新型大跨度非对称塑料大棚内冬季温光变化特征研究
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摘要
【目的】研究大跨度非对称塑料大棚内冬季温光变化特征,为新型棚体的开发与设计提供思路。【方法】根据跨度和覆盖层数不同,选取5座大棚,分别为17m单层(17-1)、17m双层(17-2)、18m单层(18-1)、18m双层(18-2)和20m单层(20-1),并以塑料拱棚和日光温室为对照,对大棚进行连续气温监测及典型晴天、阴天、雪天条件下气温、土壤温度(20cm深)和光照环境的监测与比较。【结果】①2017-12-01至2018-01-31,18-1、18-2、17-1、17-2、20-1温室冬季平均最低气温分别为4.1,4.9,-1.9,0,-1.8℃,平均最高气温分别为31.7,27.8,32.6,31.9,33.9℃。②典型晴天条件下,18-1、18-2、17-1、17-2、20-1温室最低气温分别为4.4,5.0,-3.4,-2.6,-3.1℃,较室外分别高11.6,12.2,3.8,4.6,4.1℃,较塑料拱棚分别高10.5,11.1,2.7,3.5,3.0℃,较日光温室分别低6.3,5.7,14.1,13.3,13.8℃;典型阴天条件下,最低气温分别为6.3,7.5,1.0,1.6,1.7℃,较室外分别高8.4,9.6,3.1,3.7,3.8℃,较塑料拱棚分别高7.7,8.9,2.4,3.0,3.1℃,较日光温室分别低5.4,4.2,10.7,10.1,10.0℃;典型雪天条件下,最低气温分别为4.9,6.0,-2.7,-1.0,-1.4℃,较室外分别高10.7,11.8,3.1,4.8,4.4℃,较塑料拱棚分别高10.0,11.1,2.4,4.1,3.7℃,较日光温室分别低5.0,3.9,12.6,10.9,11.3℃。典型晴天条件下,18-1、18-2、17-1、17-2、20-1温室20cm深处土壤平均温度分别为12.2,12.3,10.0,11.1,9.6℃,较塑料拱棚分别高6.0,6.1,3.8,4.9,3.4℃;典型阴天条件下,土壤平均温度分别为11.9,12.1,9.5,10.6,9.6℃,较塑料拱棚分别高5.8,6.0,3.4,4.5,3.5℃;典型雪天条件下,土壤平均温度分别为11.2,11.4,9.9,10.5,9.5℃,较塑料拱棚分别高5.4,5.6,4.1,4.7,3.7℃。③对大棚内南北方向气温和光照分布进行比较可知,各试验温室内气温以中部最高,南北次之,分布差异大小排列为17-1温室>18-1温室>20-1温室>18-2温室>17-2温室;各试验温室南部光照最好,中部略低于南部,北部最差,透光率大小排序为18-1温室>18-2温室>20-1温室>17-1温室>17-2温室。【结论】综合考虑温光环境性能可知,18-2温室大棚的保温性能较好,平均最低气温和土壤平均温度高,无极端低温和高温情况,且南北方向气温、光照分布差异小,透光率高,更适合推广应用。
【Objective】A new large-span asymmetric plastic greenhouse was designed and built to provide corresponding ideas for the development and design of new shed.【Method】According to the span size and number of covering layers,five tested greenhouses including 17 mspan single-layer plastic greenhouse(17-1),17 mspan double-layer plastic greenhouse(17-2),18 mspan single-layer plastic greenhouse(18-1),18 mspan double-layer plastic greenhouse(18-2),and 20 mspan single-layer plastic greenhouse(20-1)were selected.Continuous temperature monitoring and comparison of temperature,soil temperature and illumination environment under typical sunny,cloudy and snowy days were carried out in the experimental greenhouses with the traditional arch plastic greenhouse and the Chinese solar greenhouse(CSG)as the control.【Result】① From December 01,2017 to January 31,2018,the average minimum temperatures in the winter of 18-1,18-2,17-1,17-2,and 20-1 were 4.1,4.9,-1.9,0,and-1.8 ℃,and the average maximum temperatures were 31.7,27.8,32.6,31.9,and 33.9 ℃ respectively.② Under typical sunny conditions,the minimum temperatures of 18-1,18-2,17-1,17-2 and 20-1 were 4.4,5.0,-3.4,-2.6,and-3.1℃,and they were 11.6,12.2,3.8,4.6,and 4.1 ℃ higher than outside,10.5,11.1,2.7,3.5,and 3.0 ℃higher than arch plastic greenhouse and 6.3,5.7,14.1,13.3,and 13.8℃lower than solar greenhouse.Under typical cloudy conditions,the minimum temperatures were 6.3,7.5,1.0,1.6,and 1.7 ℃,which were 8.4,9.6,3.1,3.7,and 3.8℃higher than outdoor temperatures,7.7,8.9,2.4,3.0,and 3.1℃higher than arch plastic greenhouse,and 5.4,4.2,10.7,10.1,and 10.0 ℃lower than solar greenhouse,respectively.Under typical snow conditions,the minimum temperatures were 4.9,6.0,-2.7,-1.0,and-1.4℃,which were 10.7,11.8,3.1,4.8,and 4.4℃ higher than outdoor temperatures,10.0,11.1,2.4,4.1,and3.7℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse,and 5.0,3.9,12.6,10.9,and 11.3 ℃lower than solar greenhouse,respectively.Under typical sunny conditions,the average soil temperatures of 18-1,18-2,17-1,17-2,and 20-1 were 12.2,12.3,10.0,11.1,and 9.6℃,which were 6.0,6.1,3.8,4.9,and 3.4 ℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse.Under typical snowy conditions,the average soil temperatures were 11.9,12.1,9.5,10.6,and 9.6℃,which were 5.8,6.0,3.4,4.5,and 3.5℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse.Under typical cloudy conditions,the average soil temperatures were 11.2,11.4,9.9,10.5,and 9.5 ℃,which were 5.4,5.6,4.1,4.7,and 3.7℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse.