红颈常室茧蜂蛹发育的形态特征
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摘要
红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg是一种绿盲蝽若虫的优势内寄生蜂,本研究利用超景深三维显微系统、显微镜观察了红颈常室茧蜂老熟幼虫发育特征、蛹形态特征及蛹发育后期卵巢的超微结构。结果表明:红颈常室茧蜂蛹期为12～15 d,其中雌蛹期比雄蛹期长2～3 d。根据其形态特征,可将蛹划分为预蛹期、第一蛹阶段、第二蛹阶段、第三蛹阶段。蛹期发育前9 d,蛹期组织结构开始分化形成,成蜂的外部形态基本显现,但性别难以区分;蛹期发育至10～14 d,可通过幼蜂体表颜色的变化或腹部末端的形状区分性别,在相同的适宜温度条件下,雌蜂比雄蜂颜色深,雌蜂腹部末端比较尖,有突出的产卵瓣,雄峰腹部末端钝圆,无凸起;雌蜂卵巢在化蛹后的第11天开始形成,卵巢初期的形状如细丝,此时卵巢管已开始初步分化,但卵室尚未分化;蛹发育至第12天时,卵巢管逐渐加粗,卵室开始分化;第13天时,卵巢管、卵室数量逐渐增多;第14天卵巢基部开始有少量成熟卵子产生,呈乳白色。10～12 d,雄蜂腹部末端绒毛逐渐增多,体壁变硬,逐渐角质化,虫体可活动,雄蜂胸部略带黑色,翅逐渐伸展开,整个虫体呈浅红棕色。本研究结果明确了红颈常室茧蜂蛹发育的形态变化过程,提出了蛹期雌雄区分的方法,叙述了蛹后期卵巢发育特征,为研究该蜂繁殖机理奠定了形态学基础。
Endoparasitoid Peristenus spretus(Chen et van Achterberg)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant nymphal parasitoid of green mirid bug, Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür). In this study, using the superficial depth 3 D microscopy system and microscopy, photographs of mature larvae, the morphological characteristics and the ovarian ultrastructure of female pupae were taken. The results showed that the pupal completes its development between 12～15 days, while the female period was 2～3 days longer than the male. The development process of pupa could be divided into prepupa, first pupal phase, second pupal phase, third pupal phase before adult emergence according to the morphological characteristics. The 9 days before the pupal development, the pupal tissue began to differentiate, and the external morphological characteristics of the adult appeared basicly, but the sex could not be determined. At 10～14~(th) days of pupal development, the sex could be distinguished by the change of the body color or the shape of the end of the abdomen. Under the same suitable temperature conditions, the female were darker colour, sharper of the end of abdomen, oviposition valve protrusion, and the end of male's abdomen were blunt, without bulge. The ovaries began to develop on 11~(th) day after the pupation, the ovaries were filaments at the early stage, and the ovarioles began to differentiate while the egg chambers were invisible; at 12~(th) day after pupation, the ovarioles thickened gradually, and the egg chambers began to found; at 13~(th) day, the number of ovarioles and egg chambers gradually increased; at 14~(th) day, a few milky white mature eggs appeared at the base of the ovaries. This study clarified the morphological changes of pupae, provided a method for distinguishing the male and female in the pupal stages, described the characteristics of ovarian development during the late pupae stage, established a basis on morphology for studying the reproductive mechanism in P. spretus.
