常用词的历时演变在共时层面的不平衡对应分布——以《官话指南》及其沪语粤语改写本为例
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摘要
本文以《官话指南》六种(含南北官话两种、沪语粤语翻译版四种)常用词异同为核心,发现其用词差异一方面反映了地域因素,另一方面词汇的历时演变也是制约地域分布的核心因素。这从另一个角度印证了常用词历时演变与其共时地域分布的特点,即词在历史时间上"纵"的层次与在地理空间上所形成的"横"的分布具有某种对应性。粤语、沪语除使用了大量方言特征词外,粤语改写本较多保留了古代常用词,沪语虽有保留,但受元明以后官话影响大,用词向南方官话、北京官话靠近,北京官话多使用明清代以来新见常用词。
Synonymous common words in six editions of The Guide to Kuan Hua(官话指南)(including 2 editions of Beijing Dialect and 4 translations in Shanghai Dialect and Cantonese) are generalized in this article.It is found that the differences among the common words mainly reflect regional factors,while the replacement of common words is the core factor that influences these factors.The character of the diachronic replacement and the synchronic distribution is verified from another perspective:there is a certain kind of correspondence among the historical,diachronic level and the geographic,synchronic level.Besides many Character Words,a relatively large number of old common words remained in the Cantonese edition.Some old words also remained in the Shanghai Dialect edition,however,Shanghai Dialect was deeply influenced by Mandarin from the Yuan and Ming dynasties and the vocabulary was close to Southern Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin,in which new common words from the Ming and Qing were frequently used.
Synonymous common words in six editions of The Guide to Kuan Hua(官话指南)(including 2 editions of Beijing Dialect and 4 translations in Shanghai Dialect and Cantonese) are generalized in this article.It is found that the differences among the common words mainly reflect regional factors,while the replacement of common words is the core factor that influences these factors.The character of the diachronic replacement and the synchronic distribution is verified from another perspective:there is a certain kind of correspondence among the historical,diachronic level and the geographic,synchronic level.Besides many Character Words,a relatively large number of old common words remained in the Cantonese edition.Some old words also remained in the Shanghai Dialect edition,however,Shanghai Dialect was deeply influenced by Mandarin from the Yuan and Ming dynasties and the vocabulary was close to Southern Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin,in which new common words from the Ming and Qing were frequently used.
引文
[1]《官话指南》版本:A.初刻版《官话指南》四卷,日本明治十四年(1881)杨龙太郎出版。B.改订版《官话指南》四卷,清光绪十九年(1893)九江印书局活字本。C.沪语版《土话指南》三卷,清光绪十五年(1889)上海土山湾慈母堂本。D.沪语版《沪语指南》两卷,清光绪二十二年(1896)上海美华书馆本。E.粤语版《粤音指南》四卷,清光绪二十一年(1895)香港别字馆印本。F.粤语版《改订粤音指南》三卷,1930,Hong Kong:Wing Fat&Company。
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[15]孙鹏飞,2001,《冯梦龙“三言”小说的吴语成分研究》,暨南大学硕士学位论文。
[16]汤传扬,2015,《“要紧”“紧要”的成词及词义演变考》,《重庆第二师范学院学报》第2期。
[17]汪维辉,2000,《东汉—隋汉语常用词演变研究》,南京:南京大学出版社。
[18]汪维辉、秋谷裕幸,2010,《汉语“站立”义词的现状与历史》,《中国语文》第4期。
[19]威妥玛,2000,《语言自迩集》,张卫东译,北京:北京大学出版社。
[20]许宝华、宫田一郎,1999,《汉语方言大词典》,北京:中华书局。
[21]张美兰,2011,《明清域外官话文献语言研究》,长春:东北师范大学出版社。
[22]张雁,2013,《“下雨”“落雨”的历史比较考察》,第21届国际中国语言学会年会学术论文,韩国首尔。
[2]鲍金华,2008,《“盲”和“瞎”的历时替换》,《语文学刊》第9期。
[3]曹志耘,2008,《汉语方言地图集(词汇卷)》,北京:商务印书馆。
[4]陈章太、李行健,1996,《普通话基础方言基本词汇集》,北京:语文出版社。
[5]何大安,2004,《规律与方向:变迁中的音韵结构》,北京:北京大学出版社。
[6]黄小娅,2007,《广州方言口语中留存的古汉语词》,《广州大学学报》第9期。
[7]李荣,2002,《现代汉语方言大词典》,南京:江苏教育出版社。
[8]刘曼,2014,《“疲乏,困倦”义形容词的历时演变》,《中国语文学》[韩国]第66辑。
[9]刘璐琳,2014,《〈西游记〉单音节手部动作词研究》,吉林大学硕士学位论文。
[10]麦耘,2009,《从粤语的产生和发展看汉语方言形成的模式》,《方言》第3期。
[11]潘牧天,2014,《“钞”和“抄”词义演变考》,《杭州师范大学学报》第3期。
[12]齐如山,1991,《北京土话》,北京:北京燕山出版社。
[13]钱乃荣,2003,《北部吴语研究》,上海:上海大学出版社。
[14]邵则遂、王平夷,2015,《论“睇”语义的历时演变》,《长江学术》第2期。
[15]孙鹏飞,2001,《冯梦龙“三言”小说的吴语成分研究》,暨南大学硕士学位论文。
[16]汤传扬,2015,《“要紧”“紧要”的成词及词义演变考》,《重庆第二师范学院学报》第2期。
[17]汪维辉,2000,《东汉—隋汉语常用词演变研究》,南京:南京大学出版社。
[18]汪维辉、秋谷裕幸,2010,《汉语“站立”义词的现状与历史》,《中国语文》第4期。
[19]威妥玛,2000,《语言自迩集》,张卫东译,北京:北京大学出版社。
[20]许宝华、宫田一郎,1999,《汉语方言大词典》,北京:中华书局。
[21]张美兰,2011,《明清域外官话文献语言研究》,长春:东北师范大学出版社。
[22]张雁,2013,《“下雨”“落雨”的历史比较考察》,第21届国际中国语言学会年会学术论文,韩国首尔。
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