地质流体与流体地质填图
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摘要
地质流体是地质作用过程不可缺少的介质,以不同产状和表现形式广泛发育在造山带和沉积盆地的不同演化阶段,是油气和成矿物质形成、运移和定位成矿(藏)的直接载体。流体地质填图作为一种专题地质填图,是在基础地质研究程度较高的地区,为解决与流体形成、运移、聚集过程有关的地质和成矿(藏)问题而进行的地质调查和填图工作。通过对流体地质特征和表现形式的论述,认为流体填图单位应以流体活动类型(同源)和期次(同期)为划分依据,以流体野外宏观地质要素和流体地球化学要素为主要调查内容,填图范围和比例尺灵活多样,成果图应为以反映流体宏观分布特征、流体地球化学性质变化、流体动力学、流体成矿(藏)作用及其分布规律等为内容的一系列图件。流体地质填图为地质科学研究和找矿提供了创新性的地质工作方法和思路。
Geofluid played an indispensable role in almost all geological processes and was widely developed in different evolutionary stages of orogeny and sedimentary basin with different occurrences and various forms. Geofluid is considered to be the direct carrier of oil/gas or metal to form reservoir or deposit by migration and accumulation. The aim of geological mapping for geofluid is to solve special geological problems related to geofluid or to investigate natural resources formed along with geofluid formation, migration and accumulation. This paper discusses basic issues of geological mapping for geofluid for detecting features and forms of geofluid both in field outcrop and under microscope. It is proposed that the unit of geological mapping for geofluid should be divided by source and episode of geofluid itself. The essential work of geological mapping for geofluid is mainly to investigate geological features in field outcrop and determine geochemistry of the geofluid. The scale and scope of geologic mapping for geofluid could be flexible and be dependent on the aim and task of the work. Map representation should be a series of maps to reflect field distribution characteristics, variation of geochemistry, geodynamic history, active pathway and mineralization of geofluid. Geological mapping for geofluid provides new methods and ideas for geological research and prospecting work.
Geofluid played an indispensable role in almost all geological processes and was widely developed in different evolutionary stages of orogeny and sedimentary basin with different occurrences and various forms. Geofluid is considered to be the direct carrier of oil/gas or metal to form reservoir or deposit by migration and accumulation. The aim of geological mapping for geofluid is to solve special geological problems related to geofluid or to investigate natural resources formed along with geofluid formation, migration and accumulation. This paper discusses basic issues of geological mapping for geofluid for detecting features and forms of geofluid both in field outcrop and under microscope. It is proposed that the unit of geological mapping for geofluid should be divided by source and episode of geofluid itself. The essential work of geological mapping for geofluid is mainly to investigate geological features in field outcrop and determine geochemistry of the geofluid. The scale and scope of geologic mapping for geofluid could be flexible and be dependent on the aim and task of the work. Map representation should be a series of maps to reflect field distribution characteristics, variation of geochemistry, geodynamic history, active pathway and mineralization of geofluid. Geological mapping for geofluid provides new methods and ideas for geological research and prospecting work.
引文
[1]王涛,计文化,胡建民,等.专题地质填图及有关问题讨论[J].地质通报,2016,35(5):633-641.
[2]蒙义峰,徐文艺,杨竹森,等.流体地质填图——一种新的地质调查方法[J].地质通报,2002,21(3):181-182.
[3]蒙义峰,侯增谦,杨竹森,等.安徽铜陵地区蚀变流体填图方法的探讨[J].地学前缘,2003,10(1):105-110.
[4]董方浏,莫宣学,王勇,等.云南省巍山-永平矿集区成矿流体地质填图试验重要进展[J].地学前缘,2001,8(3):52.
[5]王勇,莫宣学,董方浏,等.云南巍山永平矿集区流体地质填图的理论与实践[J].中国地质,2003,30(1):73-83.
[6]Carranza E J M,Sadeghi M,Billay A.Predictive mapping of prospectivity for orogenic gold,Giyani greenstone belt(South Africa)[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2015,71:703-718.
[7]Amiri M A,Karimi M,Sarab A A.Hydrocarbon resources potential mapping using the evidential belief functions and GIS,Ahvaz/Khuzestan Province,southwest Iran[J].Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(6):3929-3941.
