面向火星着陆器缓冲试验的模拟火星壤力学特性分析
|
摘要
综述了现有火星着陆点火壤的物理力学参数和岩石大小及分布,介绍了着陆试验的过程、方法和所用模拟火壤,其中包括海盗号着陆器着陆试验数据分析和着陆试验场表面形貌。最后,汇总现有着陆点火星壤的物理力学参数和海盗号着陆试验用壤的参数,给出了我国着陆试验用模拟火壤的建议值及范围。
Mars soil′s physical and mechanical properties and rock size-frequency distribution are reviewed.This paper focuses on the landing test process,methods and Mars soil simulants,including analysis of the test results scaled to full-size for Viking footage and terrain conditions of proving ground.Finally,we summarize the properties of Mars soil at landing sites and Mars soil simulants used in Viking footage tests,and give the recommended average value of Mars soil simulants for legged spacecraft lander′s landing test.
Mars soil′s physical and mechanical properties and rock size-frequency distribution are reviewed.This paper focuses on the landing test process,methods and Mars soil simulants,including analysis of the test results scaled to full-size for Viking footage and terrain conditions of proving ground.Finally,we summarize the properties of Mars soil at landing sites and Mars soil simulants used in Viking footage tests,and give the recommended average value of Mars soil simulants for legged spacecraft lander′s landing test.
引文
[1]Golombek M,Grant J,Kipp D.et al.Selection of the Mars science laboratory landing site[J].Space Science Reviews,2012,170(1-4):641-737.
[2]Rivellini T P.Development testing of the mars pathfinder inflatable landing system[M]∥Engineering,Construction,and Operations in Space V.Stewart W Johnson.New York:American Society of Civil Engineers,1996:1059-1068.
[3]Bish D L,Blake D F,Vaniman D T,et al.X-ray diffraction results from Mars science laboratory:mineralogy of rocknest at gale crater[J].Science,2013,341(6153):1238932.
[4]Dwayne B,Steve C,Guy W,et al.The Mars science laboratory landing[J].World Neurosurgery,2013,79(2):223-242.
[5]李建桥,薛龙,邹猛,等.已有模拟火星壤力学性质分析及新火星壤研制[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2016,46(1):172-178.Li Jian-qiao,Xue Long,Zou Meng,et al.Terramechanics characters and development of martian simulant regolith[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2016,46(1):172-178.
[6]Moore H J,Spitzer C R,Bradford K Z,et al.Sample fields of the Viking landers,physical properties,and aeolian processes[J].J Geophys Res,1979,84:8365.
[7]Shorthill R W,Moore H J,Hutton R E,et al.The environs of Viking2lander[J].Science,1976,194(4271):1309-1318.
[8]Moore H J,Jakosky B M.Viking landing sites,remote-sensing observations,and physical properties of Martian surface materials[J].Icarus,1989,81(1):164-184.
[9]Crisp J,Matijevic J R.Characterization of the martian surface deposits by the Mars Pathfinder Rover,Sojourner[J].Science,1997,278(5344):1765-1768.
[10]Moore H J,Bickler D B,Crisp J A,et al.Soil-like deposits observed by Sojourner,the Pathfinder rover[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,1999,104(E4):8729-8746.
[11]Arvidson R,Adams D,Bonfiglio G,et al.Mars exploration program 2007Phoenix landing site selection and characteristics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2008,113(E3):E00A03.
[12]Smith P H,Tamppari L,Arvidson R E,et al.Introduction to special section on the Phoenix mission:landing site characterization experiments,mission overviews,and expected science[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(3):5146-5163.
[13]Shaw A,Arvidson R E,Bonitz R,et al.Phoenix soil physical properties investigation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2009, 114(E1):E00E05.
[14]Golombek M P,Haldemann A F C,Forsberg-Taylor N K,et al.Rock size-frequency distributions on Mars and implications for Mars exploration rover landing safety and operations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2003,108(E12):8086.
