复合材料液体成型固化监测技术研究进展
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摘要
复合材料制造工艺的复杂性和分散性容易导致复合材料在固化过程中出现空隙、干斑、分层、翘曲变形等缺陷或损伤,从而严重影响复合材料的质量。对固化过程进行实时原位监测是控制和提高复合材料成型质量的重要手段。以液体成型工艺(LCM)为背景,首先分析了复合材料固化过程及其需要监测的物理量,然后重点论述了光纤方法、超声方法、电学方法和热学方法等复合材料固化监测技术的研究进展,最后讨论了复合材料固化监测的发展趋势和面临的挑战。
The complexity and dispersivity of composite manufacturing can easily make composite produce voids,porosity,dry spots,warping,delamination and other defects or damage during the cure process.These defects will seriously affect the quality of the composite material.On-line in-situ monitoring of cure process is an important means to control and improve the quality of composite.This paper focuses on the cure monitoring of liquid composite molding(LCM),which is increasingly used for producing high quality and complex composite structural parts.Firstly,the cure process of LCM is briefly introduced,and several physical parameters needed to monitor are analyzed.Secondly,the progresses on several on-line monitoring techniques for cure process are reviewed,including optical fiber method,ultrasonic method,electrical method and thermal method.Finally,the development trends and challenges of the cure monitoring for LCM are discussed.
The complexity and dispersivity of composite manufacturing can easily make composite produce voids,porosity,dry spots,warping,delamination and other defects or damage during the cure process.These defects will seriously affect the quality of the composite material.On-line in-situ monitoring of cure process is an important means to control and improve the quality of composite.This paper focuses on the cure monitoring of liquid composite molding(LCM),which is increasingly used for producing high quality and complex composite structural parts.Firstly,the cure process of LCM is briefly introduced,and several physical parameters needed to monitor are analyzed.Secondly,the progresses on several on-line monitoring techniques for cure process are reviewed,including optical fiber method,ultrasonic method,electrical method and thermal method.Finally,the development trends and challenges of the cure monitoring for LCM are discussed.
引文
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[2]张靠民,李敏,顾轶卓,等.先进复合材料从飞机转向汽车应用的关键技术[J].中国材料进展,2013(11):685-695.ZHANG Kaomin,LI Min,GU Yizhuo,et al.Advanced composites from aircraft to automotive applications of the key technologies[J].Materials China,2013(11):685-695.
[3]牟书香,贾智源.碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的液体成型及其性能研究[J].玻璃钢/复合材料,2013(6):16-20.MOU Shuxiang,JIA Zhiyuan.Liquid molding and properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites[J].Fiber Reinforced Plastics/Composites,2013(6):16-20.
[4]HOLLAWAY L C.A review of the present and future utilisation of FRP composites in the civil infrastructure with reference to their important in-service properties[J].Construction and Building Materials,2010,24(12):2419-2445.
[5]DEGENHARDT R,CASTRO S G P,ARBELO M A,et al.Future structural stability design for composite space and air-frame structures[J].Thin-Walled Structures,2014,81(7):29-38.
[6]C R O W L E Y D M,W A R D C,POTTER K.A status of acceptance criteria and process requirements in advanced composites manufacturing,and whether they are fit for purpose[R].SAE Technical Paper,2013.
[7]LAURENZI S,CASINI A,POCCI D.Design and fabrication of a helicopter unitized structure using resin transfer moulding[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2014,67:221-232.
[8]罗楚养,熊峻江,益小苏,等.基于水溶性型芯的RTM成型的整体化复合材料翼盒研制[J].复合材料学报,2011,28(3):203-209.LUO Chuyang,XIONG Junjiang,YI Xiaosu,et al.Development of integral wing box for RTM based on water-soluble mandrel[J].Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2011,28(3):203-209.
[9]VILLIèRE M,GUéROULT S,SOBOTKA V,et al.Dynamic saturation curve measurement in liquid composite molding by heat transfer analysis[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2015,69:255-265.
