青藏公路沿线多年冻土区土壤热通量参数化方案的优化和检验
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摘要
土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要分量,其估算方案在研究地表能量平衡研究中必不可少。利用青藏公路沿线5个站点0~20 cm的实测土壤层温、湿度及5 cm土壤热通量资料,以翁笃鸣气候学计算方案为基础建立了优化的5 cm土壤热通量计算方案。通过唐古拉和西大滩两个独立站点的检验结果表明,优化方案的结果相对于原方案有较大的改善,唐古拉和西大滩5 cm土壤热通量均方根误差值分别减小了3.2 W·m~(-2)和4.8 W·m~(-2),而相对误差分别减小了61.9%和36.1%,即新方案能够较好地估算出青藏公路沿线多年冻土区5 cm土壤热通量。使用优化方案模拟了青藏公路沿线11个站点5 cm土壤热通量变化,结果显示,近十年青藏公路沿线土壤热通量呈现出增大的趋势,其中,5 cm土壤热通量增大了近1.0 W·m~(-2),而且各观测场的年平均土壤热通量值均大于0.0 W·m~(-2),表明就年尺度而言,热量有盈余,盈余热量用于加热下层土壤,引起活动层厚度增加,平均状况下土壤热通量每增大1.0 W·m~(-2),活动层厚度增大约21.0 cm。
Soil heat flux acts as a key role in the surface energy balance,so it is also essential for the calculation and simulation of surface energy balance. Based on the climatology calculation scheme from Weng Duming,a soil heat flux calculation scheme was optimized using soil temperature,moisture and heat flux data along the Qinghai Tibet Highway. Independent data test results showed that compared with original scheme results,the reliability of optimized scheme has been greatly improved. The root mean square error in the Tangula and Xidatan sites had reduced 3. 229 W ·m~(-2) and 4. 821 W ·m~(-2),respectively,and the relative error had reduced 61. 9%and 36. 1%,respectively,so the newscheme can be used to effectively calculate local soil heat flux at the depth of 5 cm. In addition,the optimized scheme was used to simulate soil heat flux at the depth of 5 cm of 11 sites along the Qinghai Tibet Highway,the results showed that the soil heat flux at this depth presented an increasing trend,with a rate of nearly 1 W ·m~(-2) during the past decade. Moreover,the annual average soil heat flux values in all sites were not less than 0. 0 W ·m~(-2),which indicated that local heat had a surplus at the yearly scale.The surplus heat could be used to heat the shallowsoils,causing active layer thickness to increase significantly;when the soil heat flux increases 1. 0 W ·m~(-2),active layer thickness will increase 21 cm or so.
Soil heat flux acts as a key role in the surface energy balance,so it is also essential for the calculation and simulation of surface energy balance. Based on the climatology calculation scheme from Weng Duming,a soil heat flux calculation scheme was optimized using soil temperature,moisture and heat flux data along the Qinghai Tibet Highway. Independent data test results showed that compared with original scheme results,the reliability of optimized scheme has been greatly improved. The root mean square error in the Tangula and Xidatan sites had reduced 3. 229 W ·m~(-2) and 4. 821 W ·m~(-2),respectively,and the relative error had reduced 61. 9%and 36. 1%,respectively,so the newscheme can be used to effectively calculate local soil heat flux at the depth of 5 cm. In addition,the optimized scheme was used to simulate soil heat flux at the depth of 5 cm of 11 sites along the Qinghai Tibet Highway,the results showed that the soil heat flux at this depth presented an increasing trend,with a rate of nearly 1 W ·m~(-2) during the past decade. Moreover,the annual average soil heat flux values in all sites were not less than 0. 0 W ·m~(-2),which indicated that local heat had a surplus at the yearly scale.The surplus heat could be used to heat the shallowsoils,causing active layer thickness to increase significantly;when the soil heat flux increases 1. 0 W ·m~(-2),active layer thickness will increase 21 cm or so.
引文
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[24]Weng Duming,Gao Qingxian,He Fengpian.Climatological calculations and distribution of soil heat flux over China[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,1994,14(2):91-97.[翁笃鸣,高庆先,何凤翩.中国土壤热通量的气候计算及其分布特征[J].气象科学,1994,14(2):91-97.]
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[2]Zhou Youwu,Guo Dongxin,Qiu Guoqing,et al.Geocryology in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.[周幼吾,郭东信,邱国庆,等.中国冻土[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.]
[3]Yang Kun,Koike T,Ishikawa H.Analysis of the surface energy budget at a site of GAME/Tibet using a single-source model[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan:Ser.II,2004,82(1):131-153.
[4]Horton R,Wierenga P J.Estimating the soil heat flux from observations of soil temperature near the surface 1[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1983,47(1):14-20.
[5]Fan Xingang,Tang Maocang.A preliminary study on conductive and convective soil heat flux[J].Plateau Meteorology,1994,13(1):14-19.[范新岗,汤懋苍.土壤传导对流热通量计算的初步结果[J].高原气象,1994,13(1):14-19.]
[6]Gao Zhiqiu,Fan Xingang,Bian Lingen.An analytical solution to one-dimensional thermal conduction-convection in soil[J].Soil Science,2003,168(2):99-107.
[7]Heusinkveld B G,Jacobs A F G,Holtslag A A M,et al.Surface energy balance closure in an arid region:role of soil heat flux[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,122(1/2):21-37.
[8]Gao Zhiqiu.Determination of soil heat flux in a Tibetan shortgrass prairie[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2005,114(1):165-178.