Endoparasitoid Peristenus spretus(Chen et van Achterberg)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant nymphal parasitoid of green mirid bug, Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür). In this study, using the superficial depth 3 D microscopy system and microscopy, photographs of mature larvae, the morphological characteristics and the ovarian ultrastructure of female pupae were taken. The results showed that the pupal completes its development between 12～15 days, while the female period was 2～3 days longer than the male. The development process of pupa could be divided into prepupa, first pupal phase, second pupal phase, third pupal phase before adult emergence according to the morphological characteristics. The 9 days before the pupal development, the pupal tissue began to differentiate, and the external morphological characteristics of the adult appeared basicly, but the sex could not be determined. At 10～14~(th) days of pupal development, the sex could be distinguished by the change of the body color or the shape of the end of the abdomen. Under the same suitable temperature conditions, the female were darker colour, sharper of the end of abdomen, oviposition valve protrusion, and the end of male's abdomen were blunt, without bulge. The ovaries began to develop on 11~(th) day after the pupation, the ovaries were filaments at the early stage, and the ovarioles began to differentiate while the egg chambers were invisible; at 12~(th) day after pupation, the ovarioles thickened gradually, and the egg chambers began to found; at 13~(th) day, the number of ovarioles and egg chambers gradually increased; at 14~(th) day, a few milky white mature eggs appeared at the base of the ovaries. This study clarified the morphological changes of pupae, provided a method for distinguishing the male and female in the pupal stages, described the characteristics of ovarian development during the late pupae stage, established a basis on morphology for studying the reproductive mechanism in P. spretus.
引文
Alam MS, Alam MZ, Alam SN,et al. Biology of Bracon hebetor reared on wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae [J]. Persian Gulf Crop Protection, 2014, 3: 54-62.
Bocchino FJ, Sullivan DJ. Effects of venoms form two aphid hyperparasitoids,Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus carpenteri (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) [J]. Canadian Entomologist, 1981, 113: 887-889.
Boivin G, Leblanc J, Adams JA. Spatial dispersion and sequential sampling plan for the Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on celery [J].Journal of Economic Entomology, 1991, 84 (1): 158-164.
Carabajal-Paladino LZ, Papeschi AG, Cladera JL. Immature stages of development in the parasitoid wasp,Diachasmimorpha longicaudata [J]. Journal of Insect Science, 2010, 10: 1-13.
Flanders SE. Regulation of ovulation and egg disposal in the parasitic Hymenoptera can [J]. Entomol., 1950, 82: 134-140.
Fleury D, Pare J, Vincent C,et al. Feeding impact of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera:Miride) on Vitis vinifera: A behavioural and histological study [J].Canadian Journal of Botany, 2006, 84 (3): 493-500.
Gauld I, Bolton B,eds. The Hymenoptera [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Jervis MA, Heimpel GE, Ferns PN,et al. Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: A comparative analysis of ovigeny [J]. Journal of Animal Ecology, 2001, 70 (3): 442-458.
Jervis MA, Ellers J, Harvey JA. Resource acquisition, allocation, and utilization in parasitoid reproductive strategies [J].Annual Review of Entomology, 2008, 53 (4): 361-385.
Lu YH, Wu KM, Cai XM,et al. A rearing method from iridsusing the green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris in the laboratory [J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2008, 35 (3): 215-219. [陆宴辉, 吴孔明, 蔡晓明, 等. 利用四季豆饲养盲蝽的方法 [J]. 植物保护学报, 2008, 35 (3): 215-219]
Li LX, Men XY, Ye BH,et al. Feeding damage characteristics of Apolygus lucorum(Hemiptera: Miridae) to different growth stages of cotton [J].Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2014, 57 (4): 449-459. [李林懋, 门兴元, 叶保华, 等. 绿盲蝽对不同生长期棉花的刺吸危害特性 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2014, 57 (4): 449-459]
Luo SP. Study on Nymphal Parasitoids Mirid Bugs [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2013: 1-88. [罗淑萍. 盲蝽若虫寄生蜂的研究 [D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2013: 1-88]
Luo SP, Lu YH, Men XY,et al. Parasitism of Apolygus lucorum by Peristenus spretus at different release leveals in juju be prchards [J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2016, 32 (6): 698-702. [罗淑萍, 陆宴辉, 门兴元, 等. 不同释放密度下红颈常室茧蜂对冬枣园绿盲蝽的寄生效果 [J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2016, 32 (6): 698-702]
Ma XM, Zhang QW, Cai QN,et al. The hazard of green blindness in the cotton area in the Southern Hebei Province in 2003 [J]. Plant Protection, 2004, 30 (3): 90. [马晓牧, 张青文, 蔡青年, 等. 2003年冀南棉区绿盲蝽暴发危害 [J]. 植物保护, 2004, 30 (3): 90]
Magro SR, Dias AB, Terra WR,et al. Biological, nutritional, and histochemical basis for improving an artificial diet for Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) [J]. Neotropical Entomology, 2006, 35(2): 215-222.
