基于ASTER GED产品的地表发射率估算
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摘要
地表发射率是地表温度反演的重要输入参数,为了解决现有地表发射率估算方法在裸露地表精度较差的问题,本文基于最新的ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)和基于植被覆盖度的方法(VCM),提出了一个改进的地表发射率估算方法。首先,利用ASTER GED产品求解裸土发射率,然后,利用ASTER波谱库中的植被发射率和植被覆盖度结合VCM方法计算地表发射率。利用张掖地区2012年11景ASTER TES算法反演的地表发射率产品和实测地表发射率数据进行了验证,同时利用一景Landsat 8 TIRS数据分析了对地表温度反演精度的影响。结果表明该方法估算的地表发射率整体精度较高,可以有效改进裸露地表的发射率估算精度,用于支持利用多种热红外传感器数据生产高精度的地表温度产品。
Land Surface Emissivity(LSE) is a key parameter for determining land surface temperature because it depends on the features of the surface composition, is related to surface roughness, dielectric constant, and water content, and changes with vegetation fraction. Auxiliary data are used to calculate emissivity through single-channel algorithms, e.g., classification-based, NDVI threshold, and vegetation cover methods. However, these techniques present several limitations. For example, the classification-based method LSE is insensitive to land cover change on barren surfaces.Moreover, MODIS C5 LST products underestimate LST in an arid area of Northwest China because of the over estimate of LSE. Therefore, the precision of land surface emissivity in arid and semi-arid areas must be improved before the retrieval of land surface temperature. In this study, we developed a method for improving the accuracy of land surface emissivity for barren surface by using the latest ASTER Global Emissivity Database(GED) and Vegetation Cover Method(VCM). ASTER GED was used to determine bare soil emissivity. The spectra of soil in ASTER spectral library were selected to fill small gaps of bare soil emissivity according to different land cover types. The vegetation emissivity of ASTER spectral library and Fractional Vegetation Cover(FVC) product were used in VCM method estimate land surface emissivity. This method can not only maintain the high precision of ASTER GED for barren surface but can also effectively characterize seasonal characteristics of vegetation emissivity over time; hence, the proposed technique an provide reliable input data for retrieval of land surface temperature. This method was evaluated with 11 scenes of ASTER land surface emissivity products of Zhangye region in 2012 and in situe missivity measurements. Results show that the biases of bands 10-12 are within 0.015 and RMSEs are less than 0.03.The biases of bands 13 and 14 are less than 0.005 and RMSEs are less than 0.01 compared with those in ASTER LSE products. The retrieved emissivity is close to the in situ measured emissivity with minor errors. One scene of Landsat 8 TIRS data was also used to analyze the influence of the proposed method on the accuracy of land surface temperature retrieval. The results show that the method can obtain more reasonable and accurate land surface emissivity than NDVI threshold method, especially for barren surface. Hence, the method can be used to produce high-precision land surface temperature products for other thermal infrared sensors, e.g., Landsat 8 TIRS,HJ-1B IRS, and FY-3 MERSI. In this study, an improved method for estimating land surface emissivity from ASTER GED products and VCM was proposed to improve the accuracy of land surface emissivity for barren surfaces. This method was evaluated with ASTER LSE products and in situ emissivity measurements. One scene of Landsat 8 TIRS data was also used to analyze the influence of this method on the accuracy of land surface temperature retrieval. The results in Zhangye city show that the proposed method can obtain reasonable and accurate land surface emissivity. However, further analysis is required for other areas. Although ASTER GED is relatively stable on bare surfaces, Hulley et al.(2010) indicated that the soil moisture at 11 and 12 micron can increase LSE by up to 0.03 times. In this regard, the effects of soil moisture on land surface emissivity must be considered in future research.
