基于深度无合成误差模型的三维图像可逆信息隐藏方法研究
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摘要
传统的可逆信息隐藏方法主要针对传统二维(2D)图像,极少有研究涉及三维(3D)图像。3D可逆信息隐藏方法以深度图为嵌入载体,通过2D图像和深度图合成3D图像,并实现无损于3D图像的数据嵌入。但现有算法还存在嵌入性能欠佳的缺点,为此文章提出了一种基于深度无合成误差(D-NOSE)模型的3D合成图像的可逆信息隐藏方法。该方法结合预测误差扩展算法和直方图移位算法,以预测误差值与像素频数两者来优选嵌入像素,通过控制选用的峰值数量和像素映射范围,来实现嵌入质量的提升以及容量的自适应控制。实验结果表明,该方法具有良好的嵌入性能,一方面能自适应调节嵌入容量,另一方面能提升嵌入载体深度图的嵌入质量。
Traditional reversible data hiding methods mainly focus on traditional twodimensional(2D) images, and only a few researches involve three-dimensional(3D) images. A 3D image is synthesized by a 2D image and depth map. The reversible data hiding method for 3D images using the depth map as embedding carriers can obtain non-distortion 3D images after embedding. The existing algorithms have some drawbacks in embedding performance. To improve this, we proposed a reversible data hiding method for 3D synthetic images based on the depth no-synthesis-error model(D-NOSE) model. Combined with the prediction-error expansion algorithm and the histogram-shift algorithm, the prediction error value and the pixel frequency are used as the selectors for embedding pixels. By controlling the selected number of peaks and the distance of pixel mapping, the embedding quality can be improved, and the capacity can be adaptively controlled. Experimental results show that this method has good performance, which can adaptively adjust the embedding capacity while reducing the embedding distortion of the depth map.
Traditional reversible data hiding methods mainly focus on traditional twodimensional(2D) images, and only a few researches involve three-dimensional(3D) images. A 3D image is synthesized by a 2D image and depth map. The reversible data hiding method for 3D images using the depth map as embedding carriers can obtain non-distortion 3D images after embedding. The existing algorithms have some drawbacks in embedding performance. To improve this, we proposed a reversible data hiding method for 3D synthetic images based on the depth no-synthesis-error model(D-NOSE) model. Combined with the prediction-error expansion algorithm and the histogram-shift algorithm, the prediction error value and the pixel frequency are used as the selectors for embedding pixels. By controlling the selected number of peaks and the distance of pixel mapping, the embedding quality can be improved, and the capacity can be adaptively controlled. Experimental results show that this method has good performance, which can adaptively adjust the embedding capacity while reducing the embedding distortion of the depth map.
引文
[1]FEHN C.Depth-image-based Rendering(DIBR),Compression,and Transmission for a New Approach on 3D-TV[EB/OL].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228747651_Depth-imagebased_rendering_DIBR_compression_and_transmission_for_a_new_approach_on_3D-TV,2017-7-15.
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[4]ALATTAR A M.Reversible Watermark Using the Difference Expansion of a Generalized Integer Transform[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2004,13(8):1147-56.
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[6]LI X,ZHANG W,GUI X,et al.A Novel Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Two-dimensional Difference-histogram Modification[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2013,8(7):1091-1100.
[7]KIM H J,SACHNEV V,SHI Y Q,et al.A Novel Difference Expansion Transform for Reversible Data Embedding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2008,3(3):456-465.
[8]NI Z,SHI Y Q,ANSARi N,et al.Reversible Data Hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2006,16(3):354-362.
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[11]AN L,GAO X,YUAN Y,et al.Robust Lossless Data Hiding Using Clustering and Statistical Quantity Histogram[J].Neurocomputing,2012,77(1):1-11.
[12]OU B,LI X,WANG J.Improved PVO-based Reversible Data Hiding:a New Implementation Based on Multiple Histograms Modification[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2016,38(7):328-339.
[13]PENG F,ZHOU D,Long M,et al.Discrimination of Natural Images and Computer Generated Graphics Based on Multifractal and Regression Analysis[J].AEU-international Journal of Electronics and Communications,2017,71(1):72-81.
[14]THODI D M,RODRIGUEZ J J.Expansion Embedding Techniques for Reversible Watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2007,16(3):721-730.
[15]SACHNEV V,KIM H J,NAM J,et al.Reversible Watermarking Algorithm Using Sorting and Prediction[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2009,19(7):989-999.
[16]LI X,YANG B,ZENG T.Efficient Reversible Watermarking Based on Adaptive Prediction-error Expansion and Pixel Selection[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society,2011,20(12):3524-33.
[17]CHANG C C,HUANG Y H,TSAI H Y,et al.Prediction-based Reversible Data Hiding Using the Difference of Neighboring Pixels[J].AEUE-international Journal of Electronics and Communications,2012,66(9):758-766.
[18]OU B,Li X,ZHAO Y,et al.Pairwise Prediction-error Expansion for Efficient Reversible Data Hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2013,22(12):5010-5021.
[19]WU H T,HUANG J.Reversible Image Watermarking on Prediction Errors by Efficient Histogram Modification[J].Signal Processing,2012,92(12):3000-3009.
[20]COLTUC D,CHASSERY J M.Very Fast Watermarking by Reversible Contrast Mapping[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2007,14(4):255-258.
[21]LEE S,CH ANG D Y,K A LK ER T.Reversible Image Watermarking Based on Integer-to-Integer Wavelet Transform[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2007,2(3):321-330.
[22]WANG X,LI X,YANG B,et al.Efficient Generalized Integer Transform for Reversible Watermarking[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2010,17(6):567-570.