Men XY, Yu Y, Zhang AS,et al. Seasonal occurrence and transfer of green-blind bug in jujube-cotton ecological region [C]. Annual Conference of the Chinese Plant Conservation Society, 2011. [门兴元, 于毅, 张安盛, 等. 枣-棉生态区绿盲蝽季节性发生与转移规律 [C]. 中国植物保护学会学术年会, 2011]
Michaud OD, Boivin G, Stewart RK. Economic threshold for Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in apple orchards [J]. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1989, 82 (6): 1722-1728.
Michaud OD, Stewar RK, Boivin G. Susceptibility of apples to damage by Lygocoris communis and Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) [J].Phytoprotection Quebec, 1990, 71 (1): 25.
Pezzini C, Jahnke SM, K?hler A. Morphological characterization of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor(Hymenoptera:Braconidae) ectoparasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [J]. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2017, 60: 157-171.
Pinheiro DO, Rossi GD, C?nsoli FL. External morphology of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) during larval development [J]. Zoologia, 2010, 27(6): 986-992.
Potting RPJ, Overholt WA, Osae-Danso FO,et al. Foraging behavior and life history of the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) [J].Journal of Insect Behavior, 1997, 10: 13-29.
Qureshi SR, Quan WL, Zhou RQ,et al. Morphology and development of immature stages of Chelonus murakatae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of Chilo suppressalis [J]. Entomological News, 2015, 125(4): 252-259.
Serra HJP. Bioecologia do Ectoparasito Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [D]. Master Dis-sertation. Universidade de S?o Paulo (Piracicaba).
Sha LH, Wang W, Chen L, et al. Research advances on biological characteristics and control of Quadrastichus erythinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Quadrastichus) [J].Tropical Forestry, 2015, 43 (3): 38-40. [沙林华, 王伟, 陈琳, 等. 刺桐姬小蜂生物学特性及其防治研究进展 [J]. 热带林业, 2015, 43 (3): 38-40]
Song GJ, Feng HQ, Li GP,et al. Using the Rb marking technique to track the spring migration of Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis in Henan [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2012, 49 (3): 620-625. [宋国晶, 封洪强, 李国平, 等. 河南省绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽春季迁移能力的铷标记研究 [J]. 应用昆虫学报, 2012, 49 (3): 620-625]
Xu GQ, An FT, Liu PB,et al. Harm of Lygocoris lucorum on the control prevention [J]. Northern Horticulture, 2010, 23: 151-152. [许国庆, 安福涛, 刘培斌, 等. 绿盲蝽对茄子的危害及防治 [J]. 北方园艺, 2010, 23: 151-152]
Xu HL, Wang ZC. Occurrence and control of green blind mites on fruit trees [J]. Agricultural Knowledge,2013, 5: 23. [徐焕禄, 王振翠. 绿盲蝽在果树上的发生与防治 [J]. 农业知识, 2013, 5: 23]
Xu HY, Yang NW, Wan FH. Female reproductive system and ovary development of two parasitoids of tobacco whitefly [J].Science & Technology Review, 2015, 33 (7): 79-83. [徐海云, 杨念婉, 万方浩. 两种烟粉虱寄生蜂的雌性生殖系统结构与卵巢发育特点 [J]. 科技导报, 2015, 33 (7): 79-83]
Yu RX, Shi M, Huang F,et al. Immature development of Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an Endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) [J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2008, 101 (1): 189-196.