Land Surface Emissivity(LSE) is a key parameter for determining land surface temperature because it depends on the features of the surface composition, is related to surface roughness, dielectric constant, and water content, and changes with vegetation fraction. Auxiliary data are used to calculate emissivity through single-channel algorithms, e.g., classification-based, NDVI threshold, and vegetation cover methods. However, these techniques present several limitations. For example, the classification-based method LSE is insensitive to land cover change on barren surfaces.Moreover, MODIS C5 LST products underestimate LST in an arid area of Northwest China because of the over estimate of LSE. Therefore, the precision of land surface emissivity in arid and semi-arid areas must be improved before the retrieval of land surface temperature. In this study, we developed a method for improving the accuracy of land surface emissivity for barren surface by using the latest ASTER Global Emissivity Database(GED) and Vegetation Cover Method(VCM). ASTER GED was used to determine bare soil emissivity. The spectra of soil in ASTER spectral library were selected to fill small gaps of bare soil emissivity according to different land cover types. The vegetation emissivity of ASTER spectral library and Fractional Vegetation Cover(FVC) product were used in VCM method estimate land surface emissivity. This method can not only maintain the high precision of ASTER GED for barren surface but can also effectively characterize seasonal characteristics of vegetation emissivity over time; hence, the proposed technique an provide reliable input data for retrieval of land surface temperature. This method was evaluated with 11 scenes of ASTER land surface emissivity products of Zhangye region in 2012 and in situe missivity measurements. Results show that the biases of bands 10-12 are within 0.015 and RMSEs are less than 0.03.The biases of bands 13 and 14 are less than 0.005 and RMSEs are less than 0.01 compared with those in ASTER LSE products. The retrieved emissivity is close to the in situ measured emissivity with minor errors. One scene of Landsat 8 TIRS data was also used to analyze the influence of the proposed method on the accuracy of land surface temperature retrieval. The results show that the method can obtain more reasonable and accurate land surface emissivity than NDVI threshold method, especially for barren surface. Hence, the method can be used to produce high-precision land surface temperature products for other thermal infrared sensors, e.g., Landsat 8 TIRS,HJ-1B IRS, and FY-3 MERSI. In this study, an improved method for estimating land surface emissivity from ASTER GED products and VCM was proposed to improve the accuracy of land surface emissivity for barren surfaces. This method was evaluated with ASTER LSE products and in situ emissivity measurements. One scene of Landsat 8 TIRS data was also used to analyze the influence of this method on the accuracy of land surface temperature retrieval. The results in Zhangye city show that the proposed method can obtain reasonable and accurate land surface emissivity. However, further analysis is required for other areas. Although ASTER GED is relatively stable on bare surfaces, Hulley et al.(2010) indicated that the soil moisture at 11 and 12 micron can increase LSE by up to 0.03 times. In this regard, the effects of soil moisture on land surface emissivity must be considered in future research.
引文
Baldridge A M,Hook S J,Grove C I and Rivera G.2009.The ASTERspectral library version 2.0.Remote Sensing of Environment113(4):711-715[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2008.11.007]
Barsi J A,Barker J L and Schott J R.2003.An atmospheric correction parameter calculator for a single thermal band earth-sensing in strument//Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Internationa Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.Toulouse,France IEEE,5:3014-3016[DOI:10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1294665]
Becker F.1987.The impact of spectral emissivity on the measuremen of land surface temperature from a satellite.International Journa of Remote Sensing,8(10):1509-1522[DOI:10.1080/01431168708954793]