[10]LIEBERS N,RADDATZ F,SCHADOW F.Effective and flexible ultrasound sensors for cure monitoring for industrial composite production[C]//Proceedings of Deutscher Luft-und Raumfahrtkongress(DGLR),Berlin,2012.
[11]YOUSEFI A,LAFLEUR P G,GAUVIN R.Kinetic studies of thermoset cure reactions:a review[J].Polymer Composites,1997,18(2):157-168.
[12]COLPO F,HUMBERT L,BOTSIS J.Characterisation of residual stresses in a single fibre composite with FBG sensor[J].Composites Science and Technology,2007,67(9):1830-1841.
[13]GARCIA-BANOS B,CANOS A J,PENARANDA-FOIX F L,et al.Noninvasive monitoring of polymer curing reactions by dielectrometry[J].IEEE Sensors Journal,2011,11(1):62-70.
[14]段跃新,孙玉敏,谭朝元,等.LCM工艺实时监测技术的影响因素[J].复合材料学报,2006,23(5):89-95.DUAN Yuexin,SUN Yumin,TAN Chaoyuan,et al.Factors of real time monitoring technology for LCM process[J].Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2006,23(5):89-95.
[15]HSIAO K T,LITTLE R,RESTREPO O,et al.A study of direct cure kinetics characterization during liquid composite molding[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2006,37(6):925-933.
[16]李雪芹,周玉敬,张子龙,等.光纤布拉格光栅传感器监测环氧树脂固化收缩研究[J].材料工程,2012(8):73-77.LI Xueqin,ZHOU Yujing,ZHANG Zilong,et al.Curing shrinkage monitoring in epoxy resin by fiber bragg grating sensors[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2012(8):73-77.
[17]SARFARAZ R,CANAL L P,VIOLAKIS G,et al.An experimental–numerical investigation of hydrothermal response in adhesively bonded composite structures[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2015,73:176-185.
[18]COSTA L,GRESIL M,FRAZ?O O.Simultaneous measurement of physical parameters using FBGs embedded in unidirectional and bidirectional composite materials[J].Smart Materials and Structures,2015,25(1),DOI:10.1088/0964-1726/25/1/015007.
[19]代晓青,肖加余,曾竟成,等.等温DSC法研究RFI用环氧树脂固化动力学[J].复合材料学报,2008,25(4):18-23.DAI Xiaoqing,XIAO Jiayu,ZENG Jingcheng,et al.Curing kinetics of epoxy resin for RFI process using isothermal DSC[J].Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2008,25(4):18-23.
[20]王晓霞,王成国,贾玉玺,等.热固性树脂固化动力学模型简化的新方法[J].材料工程,2012(6):67-70.WANG Xiaoxia,WANG Chengguo,JIA Yuxi,et al.New simplification method of the thermosetting resin curing kinetic models[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,2012(6):67-70.
[21]HARDIS R,JESSOP J L P,PETERS F E,et al.Cure kinetics characterization and monitoring of an epoxy resin using DSC,Raman spectroscopy,and DEA[J].Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2013,49:100-108.
[22]WU J K,HUANG J P,SHEVTSOV S,et al.Identification of thermoset resin cure kinetics using DSC and genetic algorithm[C]//International Conference on Information Science,Electronics and Electrical Engineering.Hokkaido,2014:1204-1208.
[23]NIELSEN M W,SCHMIDT J W,HOGH J H,et al.Life cycle strain monitoring in glass fibre reinforced polymer laminates using embedded fibre bragg grating sensors from manufacturing to failure[J].Journal of Composite Materials,2014,48(3):365-381.
[24]LUYCKX G,VOET E,LAMMENS N,et al.Strain measurements of composite laminates with embedded fibre bragg gratings:criticism and opportunities for research[J].Sensors,2010,11(1):384-408.
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