③ Comparison of temperature and light distribution between the north and south of the experimental greenhouse showed that the temperature in each test greenhouse was the highest in the middle,followed by the south and the north.The temperature distribution in the greenhouses was in the order of 17-1>18-1>20-1>18-2>17-2.The experimental greenhouses had the best light in the south,slightly lower in the middle and the worst in the north.The light transmittance was in the order of 18-1>18-2>20-1>17-1>17-2.【Conclusion】Comprehensively considering thermal and light environment,18 mdouble-layer asymmetric greenhouse had good thermal insulation performance,minimum average temperature and high average soil temperature without extreme low and high temperature.The north and south temperature and light distribution had small difference,the transmission rate was high,and it was more suitable for promotion and application.
【Objective】A new large-span asymmetric plastic greenhouse was designed and built to provide corresponding ideas for the development and design of new shed.【Method】According to the span size and number of covering layers,five tested greenhouses including 17 mspan single-layer plastic greenhouse(17-1),17 mspan double-layer plastic greenhouse(17-2),18 mspan single-layer plastic greenhouse(18-1),18 mspan double-layer plastic greenhouse(18-2),and 20 mspan single-layer plastic greenhouse(20-1)were selected.Continuous temperature monitoring and comparison of temperature,soil temperature and illumination environment under typical sunny,cloudy and snowy days were carried out in the experimental greenhouses with the traditional arch plastic greenhouse and the Chinese solar greenhouse(CSG)as the control.【Result】① From December 01,2017 to January 31,2018,the average minimum temperatures in the winter of 18-1,18-2,17-1,17-2,and 20-1 were 4.1,4.9,-1.9,0,and-1.8 ℃,and the average maximum temperatures were 31.7,27.8,32.6,31.9,and 33.9 ℃ respectively.② Under typical sunny conditions,the minimum temperatures of 18-1,18-2,17-1,17-2 and 20-1 were 4.4,5.0,-3.4,-2.6,and-3.1℃,and they were 11.6,12.2,3.8,4.6,and 4.1 ℃ higher than outside,10.5,11.1,2.7,3.5,and 3.0 ℃higher than arch plastic greenhouse and 6.3,5.7,14.1,13.3,and 13.8℃lower than solar greenhouse.Under typical cloudy conditions,the minimum temperatures were 6.3,7.5,1.0,1.6,and 1.7 ℃,which were 8.4,9.6,3.1,3.7,and 3.8℃higher than outdoor temperatures,7.7,8.9,2.4,3.0,and 3.1℃higher than arch plastic greenhouse,and 5.4,4.2,10.7,10.1,and 10.0 ℃lower than solar greenhouse,respectively.Under typical snow conditions,the minimum temperatures were 4.9,6.0,-2.7,-1.0,and-1.4℃,which were 10.7,11.8,3.1,4.8,and 4.4℃ higher than outdoor temperatures,10.0,11.1,2.4,4.1,and3.7℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse,and 5.0,3.9,12.6,10.9,and 11.3 ℃lower than solar greenhouse,respectively.Under typical sunny conditions,the average soil temperatures of 18-1,18-2,17-1,17-2,and 20-1 were 12.2,12.3,10.0,11.1,and 9.6℃,which were 6.0,6.1,3.8,4.9,and 3.4 ℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse.Under typical snowy conditions,the average soil temperatures were 11.9,12.1,9.5,10.6,and 9.6℃,which were 5.8,6.0,3.4,4.5,and 3.5℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse.Under typical cloudy conditions,the average soil temperatures were 11.2,11.4,9.9,10.5,and 9.5 ℃,which were 5.4,5.6,4.1,4.7,and 3.7℃ higher than arch plastic greenhouse.