[8]Chi G,Lavoie D,Bertrand R.Regional-scale variation of characteristics of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions and thermal conditions along the Paleozoic Laurentian continental margin in eastern Quebec,Canada[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2000,48(3):193-211.
[9]Badertscher N P,Beaudoin G,Therrien R,et al.Glarus overthrust:A major pathway for the escape of fluids out of the Alpine orogen[J].Geology,2002,30(10):875.
[10]Kirschner D L,Masson H,Sharp Z D.Fluid migration through thrust faults in the Helvetic nappes(Western Swiss Alps)[J].Contributions to Mineralogy&Petrology,1999,136(1/2):169-183.
[11]Vrolijk P.Tectonically driven fluid flow in the Kodiak accretionary complex,Alaska[J].Geology,1987,15(5):466.
[12]Goldstein A,Valley J W,Selleck B.Pressure,temperature,and composition history of syntectonic fluids in a low-grade metamorphic terrane[J].Geology,2005,33(5):421.
[13]Wiltschko D V,Lambert G R,Lamb W.Conditions during syntectonic vein formation in the footwall of the Absaroka Thrust Fault,Idaho-Wyoming-Utah fold and thrust belt[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2009,31(9):1039-1057.
[14]Cox S F.Deformational controls on the dynamics of fluid flow in mesothermal gold systems[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,1999,155(1):123-140.
[15]Buis E,Temme A J A M,Veldkamp A,et al.Fluid history related to the Alpine compression at the margin of the south-Pyrenean Foreland basin:the El Guix anticline[J].Tectonophysics,2000,321(1):73-102.
[16]Achel H G M,Cavell P A.Low-flux,tectonically-induced squeegee fluid flow(“hot flash”)into the Rocky Mountain Foreland Basin[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1999,47(4):510-533.
[17]Rasmussen B,Krapez B.Evidence of hydrocarbon and metalliferous fluid migration in the Palaeoproterozoic Earaheedy Basin of Western Australia[J].American Ethnologist,2000,157(2):355-366.
[18]Bradley D C,Leach D L.Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valleytype lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands[J].Mineralium Deposita,2003,38(6):652-667.
[19]Leach D L,Bradley D,Lewchuk M T,et al.Mississippi Valleytype lead-zinc deposits through geological time:implications from recent age-dating research[J].Mineralium Deposita,2001,36(8):711-740.
[20]Roure F,Swennen R,Schneider F,et al.Incidence and Importance of Tectonics and Natural Fluid Migration on Reservoir Evolution in Foreland Fold-And-Thrust Belts[J].Oil&Gas Science&Technology,2006,60(60):67-106.
[21]Vandeginste V,Swennen R,Faure J L,et al.Paleostress evolution in the Canadian Cordilleran foreland fold-and-thrust belt west of Calgary[J].Geologica Belgica,2012,15(1):42-52.
[22]Jolly R J H,Sanderson D J.A Mohr circle construction for the opening of a pre-existing fracture[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19(6):887-892.
[23]Gudmundsson A.Fluid pressure and stress drop in fault zones[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:115-118.
[24]Muchez P,Slobodnik M,Viaene W A,et al.Geochemical constraints on the origin and migration of palaeofluids at the northern margin of the Variscan foreland,southern Belgium[J].Sedimentary Geology,1995,96(3):191-200.
[25]Nesbitt B E,Muehlenbachs K.Geochemistry of syntectonic crustal fluid regimes along the Lithoprobe southern Canadian Cordilleran transect[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1995,32:1699-1719.
[26]Batartsogt B,Schwinn G,Wagner T,et al.Contrasting paleofluid systems in the continental basement:fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of hydrothermal vein mineralization,Schwarzwald district,Germany[J].Geofluids,2007,7:123-147.
[27]Bons P D,Elburg M A,Gomez-Rivas E.A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2012,43(43):33-62.
[28]李荣西,董树文,丁磊.构造驱动大巴山前陆烃类流体排泄:含烃包裹体纤维状方解石脉证据[J].沉积学报,2013,31(3):516-526.
[29]李继宏,李荣西,韩天佑.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘马家滩地区地层水与油气成藏关系研究[J].石油实验地质,2009,31(3):253-257.