Yu DS, Achterberg C van, Horstmann K. World Ichneumonoidea: Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution [M].Vancouver: Taxapad, 2011.
Zhong LH, Liao YL, Zhang Y,et al. Ovarian development and oogenesis in Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2016, 38 (1): 154-158. [钟林海, 廖永林, 张扬, 等. 霍氏啮小蜂的卵巢发育和卵子发生 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2016, 38 (1): 154-158]
Bocchino FJ, Sullivan DJ. Effects of venoms form two aphid hyperparasitoids,Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus carpenteri (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) [J]. Canadian Entomologist, 1981, 113: 887-889.
Boivin G, Leblanc J, Adams JA. Spatial dispersion and sequential sampling plan for the Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) on celery [J].Journal of Economic Entomology, 1991, 84 (1): 158-164.
Carabajal-Paladino LZ, Papeschi AG, Cladera JL. Immature stages of development in the parasitoid wasp,Diachasmimorpha longicaudata [J]. Journal of Insect Science, 2010, 10: 1-13.
Flanders SE. Regulation of ovulation and egg disposal in the parasitic Hymenoptera can [J]. Entomol., 1950, 82: 134-140.
Fleury D, Pare J, Vincent C,et al. Feeding impact of Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera:Miride) on Vitis vinifera: A behavioural and histological study [J].Canadian Journal of Botany, 2006, 84 (3): 493-500.
Gauld I, Bolton B,eds. The Hymenoptera [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Jervis MA, Heimpel GE, Ferns PN,et al. Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: A comparative analysis of ovigeny [J]. Journal of Animal Ecology, 2001, 70 (3): 442-458.
Jervis MA, Ellers J, Harvey JA. Resource acquisition, allocation, and utilization in parasitoid reproductive strategies [J].Annual Review of Entomology, 2008, 53 (4): 361-385.
Lu YH, Wu KM, Cai XM,et al. A rearing method from iridsusing the green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris in the laboratory [J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2008, 35 (3): 215-219. [陆宴辉, 吴孔明, 蔡晓明, 等. 利用四季豆饲养盲蝽的方法 [J]. 植物保护学报, 2008, 35 (3): 215-219]
Li LX, Men XY, Ye BH,et al. Feeding damage characteristics of Apolygus lucorum(Hemiptera: Miridae) to different growth stages of cotton [J].Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2014, 57 (4): 449-459. [李林懋, 门兴元, 叶保华, 等. 绿盲蝽对不同生长期棉花的刺吸危害特性 [J]. 昆虫学报, 2014, 57 (4): 449-459]
Luo SP. Study on Nymphal Parasitoids Mirid Bugs [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2013: 1-88. [罗淑萍. 盲蝽若虫寄生蜂的研究 [D]. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2013: 1-88]
Luo SP, Lu YH, Men XY,et al. Parasitism of Apolygus lucorum by Peristenus spretus at different release leveals in juju be prchards [J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2016, 32 (6): 698-702. [罗淑萍, 陆宴辉, 门兴元, 等. 不同释放密度下红颈常室茧蜂对冬枣园绿盲蝽的寄生效果 [J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2016, 32 (6): 698-702]
Ma XM, Zhang QW, Cai QN,et al. The hazard of green blindness in the cotton area in the Southern Hebei Province in 2003 [J]. Plant Protection, 2004, 30 (3): 90. [马晓牧, 张青文, 蔡青年, 等. 2003年冀南棉区绿盲蝽暴发危害 [J]. 植物保护, 2004, 30 (3): 90]
Magro SR, Dias AB, Terra WR,et al. Biological, nutritional, and histochemical basis for improving an artificial diet for Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) [J]. Neotropical Entomology, 2006, 35(2): 215-222.