[15]Golombek M P,Cook R A,Moore H J,et al.Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,1997,102(E2):3967-3988.
[16]Golombek M P,Huertas A,Marlow J,et al.Sizefrequency distributions of rocks on the northern plains of Mars with special reference to Phoenix landing surfaces[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113(3):3562-3585.
[17]Garvin J B,Mouginis-Mark P J,Head J W.Characterization of rock populations on planetary surfaces:techniques and a preliminary analysis of Mars and Venus[J].Moon&the Planets,1981,24(3):355-387.
[18]Moore H J,Hutton R E,Clow G D,et al.Physical properties of the surface materials at the Viking landing sites on Mars[J].USGS Professional Paper,1987,1389:1-222.
[19]Mcgehee J R,Stubbs S M.Experimental validation of a landing-dynamics computer program for legged spacecraft landers[R]. Washington D C:NASA Langley Research Center,1974.
[20]Hannan M,McGee T G,Chavers G,et al.The mighty eagle vertical testbed[C]∥AIAA Guidance,Navigation,and Control Conference,Kissimmee,Florida,2015.
[21]Mcgee T G,Artis D A,Cole T J,et al.Mighty eagle:the development and flight testing of an autonomous robotic lander test bed[J].Johns Hopkins Apl Technical Digest,2013,32(3):619-635.
[22]Hannan M,Rickman D,Chavers G,et al.Flight testing of guidance,navigation and control systems on the mighty eagle robotic lander test bed[C]∥AIAA Guidance,Navigation,and Control Conference,Kissimmee,Florida,2015.
[23]Epp C D,Robertson E A,Carson J M.Real-time hazard detection and avoidance demonstration for a planetary lander[C]∥AIAA Space Conference and Exposition,San Diego,CA,2014.
[24]Tateyama K,Yokoyama T,Miyahara A,et al.Predicting the impact force on the landing gear of a lander at a lunar landing[C]∥Proceedings of the 10th European Conference of ISTVS,Budapest,Hungary,2006.
[25]Buchwald R.A landing platform with robotic selfleveling capability[C]∥The 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop,Pasadena,California,2014.
[26]Schr9der S,Reinhardt B,Brauner C,et al.Development of a Marslander with crushable shock absorber by virtual and experimental testing[J].Acta Astronautica,2017,134(Supl.C):65-74.
[27]凌道盛,蒋祝金,蔡武军,等.模拟月壤中着陆器足垫滑移受力的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(7):1847-1853Ling Dao-sheng,Jiang Zhu-jin,Cai Wu-jun,et al.Experimental study of sliding forces of lander footpad in simulant lunar soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(7):1847-1853.
[28]吴晓君,钟世英,凌道盛,等.着陆器足垫垂直冲击模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(4):1045-1050.Wu Xiao-jun,Zhong Shi-ying,Ling Dao-sheng,et al.Model test study of vertical impact of space lander footpad[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(4):1045-1050.
[29]凌道盛,蒋祝金,钟世英,等.着陆器足垫冲击模拟月壤的数值分析[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2013,47(7):1171-1177.Ling Dao-sheng,Jiang Zhu-jin,Zhong Shi-ying,et al.Numerical study on impact of lunar lander footpad against simulant lunar soil[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2013,47(7):1171-1177.
[30]郝飞,蒋明镜,孙德安,等.TJ-1模拟月壤承载特性室内试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015,36(7):1954-1959.Hao Fei,Jiang Ming-jing,Sun De-an,et al.Indoor experimental research on bearing behaviour of TJ-1lunar soil simulant[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(7):1954-1959.
[31]蒋明镜,戴永生,张熇,等.TJ-1模拟月壤承载特性的现场试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(6):1529-1535.Jiang Ming-jing,Dai Yong-sheng,Zhang Hao,et al.Field experimental research on bearing properties of TJ-1lunar soil simulant[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(6):1529-1535.