[30]梁积伟,李荣西,陈玉良.鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西部盒8段地层水地球化学特征及成因[J].石油与天然气地质,2013,34(5):625-630.
[31]楼章华,朱蓉.中国南方海相地层水文地质地球化学特征与油气保存条件[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(5):584-593.
[32]夏林,车遥,吕古贤.区域流体地质填图研究中的几个关键问题[J].地学前缘,2002,9(4):353-354.
[33]Li R X,Liu S W,Dong S W.Characteristics of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions and their significance for evolution of petroleum systems in the Dabashan foreland,Central China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2015,89(3):861-875.
[34]覃小丽,李荣西,董树文,等.大巴山陆内造山带构造流体及其形成条件研究[J].地学前缘,2016,23(4):183-189.
[35]Bechtel A,Gratzer R,Püttmann W,et al.Geochemical characteristics across the oxic/anoxic interface(Rote F?ule,front)within the Kupferschiefer of the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining district(SW Poland)[J].Chemical Geology,2002,185(1/2):9-31.
[36]Luca V,Gianni C,Sonia T,et al.Conditions for veining and origin of mineralizing fluids in the Alpi Apuane(NW Tuscany,Italy):Evidence from structural and geochemical analyses on calcite veins hosted in Carrara marbles[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2012,4:76-92.
[37]Ferket H,Roure F,Swennen R,et al.Fluid migration placed into the deformation history of fold-and-thrust belts:an example from the Veracruz basin(Mexico)[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2000,s69/70(9):275-279.
[38]Fischer M P,Higueradiaz I C,Evans M A,et al.Fracture-controlled paleohydrology in a map-scale detachment fold:Insights from the analysis of fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz veins[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2009,31(12):1490-1510.
[39]Evans M A,Fischer M P.On the distribution of fluids in folds:A review of controlling factors and processes[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2012,44:2-24.
[40]Billi A.Attributes and influence on fluid flow of fractures in foreland carbonates of southern Italy[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(9):1630-1643.
[41]陈法正.砂岩型铀矿的成矿地质条件与战略选区[J].铀矿地质,2002,18(3):138-143.
[42]肖新建,李子颖,陈安平,等.东胜地区砂岩型铀矿床后生蚀变矿物分带特征初步研究[J].铀矿地质,2004,20(2):136-140.
[43]李荣西,段立志,陈宝赟,等.东胜砂岩型铀矿氧化-酸性流体与还原碱性热液流体过度界面蚀变带成矿作用研究[J].大地构造与成矿学,2011,35(4):524-531.
[44]董树文,胡健民,施炜,等.大巴山侏罗纪叠加褶皱与侏罗纪前陆[J].地球学报,2006,27(5):403-410.
[45]施炜,董树文,胡健民,等.大巴山前陆西段叠加构造变形分析及其应力场特征[J].地质学报,2007,81(10):1314-1327.
[46]Groves D I,Groves D I,Goldfarb R J,et al.Orogenic gold deposits:a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types[J].Ore Geology Reviews,1998,13:7-27.
[47]Groves D I,Bierlein F P.Geodynamic settings of mineral deposit systems[J].Journal of the Geological Society of London,2007,164:19-30.
[48]Sarah H,Tsehaie W,Emmanuel J M,et al.Predictive mapping of prospectivity for orogenic gold in Uganda[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2014,99:666-693.
[49]Carranza E J M,Hale M.Evidential belief functions for data-driven geologically constrained mapping of gold potential,Baguio district,Philippines[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2003,22:117-132.
[2]蒙义峰,徐文艺,杨竹森,等.流体地质填图——一种新的地质调查方法[J].地质通报,2002,21(3):181-182.
[3]蒙义峰,侯增谦,杨竹森,等.安徽铜陵地区蚀变流体填图方法的探讨[J].地学前缘,2003,10(1):105-110.
[4]董方浏,莫宣学,王勇,等.云南省巍山-永平矿集区成矿流体地质填图试验重要进展[J].地学前缘,2001,8(3):52.
[5]王勇,莫宣学,董方浏,等.云南巍山永平矿集区流体地质填图的理论与实践[J].中国地质,2003,30(1):73-83.