[9]Yang Kun,Wang Jiemin.A temperature prediction-correction method for estimating surface soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture data[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2008,51(5):721-729.[阳坤,王介民.一种基于土壤温湿资料计算地表土壤热通量的温度预报校正法[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2008,38(2):243-250.]
[10]Zuo Jinqing,Wang Jiemin,Huang Jianping,et al.Estimation of ground heat flux for a semi-arid grassland and its impact on the surface energy budget[J].Plateau Meteorology,2010,29(4):840-848.[左金清,王介民,黄建平,等.半干旱草地地表土壤热通量的计算及其对能量平衡的影响[J].高原气象,2010,29(4):840-848.]
[11]Liu Qianqian,Wei Dongping,Sun Zhentian,et al.Exploration of regional surface average heat flowfrom meteorological and geothermal series[J].Applied Geophysics,2013,10(4):496-505.
[12]Li Chao,Chen Longxun.Calculation of the soil heat exchange in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]Journal of Chengdu Institute of Meteorology,1999,14(2):129-138.[李超,陈隆勋.青藏高原土壤热交换的计算方案及初步分析[J].成都气象学院学报,1999,14(2):129-138.]
[13]Li Nana,Jia Li,Lu Jing.An improved algorithm to estimate the surface soil heat flux over a heterogeneous surface:a case study in the Heihe River basin[J].Science China:Series D Earth Sciences,2015,45(4):494-507.[李娜娜,贾立,卢静.复杂下垫面地表土壤热通量算法改进:以黑河流域为例[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2015,45(4):494-507.]
[14]Mo Xingguo,Li Hongxuan,Liu Suxia,et al.Estimation of the soil conductivity and heat flux in near surface layer from soil temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2002,10(1):62-64.[莫兴国,李宏轩,刘苏峡,等.用土壤温度估算表层土壤导温率与热通量的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(1):62-64.]
[15]An Kedong,Wang Wenke,Wang Zhoufeng,et al.Comparison of two methods to estimate soil thermal parameters and heat flux[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2015,13(6):1000-1003.[安可栋,王文科,王周锋,等.两种估算浅层土壤热参数及热通量的方法对比[J].南水北调与水利科技,2015,13(6):1000-1003.]
[16]Guo Yang,Zuo Hongchao,Chen Jiwei,et al.Comparison of soil heat flux calculation approaches and their impacts on surface energiae balance closure over homogeneous bare soil surface[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2015,20(2):177-187.[郭阳,左洪超,陈继伟,等.均匀裸土地表土壤热通量计算方法对比及对能量闭合的影响[J].气候与环境研究,2015,20(2):177-187.]
[17]Li Ren,Ji Guoliang,Li Shuxun,et al.Soil heat condition discussion of Wudaoliang region[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2005,26(3):299-303.[李韧,季国良,李述训,等.五道梁地区土壤热状况的讨论[J].太阳能学报,2005,26(3):299-303.]
[18]Li Ren,Zhao Lin,Wu Tonghua,et al.Soil thermal regime of active layer in Wudaoliang region of the Yangzi River source[J]Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):277-284.[李韧,赵林,吴通华,等.长江源区五道梁的土壤热状况研究[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):277-284.]
[19]Xiao Yao,Zhao Lin,Li Ren,et al.Seasonal variation characteristics of surface energy budget components in permafrost regions of northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(5):1033-1039.[肖瑶,赵林,李韧,等.青藏高原腹地高原多年冻土区能量收支各分量的季节变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(5):1033-1039.]
[20]Zhang Lijie,Jiang Hao,Li Lei.A test of the soil heat flux calculation in Wudaoliang area using meteorological elements[J].Plateau Meteorology,2006,25(3):418-422.[张立杰,江灏,李磊.利用气象要素计算五道梁地区土壤热流量的试验[J].高原气象,2006,25(3):418-422.]
[21]He Siwei,Nan Zhuotong,Zhang Ling,et al.Spatial-temporal distribution of water and energy fluxes in the upper reaches of the Heihe River simulated with VIC model[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(1):211-225.[何思为,南卓铜,张凌,等.用VIC模型估算黑河上游流域水分和能量通量的时空分布[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):211-225.]
[22]Tang Tian,Wang Lei,Wen Xiaohang.A study of the radiation and surface energy balance around the Ngoring Lake in source regions of the YellowRiver[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(6):1462-1473.[唐恬,王磊,文小航.黄河源鄂陵湖地区辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1462-1473.]
[23]Li Jing,Sheng Yu,Wu Jichun,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of the superficial hydro-thermal characteristics in permafrost regions in the source areas of the Datong River,Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(4):994-1001.[李静,盛煜,吴吉春,等.祁连山大通河源多年冻土区浅层土壤水热时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(4):994-1001.]
[24]Weng Duming,Gao Qingxian,He Fengpian.Climatological calculations and distribution of soil heat flux over China[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,1994,14(2):91-97.[翁笃鸣,高庆先,何凤翩.中国土壤热通量的气候计算及其分布特征[J].气象科学,1994,14(2):91-97.]
[25]Lin Zhenyao,Wu Xiangding.Climatic regionalization of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,1981,36(1):22-32.[林振耀,吴祥定.青藏高原气候区划[J].地理学报,1981,36(1):22-32.]
[26]Li Ren,Zhao Lin,Wu Tonghua,et al.Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern QinghaiTibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(2):709-722.
[27]Li Ren,Zhao Lin,Ding Yongjian,et al.Temporal and spatial variations of the active layer along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in a permafrost region[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(35):4609-4616.
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