[32]陈金宝,聂宏,万峻麟.深空探测着陆器数字化设计及着陆性能影响因素[J].航空学报,2014,35(2):541-554.Chen Jin-bao,Nie Hong,Wan Jun-lin.Digital design and landing performance influence factors of deep space lander[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2014,35(2):541-554.
[33]陈金宝,聂宏,柏合民,等.月壤及缓冲支柱弹塑性变形对探测器着陆性能影响分析[J].机械科学与技术,2008,27(12):1572-1575.Chen Jin-bao,Nie Hong,Bai He-min,et al.A study of performance of lunar landing considering the deformation of the buffering struts and the lunar soil[J].Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering,2008,27(12):1572-1575.
[34]Arvidson R E,Gooding J L,Moore H J.The Martian surface as imaged,sampled,and analyzed by the Viking landers[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1989,27(1):39-60.
[35]Ellery Alex.Planetary Rovers:Robotic Exploration of the Solar System[M].Berlin:Springer,2015.
[36]Sullivan R,Anderson R,Biesiadecki J,et al.Cohesions,friction angles,and other physical properties of Martian regolith from Mars Exploration Rover wheel trenches and wheel scuffs[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2011, 116(E2):E02006.
[37]Mehta M,Renno N O,Marshall J,et al.Explosive erosion during the Phoenix landing exposes subsurface water on Mars[J].Icarus,2011,211(1):172-194.
[38]Perko H,Nelson J,Green J.Mars soil mechanical properties and suitability of Mars soil simulants[J].Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2006,19(3):169-176.
[39]Moore H J,Hutton R E,Scott R F,et al.Surface materials of the Viking landing sites[J].J Geophys Res,1977,82(28):4497-4523.
[40]Jackson K E,Boitnott R L,Fasanella E L,et al.A History of full-scale aircraft and rotorcraft crash testing and simulation at NASA langley research center[C]∥The 4th Triennial International Aircraft and Cabin Safety Research Conference,Lisbon,Portuga,2004.
[41]邹猛,李建桥,贾阳,等.月壤静力学特性的离散元模拟[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2008,38(2):383-387.Zou Meng,Li Jian-qiao,Jia Yang,et al.Statics characteristics of lunar soil by DEM simulation[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2008,38(2):383-387.
[42]邹猛,李建桥,张金换,等.月球车驱动轮在不同介质上的牵引性能[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2010,40(1):25-29.Zou Meng,Li Jian-qiao,Zhang Jin-huan,et al.Traction ability of lunar rover′s driving wheel on different soils[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2010,40(1):25-29.
[2]Rivellini T P.Development testing of the mars pathfinder inflatable landing system[M]∥Engineering,Construction,and Operations in Space V.Stewart W Johnson.New York:American Society of Civil Engineers,1996:1059-1068.
[3]Bish D L,Blake D F,Vaniman D T,et al.X-ray diffraction results from Mars science laboratory:mineralogy of rocknest at gale crater[J].Science,2013,341(6153):1238932.
[4]Dwayne B,Steve C,Guy W,et al.The Mars science laboratory landing[J].World Neurosurgery,2013,79(2):223-242.
[5]李建桥,薛龙,邹猛,等.已有模拟火星壤力学性质分析及新火星壤研制[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2016,46(1):172-178.Li Jian-qiao,Xue Long,Zou Meng,et al.Terramechanics characters and development of martian simulant regolith[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2016,46(1):172-178.
[6]Moore H J,Spitzer C R,Bradford K Z,et al.Sample fields of the Viking landers,physical properties,and aeolian processes[J].J Geophys Res,1979,84:8365.
[7]Shorthill R W,Moore H J,Hutton R E,et al.The environs of Viking2lander[J].Science,1976,194(4271):1309-1318.
[8]Moore H J,Jakosky B M.Viking landing sites,remote-sensing observations,and physical properties of Martian surface materials[J].Icarus,1989,81(1):164-184.