[6]Carranza E J M,Sadeghi M,Billay A.Predictive mapping of prospectivity for orogenic gold,Giyani greenstone belt(South Africa)[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2015,71:703-718.
[7]Amiri M A,Karimi M,Sarab A A.Hydrocarbon resources potential mapping using the evidential belief functions and GIS,Ahvaz/Khuzestan Province,southwest Iran[J].Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2015,8(6):3929-3941.
[8]Chi G,Lavoie D,Bertrand R.Regional-scale variation of characteristics of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions and thermal conditions along the Paleozoic Laurentian continental margin in eastern Quebec,Canada[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,2000,48(3):193-211.
[9]Badertscher N P,Beaudoin G,Therrien R,et al.Glarus overthrust:A major pathway for the escape of fluids out of the Alpine orogen[J].Geology,2002,30(10):875.
[10]Kirschner D L,Masson H,Sharp Z D.Fluid migration through thrust faults in the Helvetic nappes(Western Swiss Alps)[J].Contributions to Mineralogy&Petrology,1999,136(1/2):169-183.
[11]Vrolijk P.Tectonically driven fluid flow in the Kodiak accretionary complex,Alaska[J].Geology,1987,15(5):466.
[12]Goldstein A,Valley J W,Selleck B.Pressure,temperature,and composition history of syntectonic fluids in a low-grade metamorphic terrane[J].Geology,2005,33(5):421.
[13]Wiltschko D V,Lambert G R,Lamb W.Conditions during syntectonic vein formation in the footwall of the Absaroka Thrust Fault,Idaho-Wyoming-Utah fold and thrust belt[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2009,31(9):1039-1057.
[14]Cox S F.Deformational controls on the dynamics of fluid flow in mesothermal gold systems[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,1999,155(1):123-140.
[15]Buis E,Temme A J A M,Veldkamp A,et al.Fluid history related to the Alpine compression at the margin of the south-Pyrenean Foreland basin:the El Guix anticline[J].Tectonophysics,2000,321(1):73-102.
[16]Achel H G M,Cavell P A.Low-flux,tectonically-induced squeegee fluid flow(“hot flash”)into the Rocky Mountain Foreland Basin[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1999,47(4):510-533.
[17]Rasmussen B,Krapez B.Evidence of hydrocarbon and metalliferous fluid migration in the Palaeoproterozoic Earaheedy Basin of Western Australia[J].American Ethnologist,2000,157(2):355-366.
[18]Bradley D C,Leach D L.Tectonic controls of Mississippi Valleytype lead-zinc mineralization in orogenic forelands[J].Mineralium Deposita,2003,38(6):652-667.
[19]Leach D L,Bradley D,Lewchuk M T,et al.Mississippi Valleytype lead-zinc deposits through geological time:implications from recent age-dating research[J].Mineralium Deposita,2001,36(8):711-740.
[20]Roure F,Swennen R,Schneider F,et al.Incidence and Importance of Tectonics and Natural Fluid Migration on Reservoir Evolution in Foreland Fold-And-Thrust Belts[J].Oil&Gas Science&Technology,2006,60(60):67-106.
[21]Vandeginste V,Swennen R,Faure J L,et al.Paleostress evolution in the Canadian Cordilleran foreland fold-and-thrust belt west of Calgary[J].Geologica Belgica,2012,15(1):42-52.
[22]Jolly R J H,Sanderson D J.A Mohr circle construction for the opening of a pre-existing fracture[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1997,19(6):887-892.
[23]Gudmundsson A.Fluid pressure and stress drop in fault zones[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:115-118.
[24]Muchez P,Slobodnik M,Viaene W A,et al.Geochemical constraints on the origin and migration of palaeofluids at the northern margin of the Variscan foreland,southern Belgium[J].Sedimentary Geology,1995,96(3):191-200.
[25]Nesbitt B E,Muehlenbachs K.Geochemistry of syntectonic crustal fluid regimes along the Lithoprobe southern Canadian Cordilleran transect[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1995,32:1699-1719.
[26]Batartsogt B,Schwinn G,Wagner T,et al.Contrasting paleofluid systems in the continental basement:fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of hydrothermal vein mineralization,Schwarzwald district,Germany[J].Geofluids,2007,7:123-147.