[23]WENG S,ZHAO Y,PAN J S,et al.Reversible Watermarking Based on Invariability and Adjustment on Pixel Pairs[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2008,15(20):721-724.
[24]COLTUC D.Low Distortion Transform for Reversible Watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society,2012,21(1):412-417.
[25]LIN Y H,WU J L.A Digital Blind Watermarking for Depthimage-based Rendering 3D Images[J].IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2011,57(2):602-611.
[26]KIM H D,LEE J W,OH T W,et al.Robust DT-CWT Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images[J].IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2012,58(4):533-543.
[27]CHUNG K L,YANG W J,YANG W N.Reversible Data Hiding for Depth Maps Using the Depth No-synthesis-error Model[J].Information Sciences,2014,269(6):159-175.
[28]ZHAO Y,ZHU C,CHEN Z,et al.Depth No-synthesis-error Model for View Synthesis in 3-D Video[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2011,20(8):2221-2228.
[2]TIAN D,LAI P L,LOPEZ P,et al.View Synthesis Techniques for 3D Video[E B/OL].ht t ps://w w w.researchgate.net/publication/258129432_When_Firmware_Modifications_Attack_A_Case_Study_of_Embedded_Exploitation,2017-7-15.
[3]TIAN J.Reversible Data Embedding Using a Difference Expansion[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2003,13(8):890-896.
[4]ALATTAR A M.Reversible Watermark Using the Difference Expansion of a Generalized Integer Transform[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2004,13(8):1147-56.
[5]HU Y,LEE H K,CHEN K,et al.Difference Expansion Based Reversible Data Hiding Using Two Embedding Directions[J].IEEE Transactions on Multimedia,2008,10(8):1500-1512.
[6]LI X,ZHANG W,GUI X,et al.A Novel Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Two-dimensional Difference-histogram Modification[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2013,8(7):1091-1100.
[7]KIM H J,SACHNEV V,SHI Y Q,et al.A Novel Difference Expansion Transform for Reversible Data Embedding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2008,3(3):456-465.
[8]NI Z,SHI Y Q,ANSARi N,et al.Reversible Data Hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2006,16(3):354-362.
[9]LEE S,SUH Y,HO Y.Reversiblee Image Authentication Based on Watermarking[C]//IEEE.IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo,July 9-12,2006,Toronto,Ont,Canada.New York:IEEE,2006:1321-1324.
[10]ARABZADEH M,Helfroush M S,Danyali H,et al.Reversible Watermarking Based on Generalized Histogram Shifting[C]//IEEE.IEEE International Conference on Image Processing,September 11-14,2011,Brussels,Belgium.New York:IEEE,2011:2741-2744.
[11]AN L,GAO X,YUAN Y,et al.Robust Lossless Data Hiding Using Clustering and Statistical Quantity Histogram[J].Neurocomputing,2012,77(1):1-11.
[12]OU B,LI X,WANG J.Improved PVO-based Reversible Data Hiding:a New Implementation Based on Multiple Histograms Modification[J].Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation,2016,38(7):328-339.
[13]PENG F,ZHOU D,Long M,et al.Discrimination of Natural Images and Computer Generated Graphics Based on Multifractal and Regression Analysis[J].AEU-international Journal of Electronics and Communications,2017,71(1):72-81.
[14]THODI D M,RODRIGUEZ J J.Expansion Embedding Techniques for Reversible Watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2007,16(3):721-730.
[15]SACHNEV V,KIM H J,NAM J,et al.Reversible Watermarking Algorithm Using Sorting and Prediction[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2009,19(7):989-999.
[16]LI X,YANG B,ZENG T.Efficient Reversible Watermarking Based on Adaptive Prediction-error Expansion and Pixel Selection[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society,2011,20(12):3524-33.
[17]CHANG C C,HUANG Y H,TSAI H Y,et al.Prediction-based Reversible Data Hiding Using the Difference of Neighboring Pixels[J].AEUE-international Journal of Electronics and Communications,2012,66(9):758-766.
[18]OU B,Li X,ZHAO Y,et al.Pairwise Prediction-error Expansion for Efficient Reversible Data Hiding[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2013,22(12):5010-5021.
[19]WU H T,HUANG J.Reversible Image Watermarking on Prediction Errors by Efficient Histogram Modification[J].Signal Processing,2012,92(12):3000-3009.
[20]COLTUC D,CHASSERY J M.Very Fast Watermarking by Reversible Contrast Mapping[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2007,14(4):255-258.
[21]LEE S,CH ANG D Y,K A LK ER T.Reversible Image Watermarking Based on Integer-to-Integer Wavelet Transform[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,2007,2(3):321-330.
[22]WANG X,LI X,YANG B,et al.Efficient Generalized Integer Transform for Reversible Watermarking[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2010,17(6):567-570.
[23]WENG S,ZHAO Y,PAN J S,et al.Reversible Watermarking Based on Invariability and Adjustment on Pixel Pairs[J].IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2008,15(20):721-724.
[24]COLTUC D.Low Distortion Transform for Reversible Watermarking[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society,2012,21(1):412-417.
[25]LIN Y H,WU J L.A Digital Blind Watermarking for Depthimage-based Rendering 3D Images[J].IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2011,57(2):602-611.
[26]KIM H D,LEE J W,OH T W,et al.Robust DT-CWT Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images[J].IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting,2012,58(4):533-543.
[27]CHUNG K L,YANG W J,YANG W N.Reversible Data Hiding for Depth Maps Using the Depth No-synthesis-error Model[J].Information Sciences,2014,269(6):159-175.
[28]ZHAO Y,ZHU C,CHEN Z,et al.Depth No-synthesis-error Model for View Synthesis in 3-D Video[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2011,20(8):2221-2228.