Becker F and Li Z L.1990.Temperature-independent spectral indices in thermal infrared bands.Remote Sensing of Environment,32(1)17-33[DOI:10.1016/0034-4257(90)90095-4]
Caselles E,Valor E,Abad F and Caselles V.2012.Automatic classific ation-based generation of thermal infrared land surface emissivity maps using AATSR data over Europe.Remote Sensing of Envir onment,124:321-333[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.024]
Caselles V and Sobrino J A.1989.Determination of frosts in orange groves from NOAA-9 AVHRR data.Remote Sensing of Environ ment,29(2):135-146[DOI:10.1016/0034-4257(89)90022-9]
Chen J,Chen J,Liao A P,Cao X,Chen L J,Chen X H,Peng S,Han GZhang H W,He C Y,Wu H and Lu M.2014.Concepts and key techniques for 30 m global land cover mapping.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,43(6):551-557(陈军,陈晋,廖安平,曹鑫,陈利军,陈学泓,彭舒,韩刚,张宏伟,何超英,武昊,陆苗2014.全球30m地表覆盖遥感制图的总体技术.测绘学报,43(6)551-557)
Coll C,Valor E,Galve J M,Mira M,Bisquert M,García-Santos VCaselles E and Caselles V.2012.Long-term accuracy assessmen of land surface temperatures derived from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer.Remote Sensing of Environment116:211-225[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.027]
Gillespie A,Rokugawa S,Matsunaga T,Cothern J S,Hook S and Kahle A B.1998.A temperature and emissivity separation al gorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflec tion Radiometer(ASTER)images.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,36(4):1113-1126[DOI10.1109/36.700995]
Guillevic P C,Biard J C,Hulley G C,Privette J L,Hook S J,Olioso AG?ttsche F M,Radocinski R,Román M O,Yu Y Y and Csiszar I2014.Validation of land surface temperature products derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)us ing ground-based and heritage satellite measurements.Remote Sensing of Environment,154:19-37[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.201408.013]
Gutman G and Ignatov A.1998.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weathe prediction models.International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(8)1533-1543[DOI:10.1080/014311698215333]
Hulley G C and Hook S J.2009.The North American ASTER land sur face emissivity database(NAALSED)version 2.0.Remote Sens ing of Environment,113(9):1967-1975[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.200905.005]
Hulley G C,Hook S J and Baldridge A M.2009.Validation of the North American ASTER land surface emissivity database(NAALSED)version 2.0 using pseudo-invariant sand dune sites Remote Sensing of Environment,113(10):2224-2233[DOI10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.005]
Hulley G C,Hook S J and Baldridge A M.2010.Investigating the ef fects of soil moisture on thermal infrared land surface temperature and emissivity using satellite retrievals and laboratory measure ments.Remote Sensing of Environment,114(7):1480-1493[DOI10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.002]
Hulley G C,Hook S J,Abbott E,Malakar N,Islam T and Abrams M2015.The ASTER global emissivity dataset(ASTER GED):map ping earth's emissivity at 100 meter spatial scale.Geophysical Re search Letters,42(19):7966-7976[DOI:10.1002/2015GL065564]
Hulley G C,Hughes C G and Hook S J.2012.Quantifying uncertain ties in land surface temperature and emissivity retrievals from ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data.Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres,117(D23):D23113[DOI10.1029/2012JD018506]
Hulley G,Veraverbeke S and Hook S.2014.Thermal-based tech niques for land cover change detection using a new dynamic MODIS multispectral emissivity product(MOD21).Remote Sens ing of Environment,140:755-765[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.10014]
Jiang J X,Li H,Liu Q H,Wang H S,Du Y M,Cao B,Zhong B and Wu S L.2015.Evaluation of land surface temperature retrieva from FY-3B/VIRR data in an arid area of Northwestern China Remote Sensing,7(6):7080-7104[DOI:10.3390/rs70607080]
Jiménez-Mu?oz J C,Sobrino J A,Gillespie A,Sabol D and Gustafson W T.2006.Improved land surface emissivities over agricultura areas using ASTER NDVI.Remote Sensing of Environment103(4):474-487[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.012]