[27]Bons P D,Elburg M A,Gomez-Rivas E.A review of the formation of tectonic veins and their microstructures[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2012,43(43):33-62.
[28]李荣西,董树文,丁磊.构造驱动大巴山前陆烃类流体排泄:含烃包裹体纤维状方解石脉证据[J].沉积学报,2013,31(3):516-526.
[29]李继宏,李荣西,韩天佑.鄂尔多斯盆地西缘马家滩地区地层水与油气成藏关系研究[J].石油实验地质,2009,31(3):253-257.
[30]梁积伟,李荣西,陈玉良.鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西部盒8段地层水地球化学特征及成因[J].石油与天然气地质,2013,34(5):625-630.
[31]楼章华,朱蓉.中国南方海相地层水文地质地球化学特征与油气保存条件[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(5):584-593.
[32]夏林,车遥,吕古贤.区域流体地质填图研究中的几个关键问题[J].地学前缘,2002,9(4):353-354.
[33]Li R X,Liu S W,Dong S W.Characteristics of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions and their significance for evolution of petroleum systems in the Dabashan foreland,Central China[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2015,89(3):861-875.
[34]覃小丽,李荣西,董树文,等.大巴山陆内造山带构造流体及其形成条件研究[J].地学前缘,2016,23(4):183-189.
[35]Bechtel A,Gratzer R,Püttmann W,et al.Geochemical characteristics across the oxic/anoxic interface(Rote F?ule,front)within the Kupferschiefer of the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining district(SW Poland)[J].Chemical Geology,2002,185(1/2):9-31.
[36]Luca V,Gianni C,Sonia T,et al.Conditions for veining and origin of mineralizing fluids in the Alpi Apuane(NW Tuscany,Italy):Evidence from structural and geochemical analyses on calcite veins hosted in Carrara marbles[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2012,4:76-92.
[37]Ferket H,Roure F,Swennen R,et al.Fluid migration placed into the deformation history of fold-and-thrust belts:an example from the Veracruz basin(Mexico)[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2000,s69/70(9):275-279.
[38]Fischer M P,Higueradiaz I C,Evans M A,et al.Fracture-controlled paleohydrology in a map-scale detachment fold:Insights from the analysis of fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz veins[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2009,31(12):1490-1510.
[39]Evans M A,Fischer M P.On the distribution of fluids in folds:A review of controlling factors and processes[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2012,44:2-24.
[40]Billi A.Attributes and influence on fluid flow of fractures in foreland carbonates of southern Italy[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2005,27(9):1630-1643.
[41]陈法正.砂岩型铀矿的成矿地质条件与战略选区[J].铀矿地质,2002,18(3):138-143.
[42]肖新建,李子颖,陈安平,等.东胜地区砂岩型铀矿床后生蚀变矿物分带特征初步研究[J].铀矿地质,2004,20(2):136-140.
[43]李荣西,段立志,陈宝赟,等.东胜砂岩型铀矿氧化-酸性流体与还原碱性热液流体过度界面蚀变带成矿作用研究[J].大地构造与成矿学,2011,35(4):524-531.
[44]董树文,胡健民,施炜,等.大巴山侏罗纪叠加褶皱与侏罗纪前陆[J].地球学报,2006,27(5):403-410.
[45]施炜,董树文,胡健民,等.大巴山前陆西段叠加构造变形分析及其应力场特征[J].地质学报,2007,81(10):1314-1327.
[46]Groves D I,Groves D I,Goldfarb R J,et al.Orogenic gold deposits:a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types[J].Ore Geology Reviews,1998,13:7-27.
[47]Groves D I,Bierlein F P.Geodynamic settings of mineral deposit systems[J].Journal of the Geological Society of London,2007,164:19-30.
[48]Sarah H,Tsehaie W,Emmanuel J M,et al.Predictive mapping of prospectivity for orogenic gold in Uganda[J].Journal of African Earth Sciences,2014,99:666-693.
[49]Carranza E J M,Hale M.Evidential belief functions for data-driven geologically constrained mapping of gold potential,Baguio district,Philippines[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2003,22:117-132.