③ Comparison of temperature and light distribution between the north and south of the experimental greenhouse showed that the temperature in each test greenhouse was the highest in the middle,followed by the south and the north.The temperature distribution in the greenhouses was in the order of 17-1>18-1>20-1>18-2>17-2.The experimental greenhouses had the best light in the south,slightly lower in the middle and the worst in the north.The light transmittance was in the order of 18-1>18-2>20-1>17-1>17-2.【Conclusion】Comprehensively considering thermal and light environment,18 mdouble-layer asymmetric greenhouse had good thermal insulation performance,minimum average temperature and high average soil temperature without extreme low and high temperature.The north and south temperature and light distribution had small difference,the transmission rate was high,and it was more suitable for promotion and application.
引文
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[2]傅莉霞.塑料大棚多层覆盖的应用效果试验[J].浙江农业大学学报,1994(3):313-316.Fu L X.An experimental study on the application of multi layered plastic greenhouse[J].Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University,1994(3):313-316.
[3]潘强.华北型(双层充气)连栋塑料温室光环境数值模型研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2000.Pan Q.A computer model for light transmission through Huabei type(double polyethylene covered)multispan greenhouse[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2000.
[4]王军,孙兴祥,曹坚,等.大棚多层覆盖小气候效应研究初报[J].江苏农业科学,2002(1):47-48.Wang J,Sun X X,Cao J,et al.Preliminary report on the study on the small climate effect of multiple covering in the great halls[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2002(1):47-48.
[5]王吉庆,赵月平,张百良.温室采用多层内覆盖保温节能效果研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):118-121.Wang J Q,Zhao Y P,Zhang B L.Effect of heat preservation and energy-saving by applying multi-layer thermal screen in greenhouse[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(8):118-121.
[6]李胜利,霍颖君,孙治强.不同层次简易覆盖的巨型塑料大棚温度特征研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2008,42(6):621-624.Li S L,Huo Y J,Sun Z Q.Study on the temperature characteristic in super-span plastic covered tunnel greenhouse with simple thermal screen of different layers[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2008,42(6):621-624.
[7]夏大鸣.单层与双层塑料大棚的性能和栽培效果比较[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2005.Xia D M.Comparison with the function of single greenhouse and double greenhouse and the cultivated effect[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2005.
[8]杨靖华.苏中地区连栋单、双层大棚小气候及秋延栽培效果比较[D].南京:南京农业大学,2014.Yang J H.The comparative above microclimate and late autumn cultivation effect between multispan greenhouse covered with single and double sheds in central region of Jiangsu Province[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2014.
[9]鲍恩财.江淮地区双层拱架塑料大棚冬季保温效果及实验研究[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2015.Bao E C.Study on experiment and thermal insulation effect of the double-layer-arch plastic greenhouse in winters in Jianghuai region[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2015.
[10]魏鑫,李建设,高艳明.大跨度双膜双拱塑料大棚夏季降温能力测试研究[J].北方园艺,2016(10):45-51.Wei X,Li J S,Gao Y M.Study on the cooling capacity with large span double film arch of plastic greenhouse in summer[J].Northern Horticulture,2016(10):45-51.
[11]杨文雄,马承伟.温室跨度对日光温室光照环境的影响模拟研究[J].农机化研究,2015(9):70-72.Yang W X,Ma C W.Simulation study of influence on greenhouse span on greenhouse light environment[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2015(9):70-72.
[12]Mobtaker H G,Ajabshirchi Y,Ranjbar S F,et al.Solar energy conservation in greenhouse:thermal analysis and experimental validation[J].Renewable Energy,2016,96(1):509-519.
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