Jiménez-Mu?oz J C,Cristobal J,Sobrino J A,Sòria G,Ninyerola MPons X and Pons X.2009.Revision of the single-channel al gorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from Landsa Thermal-Infrared data.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re mote Sensing,47(1):339-349[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.20082007125]
Li H.2010.The study of algorithms for land surface temperature re trieval from HJ-1B/IRS and FY-3A/MERSI Data.Beijing:Insti tute of Remote Sensing Applications,Chinese Academy of Sci ences:45-46(历华.2010.环境一号卫星红外相机和风云三号卫星中分辨率光谱成像仪地表温度反演算法研究.北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所:45-46)
Li H,Sun D L,Yu Y Y,Wang H Y,Liu Y L,Liu Q H,Du Y M,Wang H S and Cao B.2014.Evaluation of the VIIRS and MODIS LSTproducts in an arid area of Northwest China.Remote Sensing o Environment,142:111-121[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.11.014]
Li X,Cheng G D,Liu S M,Xiao Q,Ma M G,Jin R,Che T,Liu Q HWang W Z,Qi Y,Wen J G,Li H Y,Zhu G F,Guo J W,Ran Y HWang S G,Zhu Z L,Zhou J,Hu X L and Xu Z W.2013.Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research(Hi WATER)scientific objectives and experimental design.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,94(8):1145-1160[DOI10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00154.1]
Mira M,Valor E,Caselles V,Rubio E,Coll C,Galve J M,Niclos RSanchez J M and Boluda R.2010.Soil moisture effect on therma infrared(8-13-μm)emissivity.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience a n d R e m o t e S e n s i n g,4 8(5):2 2 5 1-2 2 6 0[D O I10.1109/TGRS.2009.2039143]
Peres L F and Da Camara C C.2005.Emissivity maps to retrieve land surface temperature from MSG/SEVIRI.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,43(8):1834-1844[DOI10.1109/TGRS.2005.851172]
Snyder W C,Wan Z M,Zhang Y L and Feng Y Z.1997.Thermal in frared(3-14μm)bidirectional reflectance measurements of sands and soils.Remote Sensing of Environment,60(1):101-109[DOI10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00166-6]
Snyder W C,Wan Z,Zhang Y and Feng Y Z.1998.Classification based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space.International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(14)2753-2774[DOI:10.1080/014311698214497]
Sobrino J A and Jiménez-Mu?oz J C.2014.Minimum configuration o thermal infrared bands for land surface temperature and emissiv ity estimation in the context of potential future missions.Remote Sensing of Environment,148:158-167[DOI:10.1016/j.rse2014.03.027]
Sobrino J A,Jiménez-Mu?oz J C,Sòria G,Romaguera M,Guanter LMoreno J,Plaza A and Martinez P.2008.Land surface emissivity retrieval from different VNIR and TIR sensors.IEEE Transac tions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,46(2):316-327[DOI10.1109/TGRS.2007.904834]
Sobrino J A and Raissouni N.2000.Toward remote sensing method for land cover dynamic monitoring:application to Morocco.Inter national Journal of Remote Sensing,21(2):353-366[DOI10.1080/014311600210876]
Tang B H,Bi Y Y,Li Z L and Xia J.2008.Generalized split-window algorithm for estimate of land surface temperature from Chinese geostationary Feng Yun meteorological satellite(FY-2C)data Sensors,8(2):933-951[DOI:10.3390/s8020933]
Valor E and Caselles V.1996.Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI:application to European,African,and South American areas.Remote Sensing of Environment,57(3):167-184[DOI10.1016/0034-4257(96)00039-9]
Wang H S,Xiao Q,Li H,Du Y M and Liu Q H.2015.Investigating the impact of soil moisture on thermal infrared emissivity using aste data.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,12(2)294-298[DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2336912]
Watson K.1992.Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity Remote Sensing of Environment,42(2):117-121[DOI10.1016/0034-4257(92)90095-2]
Barsi J A,Barker J L and Schott J R.2003.An atmospheric correction parameter calculator for a single thermal band earth-sensing in strument//Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Internationa Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.Toulouse,France IEEE,5:3014-3016[DOI:10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1294665]
