WEI Baoning,ZHANG Wenzhong.Study of downward crack closing of clay aquiclude in shallowly buried coal seam[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,27(1):39-43.
[10]侯忠杰,张杰.砂土基型浅埋煤层保水煤柱稳定性数值模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(13):2255-2259.HOU ZhongJie,ZHANG Jie.Protection pillar stability numerical simulation in shallow seam covered with rock soil and sand[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(13):2255-2259.
[11]李文平,王启庆,李小琴.隔水层再造---西北保水采煤关键隔水层N2红土工程地质研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):88-97.LI Wenping,WANG Qiqing,LI Xiaoqin.Reconstruction of aquifuge:The engineering geological study of N2laterite located in key aquifuge concerning coal mining with water protection in Northwest China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):88-97.
[12]李涛,王苏健,韩磊,等.生态脆弱矿区松散含水层下采煤保护土层合理厚度[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):98-105.LI Tao,WANG Sujian,HAN Lei,et al.Reasonable thickness of protected loess under loose aquifer in ecologically fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):98-105.
[13]张东升,李文平,来兴平,等.我国西北煤炭开采中的水资源保护基础理论研究进展[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):36-43.ZHANG Dongsheng,LI Wenping,LAI Xingping,et al.Development on basic theory of water protection during coal mining in northwest of China[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):36-43.
[14]常金源,李文平,李涛,等.干旱矿区水资源迁移与“保水采煤”思路探讨[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2014,31(1):72-77.CHANG Jinyuan,LI Wenping,LI Tao,et.al.Water migration in arid mining area and thought of“water preserved mining”[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2014,31(1):72-77.
[15]常金源,李文平,李涛,等.神南矿区煤炭开采水资源漏失量评价分区[J].煤田地质与勘探,2011,39(5):41-45.CHANG Jinyuan,LI Wenping,LI Tao,et al.Zonation of water resources leakage due to coal mining in Shennan mining area[J].Coal Geology and Exploration,2011,39(5):41-45.
[16]夏玉成,杜荣军,孙学阳,等.陕北煤田生态潜水保护与矿井水害预防对策[J].煤炭科学技术,2016,44(8):39-45.XIA Yucheng,DU Rongjun,SUN Xueyang,et al.Countermeasures of ecologic phreatic water protection and mine water disaster prevention in northern Shaanxi Coalfield[J].Coal Science and Technology,2016,44(8):39-45.
[17]夏玉成,代革联.生态潜水流场的采煤扰动与优化调控[M].北京,科学出版社,2015.
[18]缪协兴,浦海,白海波.隔水关键层原理及其在保水采煤中的应用研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2008,37(1):1-4.MIAO Xiexing,PU Hai,BAI Haibo.Principle of water-resisting key strata and its application in water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2008,37(1):1-4.
[19]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.Scientific connotation of water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[20]FAN Limin,LI Tao,XIANG Maoxi,et al.Effect of coal mining on springs in the Yushenfu mining area of China[J].Geofluids,2018(8):1-16.
[21]范立民,孙魁.基于保水采煤的煤炭开采带与泉带错位规划问题[J].煤炭科学技术,2019,47(1):173-178.FAN Limin,SUN Kui.Dislocation planning of coal mining belt and spring belt based on water-preserved coal mining[J].Coal Science and Technology,2019,47(1):173-178.
[22]侯恩科,童仁剑,冯洁,等.烧变岩富水特征与采动水量损失预计[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):175-182.HOU Enke,TONG Renjian,FENG Jie,et al.Water enrichment characteristics of burnt rock and prediction on water loss caused by coal mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):175-182.
[23]范立民,仵拨云,向茂西,等.我国西部保水采煤区受保护烧变岩含水层研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2016,44(8):1-6.FAN Limin,WU Boyun,XIANG Maoxi,et al.Study on protective burnt rock aquifer in water preserved coal mining area of western China[J].Coal Science and Technology,2016,44(8):1-6.
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