Men XY, Yu Y, Zhang AS,et al. Seasonal occurrence and transfer of green-blind bug in jujube-cotton ecological region [C]. Annual Conference of the Chinese Plant Conservation Society, 2011. [门兴元, 于毅, 张安盛, 等. 枣-棉生态区绿盲蝽季节性发生与转移规律 [C]. 中国植物保护学会学术年会, 2011]
Michaud OD, Boivin G, Stewart RK. Economic threshold for Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in apple orchards [J]. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1989, 82 (6): 1722-1728.
Michaud OD, Stewar RK, Boivin G. Susceptibility of apples to damage by Lygocoris communis and Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) [J].Phytoprotection Quebec, 1990, 71 (1): 25.
Pezzini C, Jahnke SM, K?hler A. Morphological characterization of immature stages of Habrobracon hebetor(Hymenoptera:Braconidae) ectoparasitoid of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [J]. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 2017, 60: 157-171.
Pinheiro DO, Rossi GD, C?nsoli FL. External morphology of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) during larval development [J]. Zoologia, 2010, 27(6): 986-992.
Potting RPJ, Overholt WA, Osae-Danso FO,et al. Foraging behavior and life history of the stemborer parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) [J].Journal of Insect Behavior, 1997, 10: 13-29.
Qureshi SR, Quan WL, Zhou RQ,et al. Morphology and development of immature stages of Chelonus murakatae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an endoparasitoid of Chilo suppressalis [J]. Entomological News, 2015, 125(4): 252-259.
Serra HJP. Bioecologia do Ectoparasito Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [D]. Master Dis-sertation. Universidade de S?o Paulo (Piracicaba).
Sha LH, Wang W, Chen L, et al. Research advances on biological characteristics and control of Quadrastichus erythinae Kim (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Quadrastichus) [J].Tropical Forestry, 2015, 43 (3): 38-40. [沙林华, 王伟, 陈琳, 等. 刺桐姬小蜂生物学特性及其防治研究进展 [J]. 热带林业, 2015, 43 (3): 38-40]
Song GJ, Feng HQ, Li GP,et al. Using the Rb marking technique to track the spring migration of Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis in Henan [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 2012, 49 (3): 620-625. [宋国晶, 封洪强, 李国平, 等. 河南省绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽春季迁移能力的铷标记研究 [J]. 应用昆虫学报, 2012, 49 (3): 620-625]
Xu GQ, An FT, Liu PB,et al. Harm of Lygocoris lucorum on the control prevention [J]. Northern Horticulture, 2010, 23: 151-152. [许国庆, 安福涛, 刘培斌, 等. 绿盲蝽对茄子的危害及防治 [J]. 北方园艺, 2010, 23: 151-152]
Xu HL, Wang ZC. Occurrence and control of green blind mites on fruit trees [J]. Agricultural Knowledge,2013, 5: 23. [徐焕禄, 王振翠. 绿盲蝽在果树上的发生与防治 [J]. 农业知识, 2013, 5: 23]
Xu HY, Yang NW, Wan FH. Female reproductive system and ovary development of two parasitoids of tobacco whitefly [J].Science & Technology Review, 2015, 33 (7): 79-83. [徐海云, 杨念婉, 万方浩. 两种烟粉虱寄生蜂的雌性生殖系统结构与卵巢发育特点 [J]. 科技导报, 2015, 33 (7): 79-83]
Yu RX, Shi M, Huang F,et al. Immature development of Cotesia vestalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an Endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) [J]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2008, 101 (1): 189-196.
Yu DS, Achterberg C van, Horstmann K. World Ichneumonoidea: Taxonomy, Biology, Morphology and Distribution [M].Vancouver: Taxapad, 2011.
Zhong LH, Liao YL, Zhang Y,et al. Ovarian development and oogenesis in Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2016, 38 (1): 154-158. [钟林海, 廖永林, 张扬, 等. 霍氏啮小蜂的卵巢发育和卵子发生 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2016, 38 (1): 154-158]