Becker F.1987.The impact of spectral emissivity on the measuremen of land surface temperature from a satellite.International Journa of Remote Sensing,8(10):1509-1522[DOI:10.1080/01431168708954793]
Becker F and Li Z L.1990.Temperature-independent spectral indices in thermal infrared bands.Remote Sensing of Environment,32(1)17-33[DOI:10.1016/0034-4257(90)90095-4]
Caselles E,Valor E,Abad F and Caselles V.2012.Automatic classific ation-based generation of thermal infrared land surface emissivity maps using AATSR data over Europe.Remote Sensing of Envir onment,124:321-333[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2012.05.024]
Caselles V and Sobrino J A.1989.Determination of frosts in orange groves from NOAA-9 AVHRR data.Remote Sensing of Environ ment,29(2):135-146[DOI:10.1016/0034-4257(89)90022-9]
Chen J,Chen J,Liao A P,Cao X,Chen L J,Chen X H,Peng S,Han GZhang H W,He C Y,Wu H and Lu M.2014.Concepts and key techniques for 30 m global land cover mapping.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,43(6):551-557(陈军,陈晋,廖安平,曹鑫,陈利军,陈学泓,彭舒,韩刚,张宏伟,何超英,武昊,陆苗2014.全球30m地表覆盖遥感制图的总体技术.测绘学报,43(6)551-557)
Coll C,Valor E,Galve J M,Mira M,Bisquert M,García-Santos VCaselles E and Caselles V.2012.Long-term accuracy assessmen of land surface temperatures derived from the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer.Remote Sensing of Environment116:211-225[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.027]
Gillespie A,Rokugawa S,Matsunaga T,Cothern J S,Hook S and Kahle A B.1998.A temperature and emissivity separation al gorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflec tion Radiometer(ASTER)images.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,36(4):1113-1126[DOI10.1109/36.700995]
Guillevic P C,Biard J C,Hulley G C,Privette J L,Hook S J,Olioso AG?ttsche F M,Radocinski R,Román M O,Yu Y Y and Csiszar I2014.Validation of land surface temperature products derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)us ing ground-based and heritage satellite measurements.Remote Sensing of Environment,154:19-37[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.201408.013]
Gutman G and Ignatov A.1998.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weathe prediction models.International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(8)1533-1543[DOI:10.1080/014311698215333]
Hulley G C and Hook S J.2009.The North American ASTER land sur face emissivity database(NAALSED)version 2.0.Remote Sens ing of Environment,113(9):1967-1975[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.200905.005]
Hulley G C,Hook S J and Baldridge A M.2009.Validation of the North American ASTER land surface emissivity database(NAALSED)version 2.0 using pseudo-invariant sand dune sites Remote Sensing of Environment,113(10):2224-2233[DOI10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.005]
Hulley G C,Hook S J and Baldridge A M.2010.Investigating the ef fects of soil moisture on thermal infrared land surface temperature and emissivity using satellite retrievals and laboratory measure ments.Remote Sensing of Environment,114(7):1480-1493[DOI10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.002]
Hulley G C,Hook S J,Abbott E,Malakar N,Islam T and Abrams M2015.The ASTER global emissivity dataset(ASTER GED):map ping earth's emissivity at 100 meter spatial scale.Geophysical Re search Letters,42(19):7966-7976[DOI:10.1002/2015GL065564]
Hulley G C,Hughes C G and Hook S J.2012.Quantifying uncertain ties in land surface temperature and emissivity retrievals from ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data.Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres,117(D23):D23113[DOI10.1029/2012JD018506]
Hulley G,Veraverbeke S and Hook S.2014.Thermal-based tech niques for land cover change detection using a new dynamic MODIS multispectral emissivity product(MOD21).Remote Sens ing of Environment,140:755-765[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.10014]