[9]Crisp J,Matijevic J R.Characterization of the martian surface deposits by the Mars Pathfinder Rover,Sojourner[J].Science,1997,278(5344):1765-1768.
[10]Moore H J,Bickler D B,Crisp J A,et al.Soil-like deposits observed by Sojourner,the Pathfinder rover[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,1999,104(E4):8729-8746.
[11]Arvidson R,Adams D,Bonfiglio G,et al.Mars exploration program 2007Phoenix landing site selection and characteristics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2008,113(E3):E00A03.
[12]Smith P H,Tamppari L,Arvidson R E,et al.Introduction to special section on the Phoenix mission:landing site characterization experiments,mission overviews,and expected science[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(3):5146-5163.
[13]Shaw A,Arvidson R E,Bonitz R,et al.Phoenix soil physical properties investigation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2009, 114(E1):E00E05.
[14]Golombek M P,Haldemann A F C,Forsberg-Taylor N K,et al.Rock size-frequency distributions on Mars and implications for Mars exploration rover landing safety and operations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2003,108(E12):8086.
[15]Golombek M P,Cook R A,Moore H J,et al.Selection of the Mars Pathfinder landing site[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,1997,102(E2):3967-3988.
[16]Golombek M P,Huertas A,Marlow J,et al.Sizefrequency distributions of rocks on the northern plains of Mars with special reference to Phoenix landing surfaces[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2008,113(3):3562-3585.
[17]Garvin J B,Mouginis-Mark P J,Head J W.Characterization of rock populations on planetary surfaces:techniques and a preliminary analysis of Mars and Venus[J].Moon&the Planets,1981,24(3):355-387.
[18]Moore H J,Hutton R E,Clow G D,et al.Physical properties of the surface materials at the Viking landing sites on Mars[J].USGS Professional Paper,1987,1389:1-222.
[19]Mcgehee J R,Stubbs S M.Experimental validation of a landing-dynamics computer program for legged spacecraft landers[R]. Washington D C:NASA Langley Research Center,1974.
[20]Hannan M,McGee T G,Chavers G,et al.The mighty eagle vertical testbed[C]∥AIAA Guidance,Navigation,and Control Conference,Kissimmee,Florida,2015.
[21]Mcgee T G,Artis D A,Cole T J,et al.Mighty eagle:the development and flight testing of an autonomous robotic lander test bed[J].Johns Hopkins Apl Technical Digest,2013,32(3):619-635.
[22]Hannan M,Rickman D,Chavers G,et al.Flight testing of guidance,navigation and control systems on the mighty eagle robotic lander test bed[C]∥AIAA Guidance,Navigation,and Control Conference,Kissimmee,Florida,2015.
[23]Epp C D,Robertson E A,Carson J M.Real-time hazard detection and avoidance demonstration for a planetary lander[C]∥AIAA Space Conference and Exposition,San Diego,CA,2014.
[24]Tateyama K,Yokoyama T,Miyahara A,et al.Predicting the impact force on the landing gear of a lander at a lunar landing[C]∥Proceedings of the 10th European Conference of ISTVS,Budapest,Hungary,2006.
[25]Buchwald R.A landing platform with robotic selfleveling capability[C]∥The 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop,Pasadena,California,2014.
[26]Schr9der S,Reinhardt B,Brauner C,et al.Development of a Marslander with crushable shock absorber by virtual and experimental testing[J].Acta Astronautica,2017,134(Supl.C):65-74.
[27]凌道盛,蒋祝金,蔡武军,等.模拟月壤中着陆器足垫滑移受力的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(7):1847-1853Ling Dao-sheng,Jiang Zhu-jin,Cai Wu-jun,et al.Experimental study of sliding forces of lander footpad in simulant lunar soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(7):1847-1853.
[28]吴晓君,钟世英,凌道盛,等.着陆器足垫垂直冲击模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(4):1045-1050.Wu Xiao-jun,Zhong Shi-ying,Ling Dao-sheng,et al.Model test study of vertical impact of space lander footpad[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(4):1045-1050.