Jiang J X,Li H,Liu Q H,Wang H S,Du Y M,Cao B,Zhong B and Wu S L.2015.Evaluation of land surface temperature retrieva from FY-3B/VIRR data in an arid area of Northwestern China Remote Sensing,7(6):7080-7104[DOI:10.3390/rs70607080]
Jiménez-Mu?oz J C,Sobrino J A,Gillespie A,Sabol D and Gustafson W T.2006.Improved land surface emissivities over agricultura areas using ASTER NDVI.Remote Sensing of Environment103(4):474-487[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.012]
Jiménez-Mu?oz J C,Cristobal J,Sobrino J A,Sòria G,Ninyerola MPons X and Pons X.2009.Revision of the single-channel al gorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from Landsa Thermal-Infrared data.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re mote Sensing,47(1):339-349[DOI:10.1109/TGRS.20082007125]
Li H.2010.The study of algorithms for land surface temperature re trieval from HJ-1B/IRS and FY-3A/MERSI Data.Beijing:Insti tute of Remote Sensing Applications,Chinese Academy of Sci ences:45-46(历华.2010.环境一号卫星红外相机和风云三号卫星中分辨率光谱成像仪地表温度反演算法研究.北京:中国科学院遥感应用研究所:45-46)
Li H,Sun D L,Yu Y Y,Wang H Y,Liu Y L,Liu Q H,Du Y M,Wang H S and Cao B.2014.Evaluation of the VIIRS and MODIS LSTproducts in an arid area of Northwest China.Remote Sensing o Environment,142:111-121[DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2013.11.014]
Li X,Cheng G D,Liu S M,Xiao Q,Ma M G,Jin R,Che T,Liu Q HWang W Z,Qi Y,Wen J G,Li H Y,Zhu G F,Guo J W,Ran Y HWang S G,Zhu Z L,Zhou J,Hu X L and Xu Z W.2013.Heihe watershed allied telemetry experimental research(Hi WATER)scientific objectives and experimental design.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,94(8):1145-1160[DOI10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00154.1]
Mira M,Valor E,Caselles V,Rubio E,Coll C,Galve J M,Niclos RSanchez J M and Boluda R.2010.Soil moisture effect on therma infrared(8-13-μm)emissivity.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience a n d R e m o t e S e n s i n g,4 8(5):2 2 5 1-2 2 6 0[D O I10.1109/TGRS.2009.2039143]
Peres L F and Da Camara C C.2005.Emissivity maps to retrieve land surface temperature from MSG/SEVIRI.IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,43(8):1834-1844[DOI10.1109/TGRS.2005.851172]
Snyder W C,Wan Z M,Zhang Y L and Feng Y Z.1997.Thermal in frared(3-14μm)bidirectional reflectance measurements of sands and soils.Remote Sensing of Environment,60(1):101-109[DOI10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00166-6]
Snyder W C,Wan Z,Zhang Y and Feng Y Z.1998.Classification based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space.International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(14)2753-2774[DOI:10.1080/014311698214497]
Sobrino J A and Jiménez-Mu?oz J C.2014.Minimum configuration o thermal infrared bands for land surface temperature and emissiv ity estimation in the context of potential future missions.Remote Sensing of Environment,148:158-167[DOI:10.1016/j.rse2014.03.027]
Sobrino J A,Jiménez-Mu?oz J C,Sòria G,Romaguera M,Guanter LMoreno J,Plaza A and Martinez P.2008.Land surface emissivity retrieval from different VNIR and TIR sensors.IEEE Transac tions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,46(2):316-327[DOI10.1109/TGRS.2007.904834]
Sobrino J A and Raissouni N.2000.Toward remote sensing method for land cover dynamic monitoring:application to Morocco.Inter national Journal of Remote Sensing,21(2):353-366[DOI10.1080/014311600210876]
Tang B H,Bi Y Y,Li Z L and Xia J.2008.Generalized split-window algorithm for estimate of land surface temperature from Chinese geostationary Feng Yun meteorological satellite(FY-2C)data Sensors,8(2):933-951[DOI:10.3390/s8020933]
Valor E and Caselles V.1996.Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI:application to European,African,and South American areas.Remote Sensing of Environment,57(3):167-184[DOI10.1016/0034-4257(96)00039-9]
Wang H S,Xiao Q,Li H,Du Y M and Liu Q H.2015.Investigating the impact of soil moisture on thermal infrared emissivity using aste data.IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,12(2)294-298[DOI:10.1109/LGRS.2014.2336912]
Watson K.1992.Two-temperature method for measuring emissivity Remote Sensing of Environment,42(2):117-121[DOI10.1016/0034-4257(92)90095-2]