[29]凌道盛,蒋祝金,钟世英,等.着陆器足垫冲击模拟月壤的数值分析[J].浙江大学学报:工学版,2013,47(7):1171-1177.Ling Dao-sheng,Jiang Zhu-jin,Zhong Shi-ying,et al.Numerical study on impact of lunar lander footpad against simulant lunar soil[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2013,47(7):1171-1177.
[30]郝飞,蒋明镜,孙德安,等.TJ-1模拟月壤承载特性室内试验研究[J].岩土力学,2015,36(7):1954-1959.Hao Fei,Jiang Ming-jing,Sun De-an,et al.Indoor experimental research on bearing behaviour of TJ-1lunar soil simulant[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(7):1954-1959.
[31]蒋明镜,戴永生,张熇,等.TJ-1模拟月壤承载特性的现场试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(6):1529-1535.Jiang Ming-jing,Dai Yong-sheng,Zhang Hao,et al.Field experimental research on bearing properties of TJ-1lunar soil simulant[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(6):1529-1535.
[32]陈金宝,聂宏,万峻麟.深空探测着陆器数字化设计及着陆性能影响因素[J].航空学报,2014,35(2):541-554.Chen Jin-bao,Nie Hong,Wan Jun-lin.Digital design and landing performance influence factors of deep space lander[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2014,35(2):541-554.
[33]陈金宝,聂宏,柏合民,等.月壤及缓冲支柱弹塑性变形对探测器着陆性能影响分析[J].机械科学与技术,2008,27(12):1572-1575.Chen Jin-bao,Nie Hong,Bai He-min,et al.A study of performance of lunar landing considering the deformation of the buffering struts and the lunar soil[J].Mechanical Science and Technology for Aerospace Engineering,2008,27(12):1572-1575.
[34]Arvidson R E,Gooding J L,Moore H J.The Martian surface as imaged,sampled,and analyzed by the Viking landers[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1989,27(1):39-60.
[35]Ellery Alex.Planetary Rovers:Robotic Exploration of the Solar System[M].Berlin:Springer,2015.
[36]Sullivan R,Anderson R,Biesiadecki J,et al.Cohesions,friction angles,and other physical properties of Martian regolith from Mars Exploration Rover wheel trenches and wheel scuffs[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Planets,2011, 116(E2):E02006.
[37]Mehta M,Renno N O,Marshall J,et al.Explosive erosion during the Phoenix landing exposes subsurface water on Mars[J].Icarus,2011,211(1):172-194.
[38]Perko H,Nelson J,Green J.Mars soil mechanical properties and suitability of Mars soil simulants[J].Journal of Aerospace Engineering,2006,19(3):169-176.
[39]Moore H J,Hutton R E,Scott R F,et al.Surface materials of the Viking landing sites[J].J Geophys Res,1977,82(28):4497-4523.
[40]Jackson K E,Boitnott R L,Fasanella E L,et al.A History of full-scale aircraft and rotorcraft crash testing and simulation at NASA langley research center[C]∥The 4th Triennial International Aircraft and Cabin Safety Research Conference,Lisbon,Portuga,2004.
[41]邹猛,李建桥,贾阳,等.月壤静力学特性的离散元模拟[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2008,38(2):383-387.Zou Meng,Li Jian-qiao,Jia Yang,et al.Statics characteristics of lunar soil by DEM simulation[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2008,38(2):383-387.
[42]邹猛,李建桥,张金换,等.月球车驱动轮在不同介质上的牵引性能[J].吉林大学学报:工学版,2010,40(1):25-29.Zou Meng,Li Jian-qiao,Zhang Jin-huan,et al.Traction ability of lunar rover′s driving wheel on different soils[J].Journal of Jilin University(Engineering and Technology Edition),2010,40(1):25-29.